Chapter 1



Unit 1 – STUDY GUIDEIntro. to Environmental ScienceName: ___________________________Period: ______Chapter 1Chapter 1Environmental Science: Studying the State of Our EarthCHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to…Module 1: Environmental Sciencedefine the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.Module 2: Environmental Indicators and Sustainabilityidentify key environmental indicators and their trends over timedefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprintModule 3: Scientific Methodexplain the scientific method and its application to the study of environmental problemsdescribe some of the unique challenges and limitations of environmental scienceKey Termsenvironment (p. 3)environmental science (p. 3)ecosystem (p. 4)biotic (p. 4)abiotic (p. 4)environmentalism + environmentalist (p. 4)environmental studies (p. 4)ecosystem services (p. 7)environmental indicators (p. 7)biodiversity (p. 9)genetic diversity (p. 9)species (p. 9)species diversity (p. 9)speciation (p. 10)background extinction rate (p. 10)greenhouse gases (p. 12)anthropogenic (p. 12)development (p. 13)sustainability (p. 14)sustainable development (p. 15)ecological footprint (p. 17)scientific method (p. 19)hypothesis (p. 19)null hypothesis (p. 19)theory (p. 21)control group (p. 22)natural experiment (p. 22)Chapter 1 – Guiding Questions1.Why is the study of systems so important to the field of environmental science? Why can’t we just study isolated events or isolated organisms?2.What disciplines are incorporated into the study of Environmental Science?3.We can use environmental indicators to study the health of the environment. Describe the importance of measuring each of the following:IndicatorWhy is it important to measure?(Hint: What effect does it have on the environment?)Current Trend(Increasing? Decreasing?)BiodiversityFood ProductionGlobal TemperaturesHuman Population SizeResource Depletion4.Explain three ways in which we can measure diversity in the environment.Ecosystem DiversitySpecies DiversityGenetic Diversity5.There are at least 2 million species on Earth, and species have been naturally evolving and going extinct for billions of years (in fact, over 99% of all species that ever existed are now extinct!). Given these facts, why do we care if human activity is driving other species extinct as we grow?6.Give an example of something that is anthropogenic. Why does it fit the definition?7.What two major human activities have had the greatest impact on the increase of greenhouse gases, and why?8.What does sustainable development involve? How can we determine if an individual or society is living sustainably?9.What does an ecological footprint measure and why is it important to talk about?10.Contrast the following terms as they relate to science:HypothesisNull HypothesisTheory11.Why might the results of a controlled experiment differ from the results of a natural experiment when trying to answer a given question?Chapter 2Chapter 2Environmental Systems CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to…Module 4: Systems and Matterdescribe how matter comprises atoms and molecules that move among different systemsexplain why water is an important component of most environmental systemsdiscuss how matter is conserved in chemical and biological systemsModule 5: Energy, Flows, and Feedbackdistinguish among various forms of energy and understand how they are measureddiscuss the first and second laws of thermodynamics and explain how they influence environmental systemsexplain how scientists keep track of energy and matter inputs, outputs, and changes to environmental systemsKey Termsatom (p. 33)mass (p. 33)matter (p. 33)molecules (p. 34)compounds (p. 34)half-life (p. 35)radioactive decay (p. 35)pH (p. 39)chemical reaction (p. 40)conservation of matter (p. 40)organic compounds (p. 41)inorganic compounds (p. 41)energy (p. 44)chemical energy (p. 45)kinetic energy (p. 45)temperature (p. 45)potential energy (p. 45)first law of thermodynamics (p. 47)energy efficiency (p. 48)second law of thermodynamics (p. 48)closed system (p. 51)inputs (p. 51)outputs (p. 51)open system (p. 51)steady state (p. 51)positive feedback loop (p. 52)negative feedback loop (p. 52)Chapter 2 – Guiding Questions1.What is the difference between an atom, a molecule, and a compound?2.What is half-life and why is it important to environmental science?3.What is the “Law of Conservation of Matter”? How does it help explain the fact that nutrients (atoms, compounds, etc.) must be recycled on Earth?4.Give an example of potential energy and of kinetic energy.5.Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words.6.Engines burn gasoline in order to move the rest of the car. Explain how the 1st Law of Thermodynamics and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics would apply to this statement.7.Can the transformation of energy from one form to another ever be 100% efficient? Explain.8.Earth is considered an open system for energy and a closed system for matter. Explain what this means.9.Describe/explain a positive and negative feedback loop NOT listed in the textbook. (you can draw a simplified diagram, but it needs to be obvious and well labelled)Positive Feedback LoopNegative Feedback Loop10.Are positive feedbacks necessarily good things? Are negative feedbacks necessarily bad things? Explain. ................
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