Chapter 1



Unit 3 – BIODIVERSITY, SPECIES INTERACTIONS, SPECIES LOSS

STUDY GUIDE Name: _________________________

Period: ______

Chapter 4

Evolution and Biodiversity

1. Differentiate between the following kinds of biodiversity:

species diversity –

ecological diversity –

functional diversity –

genetic diversity –

2. Why should we care about biodiversity?

3. Briefly summarize the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.

4. Describe the role of fossils in the theory of evolution.

5. Thoroughly explain how the genetic makeup of a population can change and how certain individuals can leave more offspring than others.

6. Summarize and address three common misconceptions about evolution.

7. How can geologic processes, climate change, and catastrophes affect biological evolution?

8. Discuss the two most common methods of speciation.

9. Why is species richness important?

10. Contrast an ecological niche with a habitat.

11. Distinguish between a specialist and a generalist.

Evaluate the conditions that favor each of these two approaches.

12. Why can indicator species be referred to as “biological smoke alarms”?

13. Discuss the importance of keystone species.

14. Give an example of each type of organism from a specific ecosystem:

| |Example |Ecosystem |

|Native Species | | |

|Nonnative Species | | |

|Indicator Species | | |

|Keystone Species | | |

Chapter 4 – Key Terms

(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

biological diversity (biodiversity) (p. 78)

biological evolution (p. 80)

natural selection (p. 80)

fossil record (p. 81)

genetic variability (p. 82)

mutations (p. 82)

adaptation or adaptive trait (p. 82)

heritable (p. 82)

differential reproduction (p. 82)

fitness (p. 84)

speciation (p. 86)

geographic isolation (p. 86)

reproductive isolation (p. 86)

extinction (p. 87)

endemic species (p. 87)

artificial selection (p. 88)

selective breeding (p. 88)

genetic engineering (p. 88)

species diversity (p. 89)

species richness (p.89)

species evenness (p.89)

ecological niche (p. 91)

generalist species (p. 91)

specialist species (p. 92)

native species (p. 92)

nonnative species (invasive, alien, exotic)(p. 92)

indicator species (p. 93)

keystone species (p. 95)

top predator (p. 95)

foundation species (p. 95)

Chapter 5

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

1. Describe the competitive exclusion principle.

2. Explain the following strategies prey species use to avoid predation and give an example of a species that employs it.

| |Explanation |Example |

|camouflage | | |

|chemical warfare | | |

|warning coloration | | |

|mimicry | | |

|behavioral | | |

|strategies | | |

3. Describe strategies that predators use to capture their prey.

4. Give two examples of organisms engaged in these types of relationships/interactions:

| |Example 1 |Example 2 |

|Interspecific | | |

|Competition | | |

|Predation | | |

|Parasitism | | |

|Mutualism | | |

|Commensalism | | |

5. Describe the process of resource partitioning.

6. Explain why certain species utilize the type of population distribution pattern known as ‘clumping’. Give examples of species that have clumped populations.

7. Give examples of resources that would be limiting factors in an ecosystem.

8. Explain what determines the carrying capacity (K) of an ecosystem and what happens to an organism’s population as it approaches K.

9. Referring to the graph below: Explain what causes the J-shaped growth curve in “Phase A”. Draw and label the carrying capacity. Explain what causes the S-shaped growth curve in “Phase B”.

10. Fully describe the characteristics of an r-selected species and give examples of species that exhibit this reproductive pattern.

11. Fully describe the characteristics of a k-selected species and give examples of species that exhibit this reproductive pattern.

12. Explain density-dependent population controls and density-independent population controls.

13. Differentiate between top-down population regulation and bottom-up population regulation and give an example of each.

14. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Not in the textbook

15. Draw a graph of, and describe, the three general types of survivorship curves.

(Type I) late loss curves –

(Type II) constant loss curves –

(Type III) early loss curves –

16. Give examples of organisms that display the three types of survivorship curves.

Chapter 5 – Key Terms

(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

interspecific competition (p. 101)

predation (p. 101, 102)

coevolution (p. 104)

parasitism (p. 101, 105)

host (p. 101, 105)

mutualism (p. 101, 106)

commensalism (p. 101, 106)

population dynamics (p. 108)

population distribution (p. 108)

clumping

uniform dispersion

random dispersion

biotic potential (p. 109)

intrinsic rate of increase (r) (p. 109)

environmental resistance (p. 110)

carrying capacity (K) (p. 110)

exponential growth (p. 110)

logistic growth (p. 110)

overshoots (p. 111)

reproductive time lag (p. 111)

dieback or crash (p. 111)

r-selected species or opportunists (p. 112)

K-selected species or competitor (p. 112)

population density (p. 113)

density-dependent population controls (p. 113)

density-independent (p. 113)

top-down control population regulation (p. 113)

bottom-up control population regulation (p. 113)

ecological succession (p. 115)

primary succession (p. 115)

secondary succession (p. 115)

pioneer or early successional plant species (p. 116)

midsuccessional plant species (p. 116)

late successional plant species (p. 117)

climax community (p. 118)

Chapter 9

Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach

1. Distinguish between background extinction and mass extinction.

2. Discuss the role of humans on the rate of extinction at present.

3. List eight characteristics that make species extinction prone.

4. The acronym HIPPCO helps us remember the 6 major causes of premature biodiversity loss. Explain what each letter represents.

5. Name and briefly describe a far-reaching international treaty to protect wildlife.

6. Name and describe the main components of “the most far-reaching environmental law ever adopted by any country”.

7. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using wildlife refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos to protect wildlife.

Chapter 9 – Key Terms

(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

background extinction (p. 185)

extinction rate (p. 185)

mass extinction (p. 185)

local extinction (p. 185)

ecological extinction (p. 185)

biological extinction (p. 185)

endangered species (p. 186)

threatened (vulnerable) species (p. 186)

instrumental value (p. 189)

ecotourism (p. 190)

intrinsic or existence value (p. 191)

HIPPCO (p. 193)

habitat island (p. 193)

habitat fragmentation (p. 193)

poaching (p. 204)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (p. 206)

Endangered Species Act of 1973 (p. 207)

habitat conservation plans (HCPs) (p. 207)

gene (seed) banks (p. 208)

botanical gardens and arboretums (p. 209)

captive breeding (p. 209)

precautionary principle (p. 211)

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