I C 1: x 2.
[Pages:28]States of
Consciousness
clan
ur aS xn'xe, of ourselt e and our
cc ii b i he ` ri xc d n x arious states
C I u sac
r t n1 orrr xi onsuousness,
Out also Deq and drruunicnz. n qnotn `tatc, diug
altered nates, and nearuieath e\pa'Iences.
\iost ut 0 e wnninoioqx in [Inc Jiapter i intro
du d i
s on
Slet and )reams and on
Dr
(c on s, \mon the issues dir-
cuss J a' xx as r slet and ream xx hether hr quo
sj
uni Ut' stare of conciousnesc, and possible
psvchoIm'b ci and cciai_LuItura1 roots of drug use.
bitt tt'a tif) t'f t't' iiit,,
J1t)Lt'551ii trLeu' to 1i /J f/c' l'ni,t
flint m'OPC 11: iulIiii;np no nit ;`tatt. gOat.
Objective 1: DcPcus the hcPtorv of p'n aPology tudx of rOnSCtousfle', and contran consciou and rirxconc ions information procesirg.
1. Ihestudvof
nascust aim
the earls x ears ot: psx chologs and in recent
decades. hut for pulte `-ome time it was dDoiacod
2. Ads ance in neurosciene made it prnsihle to
Ft sD
Ix ant bin radi g and boldface
ad [lie ecnon, rex ion ouch
b 1 1;u x C 10 nn u uiro t0h till-in and eav-tx pe
qo [it ix I at I O I O xc, pro eed cx aluate
5(
)
x
u
[I ,xssesbegin
`U
1
li,,r
in no lx [I ncxt Se'
crdu"ta'd ajc
cc it son
to
i
" [tic ttoouk hr t 0 re
to reenter psi; chologs Define conciousnex n a sentence,
Co iscio es id nforrration Processing
ci \l ci tcno an idioms that arc un
I
t ii du I vu do or I knon
ha
Id I iI ipx
tIn' ro'tt \f n nhtch
r a a Pc' us' ``icr to paOe Jiri for an
in
can ,`,
a' 0 1 no a , tun
ppear n the
P
In p
cPu it' lpp a
`77
1P8
haptc States of Constiousness
4
inc
colic
SLeep and Dreams pp. h
rcqnirc dirot
Ott
i k the
sing of ins of th
I
is
xpr nsions n the
ttx `He t n a cr in the text refer
;des J
Nor ,.o uxplanation: `ONo( :1
? T a'; a t;;3s P at ta; riot oocr ,oia `lii':
1'
`H: -
Iii
CITI 1,1
at
It
C 10,
w
H' : a H p
r
I No111 Ii
liLT,
C I Irva `p
Aiaiat .11/ P;;s neat
5w ., 0111 t'ti dINT
a
0111;,
? tord rtdd'e it /073' tIc xt
`(C
ilii 1ol0Il\ 1
it
ii ii I stIll 0
Objective 2: 0 sfto ;n"n hi'ir is pes itt biological rhs ft a ft e n :nple I each
1.
id
a
k dx c an rol sex eral
rna, arc
vi
lx
han max gh e rise to scm
2
-`
r'' e"oenah' those `n tar `tort hem
`t n nut I'xperienee a depressed winter
a I
c 1 1 01 ` I
r
iso pen nc
ti'
1f hr e' an in:
t;ei-"- `if `it-c-p.
unte
5. xc as
O 1 ecrrh vo : at' iv
? cx Ic ti c'ti r rreacian
P
cc t Ivut t ha
-
`ar - 5,10- 0 i-il1-,,x,,, 24 huiricn
4. lAf en people ire at tieir dir]
H r it cdi i
ar `usal,
is H `pest an
is mot aeu rate. in contrast
to unit ersttx students, w ho often are at their peak
i s the
iorn ever ir
dde adults tend to Wad I tt
5. ike mat experience It orn eircad tar' rio thm u
in c rrupted by travel acre s' ti so es (7 cadian rhythm aist mat I nterrupt hr
changes. `rich 10 thu one that occurs in the `oring in mans area'. and hs xc ork
b. Resethng of a disrnpted b c logic i1 it k i Ii I
fated hs exposurt to
which trigger' proteins in
the
of the ox ox to signal the
brain's
7 laod t `no ea' 01
decrease its prodnction of
the cluster of cells called thc
control'. the Jradian lock.
