Section 19.1 Forces Within Earth
[Pages:52]Section 19.1 - Forces Within Earth
8th Grade Earth & Space Science - Class Notes
Stress and Strain
? Stress - is the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area (cause)
? Strain ? deformation of materials in response to stress (effect)
Types of Strain
? Compression causes a material to shorten. ? Tension causes a material to lengthen. ? Shear causes distortion of a material.
Results of Stress & Strain
? Rocks fracture when stress and strain reach a critical point.
? At these breaks rocks can move releasing the energy built up as a result of stress.
? Earthquakes are the result of this movement and release of energy.
Elastic Deformation
? Elastic deformation is caused under conditions of low stress when a material is compressed, bent, or stretched.
? When the stress is removed, material returns to its original shape.
Plastic Deformation
? When stress builds up past a certain point, called the elastic limit, rocks undergo plastic deformation.
? This type of strain produces permanent deformation.
The Stress-Strain Curve
Faults
? Crustal rocks fail when stresses exceed the strength of the rocks.
? The resulting movement occurs along a weak region in the crustal rock called a fault.
? Fault - any fracture or system of fractures along which Earth moves
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