Chapter 18 Pedestrian Facility Design (Limited Revision ...

HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL

Chapter 18

Pedestrian Facility Design

Revision 100 (Limited Revision) November 04, 2022

Issued by Engineering Bulletin 22-057 Effective with Design Approval on or after January 1, 2023

Section, 18.6.1

18.6.1.1 B 18.7.4

PEDESTRIAN FACILITY DESIGN

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Changes,

Addition of pedestrian facilities requirements for 2R and 3R Projects.

Addition of Department policy regarding Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS), which is currently found in TSMI 15-01.

Addition of SAE Standard AMS-STD-595 #31350 as default color for detectable warning surfaces. Update to link to federal colors. Addition of Exhibit 18-16: Detectable Warning Surface Default Color ? Federal Standard Number 31350. All later exhibit numbers have been updated to accommodate the addition of Exhibit 18-16.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

18.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 5

18.2 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................... 5

18.3 POLICY.............................................................................................................................. 5

18.4 DEFINITIONS...................................................................................................................... 6

18.5 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................... 7

18.5.1 Capital Projects Complete Streets Checklist ...................................................................... 8 18.5.2 Pedestrian Data Acquisition............................................................................................ 9 18.5.3 Pedestrian Traff ic Forecasting....................................................................................... 10 18.5.4 Pedestrian Level-of -Service.......................................................................................... 10 18.5.5 Pedestrian Facility Documentation................................................................................. 10 18.6 PEDESTRIAN FACILITY DESIGN........................................................................................ 12

18.6.1 Pedestrian Facility Design under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).......................... 12 18.6.2 Use of Shoulders as Pedestrian Facilities........................................................................ 17 18.6.3 Pedestrian Paths......................................................................................................... 18 18.6.4 Guidelines for Installing Sidewalks ................................................................................. 19 18.6.5 Walkway Design.......................................................................................................... 22 18.6.6 Placement within the Right of Way ................................................................................. 25 18.6.7 Pedestrian Facility Design Elements............................................................................... 27 18.6.8 Pedestrian Facility Appurtenances ................................................................................. 28 18.7 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS................................................................................................ 29

18.7.1 Pedestrian Street Crossing Dynamics............................................................................. 30 18.7.2 Intersection Types ....................................................................................................... 31 18.7.3 Curb Ramps/Blended Transitions................................................................................... 39 18.7.4 Detectable Warnings.................................................................................................... 42 18.7.5 Curb Radii/Intersection Extension.................................................................................. 44 18.7.6 Pedestrian Ref uge Islands and Medians ......................................................................... 45 18.7.7 Stop Line Placement.................................................................................................... 46 18.7.8 Marked Crosswalks ..................................................................................................... 47 18.7.9 Pedestrian and Vehicular Traff ic Signals ......................................................................... 50 18.7.10 Pedestrian Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).......................................................... 51 18.7.11 Unauthorized/Unsafe Pedestrian Crossings..................................................................... 52 18.8 ELEVATION CHANGES ..................................................................................................... 52

18.8.1 Stairs......................................................................................................................... 52 18.8.2 Ramps....................................................................................................................... 55 18.8.3 Landings.................................................................................................................... 55 18.8.4 Handrails ................................................................................................................... 55 18.8.5 Protective Rails........................................................................................................... 57 18.8.6 Elevators.................................................................................................................... 58 18.9 RECREATIONAL WALKWAYS, SHARED USE PATHS, TRAILS, AND OUTDOOR RECREATION ACCESS ROUTES....................................................................................................................... 59

18.9.1 Access for Persons with Disabilities ............................................................................... 59 18.9.2 Use of Existing Sidewalks as Shared-Use Paths .............................................................. 60 18.10 BUS STOPS AND TRANSIT STATIONS............................................................................... 61

18.11 PARKING......................................................................................................................... 62

18.12 SPECIAL SITUATIONS ...................................................................................................... 62

18.12.1 Main Streets ............................................................................................................... 62 18.12.2 Central Business/Walking Districts ................................................................................. 63 18.12.3 School Walking Zones.................................................................................................. 63 18.12.4 Designing for Disaster Preparedness.............................................................................. 63 18.13 PEDESTRIAN FACILITY CONSTRUCTION........................................................................... 64

