I C 1: x 2.

[Pages:28]States of

Consciousness

clan

ur aS xn'xe, of ourselt e and our

cc ii b i he ` ri xc d n x arious states

C I u sac

r t n1 orrr xi onsuousness,

Out also Deq and drruunicnz. n qnotn `tatc, diug

altered nates, and nearuieath e\pa'Iences.

\iost ut 0 e wnninoioqx in [Inc Jiapter i intro

du d i

s on

Slet and )reams and on

Dr

(c on s, \mon the issues dir-

cuss J a' xx as r slet and ream xx hether hr quo

sj

uni Ut' stare of conciousnesc, and possible

psvchoIm'b ci and cciai_LuItura1 roots of drug use.

bitt tt'a tif) t'f t't' iiit,,

J1t)Lt'551ii trLeu' to 1i /J f/c' l'ni,t

flint m'OPC 11: iulIiii;np no nit ;`tatt. gOat.

Objective 1: DcPcus the hcPtorv of p'n aPology tudx of rOnSCtousfle', and contran consciou and rirxconc ions information procesirg.

1. Ihestudvof

nascust aim

the earls x ears ot: psx chologs and in recent

decades. hut for pulte `-ome time it was dDoiacod

2. Ads ance in neurosciene made it prnsihle to

Ft sD

Ix ant bin radi g and boldface

ad [lie ecnon, rex ion ouch

b 1 1;u x C 10 nn u uiro t0h till-in and eav-tx pe

qo [it ix I at I O I O xc, pro eed cx aluate

5(

)

x

u

[I ,xssesbegin

`U

1

li,,r

in no lx [I ncxt Se'

crdu"ta'd ajc

cc it son

to

i

" [tic ttoouk hr t 0 re

to reenter psi; chologs Define conciousnex n a sentence,

Co iscio es id nforrration Processing

ci \l ci tcno an idioms that arc un

I

t ii du I vu do or I knon

ha

Id I iI ipx

tIn' ro'tt \f n nhtch

r a a Pc' us' ``icr to paOe Jiri for an

in

can ,`,

a' 0 1 no a , tun

ppear n the

P

In p

cPu it' lpp a

`77

1P8

haptc States of Constiousness

4

inc

colic

SLeep and Dreams pp. h

rcqnirc dirot

Ott

i k the

sing of ins of th

I

is

xpr nsions n the

ttx `He t n a cr in the text refer

;des J

Nor ,.o uxplanation: `ONo( :1

? T a'; a t;;3s P at ta; riot oocr ,oia `lii':

1'

`H: -

Iii

CITI 1,1

at

It

C 10,

w

H' : a H p

r

I No111 Ii

liLT,

C I Irva `p

Aiaiat .11/ P;;s neat

5w ., 0111 t'ti dINT

a

0111;,

? tord rtdd'e it /073' tIc xt

`(C

ilii 1ol0Il\ 1

it

ii ii I stIll 0

Objective 2: 0 sfto ;n"n hi'ir is pes itt biological rhs ft a ft e n :nple I each

1.

id

a

k dx c an rol sex eral

rna, arc

vi

lx

han max gh e rise to scm

2

-`

r'' e"oenah' those `n tar `tort hem

`t n nut I'xperienee a depressed winter

a I

c 1 1 01 ` I

r

iso pen nc

ti'

1f hr e' an in:

t;ei-"- `if `it-c-p.

unte

5. xc as

O 1 ecrrh vo : at' iv

? cx Ic ti c'ti r rreacian

P

cc t Ivut t ha

-

`ar - 5,10- 0 i-il1-,,x,,, 24 huiricn

4. lAf en people ire at tieir dir]

H r it cdi i

ar `usal,

is H `pest an

is mot aeu rate. in contrast

to unit ersttx students, w ho often are at their peak

i s the

iorn ever ir

dde adults tend to Wad I tt

5. ike mat experience It orn eircad tar' rio thm u

in c rrupted by travel acre s' ti so es (7 cadian rhythm aist mat I nterrupt hr

changes. `rich 10 thu one that occurs in the `oring in mans area'. and hs xc ork

b. Resethng of a disrnpted b c logic i1 it k i Ii I

fated hs exposurt to

which trigger' proteins in

the

of the ox ox to signal the

brain's

7 laod t `no ea' 01

decrease its prodnction of

the cluster of cells called thc

control'. the Jradian lock.

