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Unit 2: CellsStudy GuideOrganelles4343400592455Organelles in cells are similar to the organs in our bodies. Each organelle has an important job to do to help the cell function correctly. It helps if you imagine the cell as a small product-producing?factory with each organelle as a different department. Organelles are only found in?Eukaryotic?cells.Cell membrane?- Selectively permeable barrier controls what enters and leaves the cell. Important for cell transportNucleus?-Contains DNA and RNA and controls cell functionsNucleolus?- Makes ribosomes. Located within the nucleus.Ribosomes?– Make Proteins. Located either in the cytoplasm or on the Rough ER Cytoplasm?- the nutrient-rich fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organellesRough Endoplasmic Reticulum?– network of membranes, covered in ribosomes that make proteinsSmooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?- a network of membranes, without ribosomes, that make lipidsGolgi Apparatus?– Packages and transports products from the ER into vesiclesVesicles?– spherical membranes in which the cell transports products or wastesVacuole?–a special vesicle for holding water and nutrients and water for the cell. Plant’s vacuoles are very large.Mitochondria?- a kidney-shaped organelle with an interior membrane. The site of ATP synthesis and cell respiration, mitochondria contain their own set of DNA and are thought to be ancient bacteria acquired?by the cell.Chloroplast?– Found in plant cells (and some protists) chloroplasts are full of a pigment known as chlorophyll and the site of photosynthesis.Centrioles?- the two centrioles, together known as the centrosome, aid in cell division in animal cells.34290029210CytoplasmCiliaVesiclesLysosomeCytoskeletonII. Cell Transport Cell Transport is the process of how substances move into and out of cells through a semi-permeable cell membrane.There are two major types of transport:Passive TransportDoes not require energyMoves substances down the concentration gradient (high concentration low concentration)Active TransportRequires energy in the form of ATPMoves substances against the concentration gradient (low concentration high concentrtion) Diffusion:The movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentrationSubstances pass directly through the cell membraneA form of passive transportOsmosis The diffusion of water Water passes directly through the cell membraneA form of passive transportFacilitated DiffusionThe movement of large or polar molecules from high concentration to low concentrationMust pass through special protein channels in the cell membraneA form of passive transportTonicityA comparison of the concentration of solutes in two solutions.A solution is hypertonic when it has more solutes than another (think hyper kids have MORE energy)A solution is hypotonic when it has fewer solutes than another (think hypothermia = low body temp)A solution is isotonic when it has the same amount of solutes than another one.Equilibrium Cell transport stops once a system has reached equilibrium. The concentrations of materials are the same on either side of the membrane. 01847853314700413385Six KingdomsKingdom Archeabacteria – prokaryotes that live in extreme environments.They are unicellularThey live in extreme environments, like volcanoes and deep-ocean trenchesProkaryoticThey are chemoautotrophs – use chemicals in their environment to make their own foodIndependent evolutionary historyKingdom Eubacteria – Prokaryotes that are everywhere! They are unicellularProkaryoticLive in every habitat on earthSome are beneficial, like in our yogurt or stomachSome cause disease, like Salmonella and E. coliKingdom Protista – eukaryotes that are very diverse and is like the “junk drawer” kingdomEukaryoticUnicellular or multicellularReproduce sexually or asexuallyAutotrophs or heterotrophsIncludes algae, protozoa, slime moldsKingdom Fungi eukaryotes that absorb their nutrientsEukaryoticUnicellular or multicellularThey are decomposers – break down waste and dead stuffReproduce sexually or asexuallyConsume food through absorption – only kingdom that does this.Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes that make their own foodEukaryoticAutotrophs – make own food through photosynthesis!MulticelluarReproduce sexually or asexuallyIncludes trees, flowering plants, mosses, ferns, green algae, grasses, vines, etc.Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes that consume their foodEukaryoticMulticelluarHeterotrophs – consume foodReproduce sexually or asexuallyFrom sponges to penguins!Viruses A virus is an infectious particle made only of a piece of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.Very small and needs a host to do anythingShaped like spirals or soccer balls (ex: Ebola, Aids, the Flu, West Nile, Chikungunya) Reproduce differently from eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms:457200052705Virus invades the cellVirus takes over cell activities to make more copies Exocytosis (new viruses burst out of the host cell, destroying it)Nucleic Acid – Can either be DNA or RNA that contains the virus’s genes. Protein Coat – Sometimes called a capsid, protects the virus as it travels to a new cell to invade. Two main processes in which new viruses can be made:Lytic cycleNew viruses lyse the cell, killing itLysogenic cycleThe viral DNA gets included into the host DNAWhen the host cell replicates, it copies the viral DNA too!At a certain point it enters a lytic phase and the viruses break out of the cell, killing it. Viruses are non-living. They do not need food or energy in order to survive.Viral RNA or DNA can change and evolve over timeViruses cannot respond to stimuli in the traditional sense, but they can mutate over time. Some of these mutations are beneficial for them. PhotosynthesisDefinitionProcess that takes sun energy, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose!FormulaSun + water + carbon dioxide Glucose + Oxygen Sun + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 REACTANTS PRODUCTSTakes place in chloroplast (organelle in plants)Creates glucose, a sugar, which can then be used in cell respiration1371600124460VII. Cellular RespirationDefinitionThe break down of glucose into 38 ATP for cell energyFormulaGlucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATPC6H12O6 + O2 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP! REACTANTS PRODUCTSOccurs in the mitochondria (organelle – “powerhouse”)1257300228600Cell Respiration DiagramOccurs in 3 main stepsGlycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken down to make 2 ATP.Kreb’s Cycle – occurs in the mitochondria. Cycle of reactions that makes 2 ATP.Electron Transport Chain – occurs in the mitochondria. Final stage where 34 ATP are made.ATP(adenosine triphosphate) ATP supplies you with energy to carry out everyday functions Has three phosphate groups – when the third phosphate is removed, energy is released. When third phosphate is removed, ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate). VIII. MitosisThe cell cycle refers to the life cycle of a Eukaryotic cell. At any given time body cells are in one of two different phases?of their lives:A. Interphase:?makes up 90% of the life of a cell. This is the phase where the cell is growing, carrying out normal functions, and duplicating its genetic material. There are three stages of interphase:1. G1 Phase?– The cell is growing.2. S Phase?– Synthesis phase. ?Here, the DNA is replicating3. G2 Phase?– In this phase, the cell is double-checking to make sure there were no errors made when copying the DNAB. Mitosis:??A very short part of the cell cycle. In mitosis, the cell is splitting in two to create two brand-new, identical daughter cells. ?There are several stages that make up mitosis.1. Prophase –?the cell PREPARES to divide. The chromatin DNA condenses into “X”-shaped chromosomes. The spindle of the centrioles begins to form.2. Metaphase –?Chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE of the cell cytoplasm. The spindle of the centrioles?attaches to the centromere of the chromosomes.3. Anaphase –?The chromosomes pull APART, with each sister chromatid pulling to either side of the cell.4. Telophase –?With the chromosomes now located on the far opposite side of the cell, the nuclear membrane begins to reform around them, forming TWO new cells. ?The spindle fibers of the centrioles disappear and the cell membrane begins to pinch together to become two separate cells.C. Cytokinesis –?This stage of the cell cycle occurs after mitosis ends. ?In this phase, the cell membrane cleaves in half and two new daughter cells are formed. ?These daughter cells are identical to the parent cell. ?In plant cells, a new section of cell wall called the Cell Plate is built to separate the two new daughter cells.80010073660 ................
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