The longer we remain awake, the more our brains
accninulate
hich ft dx to
certai nc nr i nd ir ke
us sleeps We can also reset our hiol gical cl cks
L's adjusting our
Objective 4' list the stage of t cc `xpla tow they differ
7. The sleep cx e 1 ronsnt-- of d:,tinct stagec
8. 1 rhvtfm tsle
ics
o
rcc
r nsk ri toed t sat, at c adi
` a,
Ofl the night, he
s tap
inn child inns ed rapidlc This `t;a 4 dr p. dii:'
ing which
iota' ft c il'cd
9. 1 c relati I slow am x c of its H it relaxed sOrt an knt xvn
10. During Stage I sleep. people often experience %ensations similar to .1 hese sensation, mai later
hem oratediio
11 I trig
I ii -.%Q 1' it'btha ccurd tLSlec iccalka
12. L .nge slow brain `.ai e' are tailed
nave.. ir,t in Stage
and 1 i1 creasin l during
sleq which are
their c alice.
-
`%le(p -` per'.on in the latter
%tage ni .leep generaIi will be jeas :,jjfficult) to awaken.
It isd ing thi'. .tage that pcople maj et gage in
let
Dc nbc. t e bodil changes that accompans RI M sleep.
13. Duritir REM sleep. the motor cofte is
(active reiaed;. while the
mu%Lie.. arc
.
(actii e,
relax d For th's r ason, RI NI is ofte ire cITed c
,.
`lit r odeiemo cnent' ererallv isna the P1-I scans
ieit''I lieightctied attn it) ifl the and
e hrai wing R \4 sleep.
h
it
it
miii tes. stlic r tprt
``tage 3-Jeep ht'ci.rnec
re. rioJ- betonie
bride-i and RE \l
(hr
rider' p o iii tel's
.
r f r 1 h
s
,et-
NI.
SlecpaidDrcams 179
Objective 5: fplain in sitep pattern" and duration ar) from person to per%on.
lb. \ei bom `spend watli
ic'. ni. h. t lii.
a%lcLp w iii.' a ull
ii i
17. c cep paft ms a t' i1 n i. need k as indicattd t'v tile fad
that !.leep patteni'. among (identical 11 ateit.iJi in Ii" are wri %unllar. `Jeep `s a so in.t cii
18. 4iovc k c Pu I ide at no eo 1 sil J.cep `4 hou a night ` ople isto sleep less than t icet br `.everal nights in a ron often shins sgfls
(It
Objective 6: Di cu's se sleep cprha
risb associated with
19. Ia iager ? `calls i*d
hours ot `.leep but non a t'rage ntarl
hours less sleep than
teenagers ot Si) years ago. To p chologist
William
,thasiiditatestiat
thcircsiiant' udet'ac"dangeious)
p-dco' cd. One idicatiom o the hazards )f
t fis state is that the l.lte of
tend' to mc: ease immcdiatel-i after the spnng time change in Canada and the tilted State..
Arother is t it sleep depth atio ia'.- supprc.s
tie. int'ounsot clx s's
s's t a da czm4
aic.h orw
I x tioninc. a n ai s t at mnm
a..J a'e. Cflt.dih..i t
D
Ii
of
INC
(ranter States of Consdousness
Objectis e idendix four theories of whx we sleep.
20. 1 r (
ible ix rson for sleep are to is arid to help restore body
I lb if he & nmais is ith high waking
produce an abundance of
j
nrc te\ir te C i tate- cnt xdcr i es and stjmuiates 0 Lii
* Sleep also ot the das
I
sic a rc s th h ismone is released bx the
land Adults spend
(1 more less) time in deep
chiidt cr1 and so release
more less) growth b rrmone,
Obieti'm S: identtlv the major sleep disorders.
2. a p t is t difticulty in tailing or staying asleep
is it of
Sleeping
al hol max make the problem wotse
stncr
tend to
(increase/
cd ccc. RL\i sleep.
23. 1 he --leep oisordet in which a person experiences
unnintrniiahle sleep attacks is
I erg it is air thi-- disorder mar collapse directly
wIn
sleep and experience a
h
II a
psi pP isith this disorder lack a
is ni
t a' in die
that pro
d'm' - ``r neon rtranintter
24 inii-,iii--serferingfron step breathing xi bile
me a t5 b d dr'r is Fspeciaiix pres aicnt
iI
a dc w t lied hr extremt
II
r pid F `art e it and breathing P saIled
* Lnlik
C is m's, tire--c ei' be-- usually happen earls
riatit, d orlna' Sta(e
`is sanre is ft oe et eoisr rcles nf
problems that
(run do not
run) in families. [hece sleep episodes are most
likely to be experienced by
(x onng children adc lescents il idults r
is hom this stage te ids tc hc the
and
Objectix e 9: Describe the most connnon content or d ream--.