The longer we remain awake, the more our brains

accninulate

hich ft dx to

certai nc nr i nd ir ke

us sleeps We can also reset our hiol gical cl cks

L's adjusting our

Objective 4' list the stage of t cc `xpla tow they differ

7. The sleep cx e 1 ronsnt-- of d:,tinct stagec

8. 1 rhvtfm tsle

ics

o

rcc

r nsk ri toed t sat, at c adi

` a,

Ofl the night, he

s tap

inn child inns ed rapidlc This `t;a 4 dr p. dii:'

ing which

iota' ft c il'cd

9. 1 c relati I slow am x c of its H it relaxed sOrt an knt xvn

10. During Stage I sleep. people often experience %ensations similar to .1 hese sensation, mai later

hem oratediio

11 I trig

I ii -.%Q 1' it'btha ccurd tLSlec iccalka

12. L .nge slow brain `.ai e' are tailed

nave.. ir,t in Stage

and 1 i1 creasin l during

sleq which are

their c alice.

-

`%le(p -` per'.on in the latter

%tage ni .leep generaIi will be jeas :,jjfficult) to awaken.

It isd ing thi'. .tage that pcople maj et gage in

let

Dc nbc. t e bodil changes that accompans RI M sleep.

13. Duritir REM sleep. the motor cofte is

(active reiaed;. while the

mu%Lie.. arc

.

(actii e,

relax d For th's r ason, RI NI is ofte ire cITed c

,.

`lit r odeiemo cnent' ererallv isna the P1-I scans

ieit''I lieightctied attn it) ifl the and

e hrai wing R \4 sleep.

h

it

it

miii tes. stlic r tprt

``tage 3-Jeep ht'ci.rnec

re. rioJ- betonie

bride-i and RE \l

(hr

rider' p o iii tel's

.

r f r 1 h

s

,et-

NI.

SlecpaidDrcams 179

Objective 5: fplain in sitep pattern" and duration ar) from person to per%on.

lb. \ei bom `spend watli

ic'. ni. h. t lii.

a%lcLp w iii.' a ull

ii i

17. c cep paft ms a t' i1 n i. need k as indicattd t'v tile fad

that !.leep patteni'. among (identical 11 ateit.iJi in Ii" are wri %unllar. `Jeep `s a so in.t cii

18. 4iovc k c Pu I ide at no eo 1 sil J.cep `4 hou a night ` ople isto sleep less than t icet br `.everal nights in a ron often shins sgfls

(It

Objective 6: Di cu's se sleep cprha

risb associated with

19. Ia iager ? `calls i*d

hours ot `.leep but non a t'rage ntarl

hours less sleep than

teenagers ot Si) years ago. To p chologist

William

,thasiiditatestiat

thcircsiiant' udet'ac"dangeious)

p-dco' cd. One idicatiom o the hazards )f

t fis state is that the l.lte of

tend' to mc: ease immcdiatel-i after the spnng time change in Canada and the tilted State..

Arother is t it sleep depth atio ia'.- supprc.s

tie. int'ounsot clx s's

s's t a da czm4

aic.h orw

I x tioninc. a n ai s t at mnm

a..J a'e. Cflt.dih..i t

D

Ii

of

INC

(ranter States of Consdousness

Objectis e idendix four theories of whx we sleep.

20. 1 r (

ible ix rson for sleep are to is arid to help restore body

I lb if he & nmais is ith high waking

produce an abundance of

j

nrc te\ir te C i tate- cnt xdcr i es and stjmuiates 0 Lii

* Sleep also ot the das

I

sic a rc s th h ismone is released bx the

land Adults spend

(1 more less) time in deep

chiidt cr1 and so release

more less) growth b rrmone,

Obieti'm S: identtlv the major sleep disorders.

2. a p t is t difticulty in tailing or staying asleep

is it of

Sleeping

al hol max make the problem wotse

stncr

tend to

(increase/

cd ccc. RL\i sleep.

23. 1 he --leep oisordet in which a person experiences

unnintrniiahle sleep attacks is

I erg it is air thi-- disorder mar collapse directly

wIn

sleep and experience a

h

II a

psi pP isith this disorder lack a

is ni

t a' in die

that pro

d'm' - ``r neon rtranintter

24 inii-,iii--serferingfron step breathing xi bile

me a t5 b d dr'r is Fspeciaiix pres aicnt

iI

a dc w t lied hr extremt

II

r pid F `art e it and breathing P saIled

* Lnlik

C is m's, tire--c ei' be-- usually happen earls

riatit, d orlna' Sta(e

`is sanre is ft oe et eoisr rcles nf

problems that

(run do not

run) in families. [hece sleep episodes are most

likely to be experienced by

(x onng children adc lescents il idults r

is hom this stage te ids tc hc the

and

Objectix e 9: Describe the most connnon content or d ream--.