18.14 PEDESTRIAN FACILITY MAINTENANCE............................................................................. 64

18.15 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 65

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LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 18-1 Exhibit 18-2 Exhibit 18-3 Exhibit 18-4 Exhibit 18-5 Exhibit 18-6 Exhibit 18-7 Exhibit 18-8 Exhibit 18-9 Exhibit 18-10 Exhibit 18-11 Exhibit 18-12 Exhibit 18-13 Exhibit 18-14 Exhibit 18-15 Exhibit 18-16 Exhibit 18-17 Exhibit 18-18 Exhibit 18-19 Exhibit 18-20

Exhibit 18-21 Exhibit 18-22 Exhibit 18-23 Exhibit 18-24 Exhibit 18-25 Exhibit 18-26

Relationship between Walkway Width and Pedestrian Volume........................................ 8

Pedestrian Level-of-Service....................................................................................... 9 Guidelines for Installing Sidewalks in Developed Areas................................................ 20

Passing Space ...................................................................................................... 22 Crosswalk Surface Treatment .................................................................................. 24 Walking Surface Permitted Change in Level (Source ADAAG) ...................................... 24

Walking Surface Permitted Openings (Source ADAAG) ............................................... 25 Sidewalk Placement within the Rig ht of Way .............................................................. 26 Best Practices for Pedestrian Crossing Design at Intersections ..................................... 30

Crossing Distances, Speeds, and Time .................................................................... 31 Crossing Opportunities at "T" Intersections................................................................ 33

Multiple-Threat Crash ............................................................................................ 37 Advance Stop Bar (note: an advanced yield marking can also be used)......................... 37 Locations Where Driveways Cross Sidewalks............................................................ 38

Curb Ramp Design................................................................................................ 41 Detectable Warning Surf ace Default Color ? Federal Standard Number 31350............... 43 Curb Radii/Intersection Extension............................................................................ 45

Stop Bar Placement............................................................................................... 46 Typical Crosswalk Markings.................................................................................... 48

Recommendations for Installing Marked Crosswalks and Other Needed Pedestrian Improvements at Uncontrolled Locations *................................................................ 49 Recommended Locations for Accessible Pedestrian Signals........................................ 51

Recommended Riser Height/Tread Width Ratios........................................................ 54 Stair Nosings (source ADAAG)................................................................................ 54 Acceptable Handrail Shapes................................................................................... 56

Maximum Bottom Rail and Baluster Spacing for Handrails........................................... 57 Spacing of Balusters on Protective Rails................................................................... 58

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18.1 INTRODUCTION

Pedestrian facilities, which are facilities specifically intended to accommodate people walking, generally include crossings, refuge islands, pedestrian signs and signals, information technology systems (ITS), sidewalks, other walkways, curb ramps, public transit loading zones, gradeseparation structures, call boxes, and street furniture.

According to the 2000 Census, 30% of New York State residents do not own an automobile and 20% have a disability. Estimated pedestrian AADT was nearly 20 million trips (not including transit and car-linked walk trips) in New York State which supports a multibillion dollar sidewalk - based economy. As the population ages, an increasingly larger proportion of the State's population will rely on pedestrian accommodation and public transit as their primary means of transportation. Accessible design is the foundation for all pedestrian design, and facilities need to be planned, designed, operated, and maintained for use by all people.

Pedestrians should be afforded the ability to safely travel between pedestrian traffic generators such as homes, places of work, stores, schools, post offices, libraries, parks, etc. Safe and accessible pedestrian infrastructure provides the means for making this mode of transportation feasible. Pedestrian connections are also the critical transitions between different modes of transportation.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) policy (23 CFR 652.5), the AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets and the AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities encourage designers to provide for pedestrians during project planning, design, and construction of transportation facilities.

18.2 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

The first objective of this chapter is to provide the procedural requirements for determining if pedestrian facilities are warranted and should be incorporated into Department projects. The second objective is to provide the guidance necessary to design, construct, and maintain these facilities in accordance with current guidelines and standards.

18.3 POLICY

Current Department policy is consistent with federal policy and design guidance and states that : "NYSDOT must make...pedestrians integrated elements of our intermodal transportation system." It is Department policy to consider the accommodation of pedestrians, including persons with disabilities, during the earliest scoping stage of Department projects. "Considerations" of pedestrian needs should include, at a minimum, a presumption that pedestrians will be accommodated, unless pedestrian access is prohibited by law, deemed unfeasible based on anticipated use, and/or an absence of need is determined. This aligns with FHWA policy (23 CFR 652.5) which requires that the safe accommodation of pedestrians and persons with disabilities should be given full consideration during the planning, design, and construction phases of federal-aid highway projects.

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?18.3 POLICY

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