CHAPTER 1
REVIEW FOR CHAPTERS 1, 2, and 27 TEST
Chapter 1
1. Explain the following eight justifications:
a. Utilitarian
b. Ecological
c. Aesthetic
d. Recreational
e. Inspirational
f. Creative
g. Cultural
h. Moral
2. When did the most dramatic increase in the history of the human population take place?
3. It is believed that population crises worsen with larger the population. Why?
4. What are the major themes of environmental science?
5. What does “carrying capacity” refer to?
6. What factors have contributed to the fact that the human population has increased significantly over time?
7. What is the difference between the environmental impacts of one additional person in an industrialized country compared with the impact of one additional person in an undeveloped nation? Why?
8. According to the textbook, what is the underlying issue underlying all environmental problems?
9. According to the textbook, what is the cause of most current environmental damage?
10. What is a value judgment?
11. Why was the population density of the first farmers much higher than the density of hunters and gatherers?
12. What is the carrying capacity of the Earth for humans?
13. What is The Gaia hypothesis? What does it propose?
14. What is meant when people say “population crises feed on themselves.”?
15. Why do famines occur, even though the total amount of food produced worldwide is enough to feed all of the world’s people?
Chapter 2
1. What is an observation that is agreed upon by the majority of scientists called?
2. What is a scientific statement that can be proven or disproven called?
3. What is an experiment that can be compared to a standard called?
4. Which is the correct sequence of steps, from beginning to end, in the Scientific Method?
5. Marvin is stressed about waking up and making it on time to his first day of physics class. He sets the alarm on his digital watch (reads to 1/100 of a second!) and arrives at 9:00:00.00 a.m. Unfortunately, every other clock on campus reads about 9:10. Marvin is woefully late and goes on to become an art history major. What can you say about Marvin’s watch with respect to precision and accuracy?
6. A scientist is testing the factors that lead to the growth of larger tomatoes. In one particular series of experiments, she holds the moisture and the amount of fertilizer constant, but varies the soil type and measures the resulting changes in tomato weight. Which of the following is the independent variable in these experiments?
7. What are some distinctions (differences) between (A) science and (B) religion, ethics, and morals?
8. What are some characteristics of Inductive proof?
9. What are some characteristics of Deductive proof?
10. Models that offer very broad, fundamental explanations of many observations are called?
11. Premise : A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
Premise : The line from A to B is the shortest distance between points A and B.
Conclusion: Therefore, the line from A to B is a straight line.
The above syllogism is an example of _________________.
12. What is a hypothesis?
13. According to its definition, what does the Scientific Method involve?
14. A scientist wishes to test the effects of different amounts of water and fertilizer on yields of corn. In a series of test fields, she varies the supply of water and the amount of fertilizer applied to a given strain of corn and measures the weight of the crop that results. In this experiment, which is/are the dependent variable(s)?
15. Why is using the Scientific Method in conducting an experiment is useful?
16. What are the basic assumptions of science?
17. Science is the search for __________ of the natural world, while technology is the search for __________ the natural world for human benefit.
18. Are generalizations based on a number of concrete observations inductive or deductive reasoning?
19. Science is one specific way of looking at the world. The most important criterion for studying science is use of the Scientific Method. What does this method allow us to do?
20. Modern science (as opposed to technology) is focused on what main idea?
Chapter 27
1. The level below which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a given region is known as _________________.
2. What is a commons?
3. Why are commons hard to regulate?
4. How can we regulate and take care of a commons?
5. What is the difference between an indirect and a direct cost? Give examples of each.
6. What is a risk-benefit analysis?
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