26. Dreams experienced during sleep are s is id, emotional, and hi aue. tOuring dreams, thi d ca ncr ma bc sufficiently ass arc to is ondcr whethc r hc or she is in fact dreaming.

27. For both men and is omen, S in 10 dreams ate

marked by

tpositive. nega

tine) emodons, such as fears of being

28. Although fema its tend to dream equalls otter

about males and females, males tend to dn am

more about

this gendcr dii

fercnce

(ts s not) found in

cultures worldis ide.

Objective 10: Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.

29. Freud referred to the actual content of a dream a

its

content. Freud behesed

that this is a censored symbolie s ersic of the

true meaning, or

of the drean

30. Aceordina to Freud mo--t or the dreams of ad al.--

retlect

is (shes and rre the ken

to understandine inner

31. 1 reud's thcnrs ha `s en xx ax U i' them x th i

drc airs sers e a

rose'

function. Support t )r thi thc ory s pr r I d b

th f set that RIM sleca faciht tcs

32. Other theories propose rl,t drennrin;a --crs es

--nine

tons tine, S a example

that RP\l sitt pt*er d 5 '- the htah xi th neeIle'i

anch an e 5, natIon is

suppc rted bi the fact that (intants dults) 5 pend the most time in REM sleep.

33. Still other theories propose that dreams are elicit

ed by random bursts of

actix -

its origmatmg rn loxx er regionc ot the bruin, suih

as the

\cording to the

theory,

-

drcams x e the brain's attempt to make sense ot

thls actn `ty. The bursts a e behexed to be gnen

their t m )tiOnal tone by the brain's

svstcm PT T scans of s ceping people rex cal

increase I attivit\ in the brain's

si stem, espcciads the

Other

theorists see dreams as a natural part of brain

and

dcx eiopment.

34. Resean..hers agree that xx e (need. do riot need) REM sleep. After being deprix ed of REM sleep. a person spends more time iii RFM sleep; this is the effect.

35. RI M sleep

(does/does not)

occur in other mammals, Animals snch as fish,

whose behavior is Ic ss influenced by learning,

(do, do not) dream. 1 his find-

ing `up orts the

theors oT dreaming.

Hypnosis pp. 290--29n)

tf r ou do not knoxx the meaning of any ot the

foiioxx ing words, phrase'.. or expressions in the

context in which thex appear in the text, refer

to pag 202 tor an explanation: a; ;;w;;icrirn as

d aas z i i/lcd sud / g /n /1; scram

rd

li'mJ' ;

/ c zeus,

lg

Objective IT: Dchne a:/pac z nd n tc come similari ties helmet r the hohax ior of hvpnotiiod people and that of moti, ated unin pnotized people.

1. FIx i1Osis is a inn Inch a hxpnntist sug

gests that a uhied xx ill t'xpcdence certain tee) ng or thauchts, ,r cxamnit. Os discox crx is

Hypnosis 181

attributed to hax e discovered an

who claimed to

2. The weight ot research cx idence suggests that

lwpnosi

(does does not)

allow a pcrson to perform teats that are impossi

ble in the normal xx aking state. The strength. sta

mina, learning, and perceptual abilities of hs pno

tized pc ople

(are are not) like

tlmse of motix ated unhy pnotiied people.

Objective 12: Discuss the chara tcristics of people who are snscc ptible to h pnosis and cx aluate claims that hypnosis an influence people s memorx, ix ill, health, and perception of pain.

3. Most people are

(some

xx hat: not at all) hypnotically suggestible.

Describe people xvho are the most susceptible to hvp 11 Osis.

4. if people are led to expect that they are hr pnotiz able, their responsix eness under hy pnosis (xx ill/xx ill not) increase.

5. The hr pnotic demonstration in xxhich a subject supposedly relix es earlier experiences is referred toas Research studies show that the subjects in such demonstrations hax e memories that are (more no more) accurate then the CnO! ies at tuih conscious persons.