26. Dreams experienced during sleep are s is id, emotional, and hi aue. tOuring dreams, thi d ca ncr ma bc sufficiently ass arc to is ondcr whethc r hc or she is in fact dreaming.
27. For both men and is omen, S in 10 dreams ate
marked by
tpositive. nega
tine) emodons, such as fears of being
28. Although fema its tend to dream equalls otter
about males and females, males tend to dn am
more about
this gendcr dii
fercnce
(ts s not) found in
cultures worldis ide.
Objective 10: Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.
29. Freud referred to the actual content of a dream a
its
content. Freud behesed
that this is a censored symbolie s ersic of the
true meaning, or
of the drean
30. Aceordina to Freud mo--t or the dreams of ad al.--
retlect
is (shes and rre the ken
to understandine inner
31. 1 reud's thcnrs ha `s en xx ax U i' them x th i
drc airs sers e a
rose'
function. Support t )r thi thc ory s pr r I d b
th f set that RIM sleca faciht tcs
32. Other theories propose rl,t drennrin;a --crs es
--nine
tons tine, S a example
that RP\l sitt pt*er d 5 '- the htah xi th neeIle'i
anch an e 5, natIon is
suppc rted bi the fact that (intants dults) 5 pend the most time in REM sleep.
33. Still other theories propose that dreams are elicit
ed by random bursts of
actix -
its origmatmg rn loxx er regionc ot the bruin, suih
as the
\cording to the
theory,
-
drcams x e the brain's attempt to make sense ot
thls actn `ty. The bursts a e behexed to be gnen
their t m )tiOnal tone by the brain's
svstcm PT T scans of s ceping people rex cal
increase I attivit\ in the brain's
si stem, espcciads the
Other
theorists see dreams as a natural part of brain
and
dcx eiopment.
34. Resean..hers agree that xx e (need. do riot need) REM sleep. After being deprix ed of REM sleep. a person spends more time iii RFM sleep; this is the effect.
35. RI M sleep
(does/does not)
occur in other mammals, Animals snch as fish,
whose behavior is Ic ss influenced by learning,
(do, do not) dream. 1 his find-
ing `up orts the
theors oT dreaming.
Hypnosis pp. 290--29n)
tf r ou do not knoxx the meaning of any ot the
foiioxx ing words, phrase'.. or expressions in the
context in which thex appear in the text, refer
to pag 202 tor an explanation: a; ;;w;;icrirn as
d aas z i i/lcd sud / g /n /1; scram
rd
li'mJ' ;
/ c zeus,
lg
Objective IT: Dchne a:/pac z nd n tc come similari ties helmet r the hohax ior of hvpnotiiod people and that of moti, ated unin pnotized people.
1. FIx i1Osis is a inn Inch a hxpnntist sug
gests that a uhied xx ill t'xpcdence certain tee) ng or thauchts, ,r cxamnit. Os discox crx is
Hypnosis 181
attributed to hax e discovered an
who claimed to
2. The weight ot research cx idence suggests that
lwpnosi
(does does not)
allow a pcrson to perform teats that are impossi
ble in the normal xx aking state. The strength. sta
mina, learning, and perceptual abilities of hs pno
tized pc ople
(are are not) like
tlmse of motix ated unhy pnotiied people.
Objective 12: Discuss the chara tcristics of people who are snscc ptible to h pnosis and cx aluate claims that hypnosis an influence people s memorx, ix ill, health, and perception of pain.
3. Most people are
(some
xx hat: not at all) hypnotically suggestible.
Describe people xvho are the most susceptible to hvp 11 Osis.
4. if people are led to expect that they are hr pnotiz able, their responsix eness under hy pnosis (xx ill/xx ill not) increase.
5. The hr pnotic demonstration in xxhich a subject supposedly relix es earlier experiences is referred toas Research studies show that the subjects in such demonstrations hax e memories that are (more no more) accurate then the CnO! ies at tuih conscious persons.
