Section1: Economic Growth (pages 306-311 in textbook)

Chapter 10, Growth Expansion

Section1: Economic Growth (pages 306-311 in textbook):

1. How did people originally make products (goods)? Using hand tools they made goods or products in their homes or workshops.

2. What was the Industrial Revolution and where did it start? It started in Great Britain when people went from hand production methods to machines, it was characterized by the increasing use of steam power and water power, and the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. 3a.What industry first started using industrial techniques in Britain? Cloth making b. The machines ran on Water Power

4. Why did the Industrial Revolution spread to New England first? The soil was poor for farming was difficult. People were willing to try other things. New England had many rivers and streams, which could run the necessary machinery. It was also close to other resources, such as iron and coal in Pennsylvania, and had many ports.

5. Look at the picture on page 307 (Textile Mill). Based on the picture, at which stage of the textilemaking process would a loom have been used? Stage 3, the weaving stage.

6. What passed through New England ports? Cotton from southern states, finished cloth to export throughout the nation.

7. Capitalism is a system where: individuals put their capital, or money, into a business with hopes of making a profit.

8. Describe the system and major elements of free enterprise: people are free to buy, sell, produce whatever they want. They can work wherever they wish. Major elements are competition, profit, private property, economic freedom. Businesses have freedom to produce what is most profitable, Buyers also compete to find the best products for the lowest prices.

9a. What did inventions, such as the spinning jenny and water frame make possible? To make many steps in making cloth by machine b. What were some of the benefits of this? Saved time and money c. What did these machines need in order to operate? Mills near rivers

10a. What did Eli Whitney invent and what did it do? The Cotton Gin (or Cotton Engine), which was a machine that removed the seeds from cotton fiber. b. What was the advantage of his invention? Enabled 1 worker to clean the cotton of seeds as fast as 50 workers by hand.

11. What is a patent? A patent gives an inventor sole legal rights to his/her invention, and its profits for a certain period of time.

12. The British tried to keep the industrial revolution technologies a secret. How did British born Samuel Slater bring the technologies to America? He memorized the design of Arkwright's machines (the inventor), and then took over management of a mill in Rhode Island, where he duplicated Arkwright's machines.

13. What was the factory system? It was a system that brought manufacturing steps together under one roof, in order to increase efficiency.

14. What were interchangeable parts, and what were their advantages? They were identical machine parts that could quickly be put together to make a complete product. Because all the parts were alike, they could be manufactured with less skilled-labor, and made machine repair easier. It was also less costly.

15. How did the northern and southern areas of the USA come to use and depend on each other, economically speaking? With textiles (a type of woven fabric) developing with factories and mills in the north, the south, which was producing more and more cotton, could sell their cotton to the north. The north could then sell their finished product to the south.

16. What are corporations? Large businesses

17. Why were people encouraged to invest in these industries? Many hoped to earn profits, low taxes, few government regulations, and competition

18. What is stock? Shares, or ownership of a company

19. What was the complaint about the Second Bank of the United States by state banks and frontier people? Since the bank had the power to make large loans to businesses, they thought the rich and the powerful had a monopoly on big loans, and would use that power for their own

advantage. Strict interpreters of the constitution also believed that Congress did not have the power to make a such a bank.

20. According to the textbook, 92.8% of America was still rural by 1820. Cities could be dangerousthey were prone to fires, and the lack of sewers increased the cases of diseases such as cholera and yellow fever. Despite all these problems, why did some people still want to go to the cities? Cities and towns offered a variety of jobs and steady wages. Cities had libraries, museums, and shops, which were unavailable in the countryside.

Section 2 Westward Bound

In 1790, the first American census (counting of the population) took place. It revealed that there was 4 million people in the USA. Most of the population lived near the coast

By 1820, the population more than doubled to 10 million. As noted in previous chapters, many Americans went west for new opportunity, however travel to these new places was often difficult, dangerous, and very slow.

Example: a 363 mile trip from New York City to Buffalo could as long as 3 weeks. (In modern times in a car that same trip would take approximately 6 hours).

Americans want to make improvements in both land and water travel. Some of the improvements they made are described below:

1. Road and Turnpikes:

A) Private companies started building turnpikes, or toll roads. The fees to use the roads helped pay for construction.

B) While many roads were made of crushed stone, in particularly muddy areas, "corduroy roads," which were logs laid side by side, were used.

C) As early as 1803, Ohio asked the federal government to build a rod to connect it with the east. After the War of 1812 it was finally completed. Eventually this road, the National Road, which started in Maryland, extended past Ohio and into Illinois. The federal government funded the National Road because it viewed it as a military necessity; it did not take on other building projects.

2. River Travel:

A) If a river could be found where the current was going the way one wished, it was more comfortable than bumpy roads, and more goods could be transported more quickly.

B) The Two Drawbacks of River Use: going upstream was a difficult slow process, and in the eastern part of the states, most rivers flowed north to south- and not east to west- which was the direction most people and goods were headed.

C) To solve the upstream drawback: Although previous inventors made boats powered by steam in the 1780s/1790s, they could not withstand strong currents. This changed with Robert Fulton's improvements, and in 1807, his steamboat the Clermont successfully went from New York to Albany in 32 hours (previously, the best time, with sails, was 4 days).

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