6. An

pers in egtimate

can in i c people

hyo o med o i ot t i pc fc rr some on kelv

acts

7. Hr pnothc rapists nax e helped somc pe pie aHex i ate headaches asthma, and shess related skin disorders through the use 01 suggestions.

8. Eor

such as smoking and

irug ae, x --ubjcict -- hx notic respon-ivenes

182

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

(does does not) make a diP ft rence in the effectix eness of hypnosis.

9. One statistical digest showed that l pnosis (is i not) especialli helpful

tor the treatment ot obesity.

10. tlxpnosis

(can cannot)

relies e pain. One theory of hypnotic pain relief is

that hr liO5is separates. or

the sensors and emotional aspects of pain.

Another is that hypnotic pain relief is dne to

seiectix e

,that is. to the per

son's focusing on stimuli other than pain.

11. FF1 cans shon that hypnosis reduces brain

activits in a region involved in

to painful stimuli, but not in

the

cortex that receives the

ran

input.

Objective 13: Dive arguments tor and aa0ainst hvpno sis as an altered state of consciousness

12. Skephcs believe that hypnosis may reflect the vi orkings of These findings provide sup port for the theory of hr pnosis.

Summarire the argument that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.

13. liilgard has ads anced the idea that during hvp

nosis there ft a

or split

hitsvaen ditterent levels of consciou'-ness.

14. 1 he \1$enre ot a separate consciouness, which n an are ot what takes place during hr pnosis, is espressed :n the concept ot the

\ though this theorx has pror oked controversy,

t cr little doubt that

influ

lo plar an important rc lc in hvpn )5i5

Discuss the current view of hvpn wis as a hlend of the

two views.

Drugs and Consciousness (pp duo 04)

If r on do not know the muantng or an'. of the

followhrg is ords, phrases. or espressions in the

context in ss hid' thes appear in the te\t, refer

to page- 202--2t(3 tor an evplanaton: tipsa an

rile rai i Lec; `1 tIc !ciht. [jest' rcLt,t rant

jritratts lean cv'ra igai r'pua stiiqC'rnil ,`i'ah

lain; quit kar pick

`r lmte uepc, one ;1 un a

`n

price gn ran p c a g `a ntathe; [ft o oak;

acid ti ip nii i it ii,i i

dl relief

Objective 14: Dehne psgc tac a 1 ie

1. Drugs that after moods and pricepuons arc called drugs

Objective 15: Discuss the naturc of 1 up dependence, and identify three common misconccphons about addiction

2. Drug users who reqoirt mcreasing doses to expe rience a drug's effe ts has e des e(cped for the drug. 1 he aner's brain

-

counteracts the disruption to its nrna ( function ing; thus, the user experlenLes

3. Atter ceasing to ue a drug, a person who experi

ence

sx mptt en'- has des el

oped a phi sical

Repulat nan

of a drug to relies c stress i'- an xanrp(e at a

dependence A p'-n 5( ;n is

has a nimpuis" e r15 :ng for a anbrancc despite

ads er'-e conseouen

i

to

that substance

Briefli state three common nw--k iw eptien-- abc ut

addiction.

Oh' ct'veJ6:\an tocciags ,.ndlis n to Pci nlth neurotr

a ategor c s of ps choaw r a s thc so sv bstances can

51 itt cbrau.

4. 1 he 1r ee ht oad att

` fdu sc'scussedin

t he t \r 1 fl moe

it hich tend

to a t' body trInronN;

o h 5 ht --ptec' hod'. tenchuns: mct

Iter perception.

ihee atom aLl. oUch h n 5 ktiinng:i, sttmulartng,

or a th:h.ttne Lee actr itt or the cram's

Psvcltobgialiv, our

also nov a nIe,

Objectire 1: no plain hon detaressants affect nervous svston act\ hr and behavior and --nmmarize the tindinas .n alcohol use ano ahnc,

5. Dept cssaoL aeth itt and I on dose', of alci

nervous s stem

body toni tion.

ol if tel s clasihed as a

slot' he actn Iv ot the

ci

S Dt(flL.