6. An
pers in egtimate
can in i c people
hyo o med o i ot t i pc fc rr some on kelv
acts
7. Hr pnothc rapists nax e helped somc pe pie aHex i ate headaches asthma, and shess related skin disorders through the use 01 suggestions.
8. Eor
such as smoking and
irug ae, x --ubjcict -- hx notic respon-ivenes
182
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
(does does not) make a diP ft rence in the effectix eness of hypnosis.
9. One statistical digest showed that l pnosis (is i not) especialli helpful
tor the treatment ot obesity.
10. tlxpnosis
(can cannot)
relies e pain. One theory of hypnotic pain relief is
that hr liO5is separates. or
the sensors and emotional aspects of pain.
Another is that hypnotic pain relief is dne to
seiectix e
,that is. to the per
son's focusing on stimuli other than pain.
11. FF1 cans shon that hypnosis reduces brain
activits in a region involved in
to painful stimuli, but not in
the
cortex that receives the
ran
input.
Objective 13: Dive arguments tor and aa0ainst hvpno sis as an altered state of consciousness
12. Skephcs believe that hypnosis may reflect the vi orkings of These findings provide sup port for the theory of hr pnosis.
Summarire the argument that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.
13. liilgard has ads anced the idea that during hvp
nosis there ft a
or split
hitsvaen ditterent levels of consciou'-ness.
14. 1 he \1$enre ot a separate consciouness, which n an are ot what takes place during hr pnosis, is espressed :n the concept ot the
\ though this theorx has pror oked controversy,
t cr little doubt that
influ
lo plar an important rc lc in hvpn )5i5
Discuss the current view of hvpn wis as a hlend of the
two views.
Drugs and Consciousness (pp duo 04)
If r on do not know the muantng or an'. of the
followhrg is ords, phrases. or espressions in the
context in ss hid' thes appear in the te\t, refer
to page- 202--2t(3 tor an evplanaton: tipsa an
rile rai i Lec; `1 tIc !ciht. [jest' rcLt,t rant
jritratts lean cv'ra igai r'pua stiiqC'rnil ,`i'ah
lain; quit kar pick
`r lmte uepc, one ;1 un a
`n
price gn ran p c a g `a ntathe; [ft o oak;
acid ti ip nii i it ii,i i
dl relief
Objective 14: Dehne psgc tac a 1 ie
1. Drugs that after moods and pricepuons arc called drugs
Objective 15: Discuss the naturc of 1 up dependence, and identify three common misconccphons about addiction
2. Drug users who reqoirt mcreasing doses to expe rience a drug's effe ts has e des e(cped for the drug. 1 he aner's brain
-
counteracts the disruption to its nrna ( function ing; thus, the user experlenLes
3. Atter ceasing to ue a drug, a person who experi
ence
sx mptt en'- has des el
oped a phi sical
Repulat nan
of a drug to relies c stress i'- an xanrp(e at a
dependence A p'-n 5( ;n is
has a nimpuis" e r15 :ng for a anbrancc despite
ads er'-e conseouen
i
to
that substance
Briefli state three common nw--k iw eptien-- abc ut
addiction.
Oh' ct'veJ6:\an tocciags ,.ndlis n to Pci nlth neurotr
a ategor c s of ps choaw r a s thc so sv bstances can
51 itt cbrau.
4. 1 he 1r ee ht oad att
` fdu sc'scussedin
t he t \r 1 fl moe
it hich tend
to a t' body trInronN;
o h 5 ht --ptec' hod'. tenchuns: mct
Iter perception.
ihee atom aLl. oUch h n 5 ktiinng:i, sttmulartng,
or a th:h.ttne Lee actr itt or the cram's
Psvcltobgialiv, our
also nov a nIe,
Objectire 1: no plain hon detaressants affect nervous svston act\ hr and behavior and --nmmarize the tindinas .n alcohol use ano ahnc,
5. Dept cssaoL aeth itt and I on dose', of alci
nervous s stem
body toni tion.
ol if tel s clasihed as a
slot' he actn Iv ot the
ci
S Dt(flL.