6 1 bolma

ft

me

r crc

or

c

acing \l ohc 1 affects

c orvho I' c"n' hthe ri cssoftrans

ingiopet nc

itt

v r, \s iaclccnts

tter docking rt

r

is

ot

7. F ores--h e ate of alcohol c alt ffec t cognition

hr

the I r especially in

`no" 0 .C' , nt. Alec `hal also

redree

a. ic'cn--e-- Ones

Di c, i no

ri' n `

0 -- c" oe'h itt in-- coO

nmk once

the h h' ira' whet-- of alcob' a

Drugs ar d (onsciousnes

183

8. Iranqulli crs wlich me a so known as hat e effects -imik r to tho'e

o afco ml

9. Opia n, i tine and heroin all ?e\cite depress' n1 enra

functionin I ogether. these drugs are called the t\ iaen met are present, the

bra to ci entualh stops n 5 lrn odg u

Objective 18: td `ntitv the niajor stimulants. and eoplam hoxr thor attect neural actn ti an.d hehax br.

10. The most n idelv used stimulants are

t`1ue

Stimulants addictn e

and tare are not)

ii. Cocainc and crack deplete the brain's supply of t0h i toUr utransinit'ors and and result ir depression as th' drugs I ects wear otf I hey do this F y blocking tIe of tho reorotrans n'tters, w r cn row am in the non e cells'

12. (ocaine s px chological of fec ts depend not on y on dosage and fonn but also on and t to

13. The dreg Is b 0 th a

. or \ID\l\.

I hi- druc trgger the rcloa-e of thc non 0,0 ran

atitter--

and

at d block-- dte :`eahsorptio"

ot

, Anoon. the ad' me

effects of this drng. are di--rupttc `ii or the bodi P

clock. --uppresson of the

and

impaired

and ttl or

toni hoot

184

C :ttoeet %tate'. at C an'cioU9fles'.

Objetn t 19 Dc nbc tha phi %?mlocical and p'vcho

a ?. I? ..;`

.i1u `.k.t,Ci'% ."tid %u'nnlan,e the

ic tsc )ni na

d

o'nn `yr flit tic ha

ire

aid

i `2 ` ` . heirci"t. 4rnilar ti' a sul'tipc of

ti', k..t.lrsniPeT

I `W)

the action. ?

fl(_ ru'..'ui'%'r.

5. il

icd

wijuan isab,resiat d

`v j an Len;used

rhc

a

whc fcrt om

is ci er, ti e e medical

Iic' :: c.pnrli `ted i'i ma' nuana to'eJcjti.

v :1. a

"

? , r1 c 1 the pI saaI and psychological

tttet' C

`clild.

16. 1 'e `

r

ft

at `c nfteicret. of drug use mai he pal t t t p'indplc that emotions

bjectt

iuss

`intl ? n . ura. L do

gical si hological .ft `onthtu bO drug use.

1 Jr.. \. h'--. !a; ti `rncra, an v4 toh,.

:;ft `t3c I dccl ncai during

.;,.,. -i r . .,flfl ti1t c. r

diic

it)

I

wt h hat

1

I

` !L 1

S

trt

, itim.c tc sard al

ha t iot ch'ingec

`more tess ra ptople

a"... t'S 1 Iz'.aki.fl,.

19.

.,

?

..:..zk. .. n' `.u' ect'hk t"

alcoholism if they had a(n) (ati.'pUvt' biological) patent with hi&tors of akohohsni. Bois isho at age 6 are itt I1 c css)txcitablearcmorel i te 1 noke drink aiduse Liar i gs .tne. F't m )r common aiim ig people prc ` posed tc akohoh.m inas cau'e deficiencit'. in the brain s

s %tCfll.

identift ome of the psvchologic al and social-cultuiai roots of drug use.

20. Among teenagers. drug use (i aries, is about the same) acro' and groups.

21. frican- \merkan high school s n o repoit b.c

(hi,hest lois a t) ratc I

drug use A major sot al intlumcc n drug u c

the

culturc.

22. State three possible chamwls ot influence for drug prec ention and treatment prograrn.

a.

b.

C.

Near-Death ExperIences (pp. 30? 0)

It iou do not kncn' the rne3ning or am of tb.'

follmving n.ord.. `n the oritnt .n which the'

appear in the text. refer h; page 2('3 (ci an

tnptanation. t.'i:, 0 w z.:: :1 ?? .

c 9111' 1 diet ` 1iith I

`L `n41

Ii `

1P'' i1 Ll

Objective 21: Desci flit rear t c pcner the contro4ers via sh her it proud esidei A a mind--both dualism.

1. 11w reporl'. of people ss1w' has el--ad n 1 .'.n .leail' c' are icrv ..imilar to H. eporttd hi inag u.er-. P'rc

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