6 1 bolma
ft
me
r crc
or
c
acing \l ohc 1 affects
c orvho I' c"n' hthe ri cssoftrans
ingiopet nc
itt
v r, \s iaclccnts
tter docking rt
r
is
ot
7. F ores--h e ate of alcohol c alt ffec t cognition
hr
the I r especially in
`no" 0 .C' , nt. Alec `hal also
redree
a. ic'cn--e-- Ones
Di c, i no
ri' n `
0 -- c" oe'h itt in-- coO
nmk once
the h h' ira' whet-- of alcob' a
Drugs ar d (onsciousnes
183
8. Iranqulli crs wlich me a so known as hat e effects -imik r to tho'e
o afco ml
9. Opia n, i tine and heroin all ?e\cite depress' n1 enra
functionin I ogether. these drugs are called the t\ iaen met are present, the
bra to ci entualh stops n 5 lrn odg u
Objective 18: td `ntitv the niajor stimulants. and eoplam hoxr thor attect neural actn ti an.d hehax br.
10. The most n idelv used stimulants are
t`1ue
Stimulants addictn e
and tare are not)
ii. Cocainc and crack deplete the brain's supply of t0h i toUr utransinit'ors and and result ir depression as th' drugs I ects wear otf I hey do this F y blocking tIe of tho reorotrans n'tters, w r cn row am in the non e cells'
12. (ocaine s px chological of fec ts depend not on y on dosage and fonn but also on and t to
13. The dreg Is b 0 th a
. or \ID\l\.
I hi- druc trgger the rcloa-e of thc non 0,0 ran
atitter--
and
at d block-- dte :`eahsorptio"
ot
, Anoon. the ad' me
effects of this drng. are di--rupttc `ii or the bodi P
clock. --uppresson of the
and
impaired
and ttl or
toni hoot
184
C :ttoeet %tate'. at C an'cioU9fles'.
Objetn t 19 Dc nbc tha phi %?mlocical and p'vcho
a ?. I? ..;`
.i1u `.k.t,Ci'% ."tid %u'nnlan,e the
ic tsc )ni na
d
o'nn `yr flit tic ha
ire
aid
i `2 ` ` . heirci"t. 4rnilar ti' a sul'tipc of
ti', k..t.lrsniPeT
I `W)
the action. ?
fl(_ ru'..'ui'%'r.
5. il
icd
wijuan isab,resiat d
`v j an Len;used
rhc
a
whc fcrt om
is ci er, ti e e medical
Iic' :: c.pnrli `ted i'i ma' nuana to'eJcjti.
v :1. a
"
? , r1 c 1 the pI saaI and psychological
tttet' C
`clild.
16. 1 'e `
r
ft
at `c nfteicret. of drug use mai he pal t t t p'indplc that emotions
bjectt
iuss
`intl ? n . ura. L do
gical si hological .ft `onthtu bO drug use.
1 Jr.. \. h'--. !a; ti `rncra, an v4 toh,.
:;ft `t3c I dccl ncai during
.;,.,. -i r . .,flfl ti1t c. r
diic
it)
I
wt h hat
1
I
` !L 1
S
trt
, itim.c tc sard al
ha t iot ch'ingec
`more tess ra ptople
a"... t'S 1 Iz'.aki.fl,.
19.
.,
?
..:..zk. .. n' `.u' ect'hk t"
alcoholism if they had a(n) (ati.'pUvt' biological) patent with hi&tors of akohohsni. Bois isho at age 6 are itt I1 c css)txcitablearcmorel i te 1 noke drink aiduse Liar i gs .tne. F't m )r common aiim ig people prc ` posed tc akohoh.m inas cau'e deficiencit'. in the brain s
s %tCfll.
identift ome of the psvchologic al and social-cultuiai roots of drug use.
20. Among teenagers. drug use (i aries, is about the same) acro' and groups.
21. frican- \merkan high school s n o repoit b.c
(hi,hest lois a t) ratc I
drug use A major sot al intlumcc n drug u c
the
culturc.
22. State three possible chamwls ot influence for drug prec ention and treatment prograrn.
a.
b.
C.
Near-Death ExperIences (pp. 30? 0)
It iou do not kncn' the rne3ning or am of tb.'
follmving n.ord.. `n the oritnt .n which the'
appear in the text. refer h; page 2('3 (ci an
tnptanation. t.'i:, 0 w z.:: :1 ?? .
c 9111' 1 diet ` 1iith I
`L `n41
Ii `
1P'' i1 Ll
Objective 21: Desci flit rear t c pcner the contro4ers via sh her it proud esidei A a mind--both dualism.
1. 11w reporl'. of people ss1w' has el--ad n 1 .'.n .leail' c' are icrv ..imilar to H. eporttd hi inag u.er-. P'rc
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