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AOHS Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology ILesson 4The Integumentary SystemStudent ResourcesResourceDescriptionStudent Resource 4.1Pictures: Products for the BodyStudent Resource 4.2Chart: Organs and Function of the Integumentary System Student Resource 4.3Reading: Organs and Functions of the Integumentary SystemStudent Resource 4.4Reading: Anatomy and Processes of the Skin, Hair, and NailsStudent Resource 4.5Lab: Seeing Your Own Skin CellsStudent Resource 4.6Reading: Skin Conditions Student Resource 4.7Assignment: Article on a Skin Condition Student Resource 4.8Guide: Best Practices in ResearchStudent Resource 4.9Model Article: Nothing Rosy about RosaceaStudent Resource 4.10Glossary: Integumentary System Terms (separate Word file)Student Resource 4.11Organizer: Article on a Skin Condition Student Resource 4.1Pictures: Products for the Body065786000Directions: Have one person in your group cut out the pictures below. As a group, decide on what categories to use to organize the products and determine which categories you think they belong in. Label sheets of notebook paper with the titles of your categories. Place the pictures that go in each category on the sheets of paper. Be prepared to explain how you chose your categories with the class.Student Resource 4.2Chart: Organs and Functions of the Integumentary SystemStudent Name:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________Directions: As you watch the presentation on organs and functions of the integumentary system, answer the questions below and fill in the chart. When the presentation is over, review your chart with a partner to make sure it is complete and accurate. Keep this chart in your notebook.In what ways is your skin similar to a coat designed to meet your needs? Explain in the space below.What are the major organs of the integumentary system? List them here:Function of skinHow the skin performs the functionWhy this function is importantStudent Resource 4.3Reading: Organs and Functions of the Integumentary SystemOur integumentary system covers our bodies. It’s like having many kinds of coats in one. Our skin fits us perfectly, stretches when we move and grow, and insulates us. It’s waterproof, washable, doesn’t wrinkle easily, and it even repairs itself when it gets damaged. Our skin, hair, and nails make a statement to the outside world of how we’re feeling inside. And they’re renewable: in a month, your hair grows about half an inch, your nails grow a tenth of an inch, and the entire surface of your skin replaces itself!The parts of our skin, hair, and nails that we can see are just the tip of the iceberg; underneath are other parts that produce new living cells. As those new cells are made, they push old cells toward the surface. Those old cells change and eventually die, becoming our hair, nails, and the top layers of our skin. We’re constantly losing parts of our integument, too; you find stray hairs in your comb and clip your nails. You shed about 1 million skin cells a day—that’s 8 pounds of skin a year!You can scratch the surface of your skin without causing any real damage. When you scrape yourself deep enough to bleed, you’ve hit the blood vessels in your skin. But, luckily, your skin is there to protect you from scraping your muscles, bones, or internal organs. It serves as a barrier between you and objects that might injure you. A thin fatty layer at the base of your skin serves as a cushion when you bump yourself. Without this protective layer, our muscles and internal organs would be much more easily injured.Spilling orange juice on your hands doesn’t hurt at all, but spilling it on the muscles inside of you would be extremely painful, as well as harmful. We are exposed to different substances all the time that our skin protects us from. Soap, cologne, styling gel, the juice from an onion we are chopping, house paint, and motor oil are just a few examples. See if you can think of more.There are lots of bacteria living on our skin. This photo shows surface bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria). For the most part, they’re harmless to us because our skin keeps the bacteria outside of our bodies. Bacteria can get into our bodies when we cut ourselves or when bacteria from our hands gets onto the food we eat. Sometimes bacteria that aren’t meant to be inside us can cause harmful infections. Our skin also makes an oily substance, which you probably know best as the oil on your face when you wake up in the morning. That oil helps keep harmful bacteria from growing on your skin.When we’re out in the sun, the strong rays can hit our skin cells and damage the DNA in them. Melanin is a molecule that is responsible for the color of our skin, and it helps to protect cells from the sun’s damaging rays. A sun tan is skin cells that have been exposed to the sun and produce more melanin than they would ordinarily. Some people naturally have more melanin in their skin and so have more natural protection from the sun’s rays. But no amount of melanin offers complete protection, and everyone needs to work actively to protect their skin from sun damage (wear sunblock, walk in the shade when possible). We also have melanin in our hair, and dark hair has more than lighter hair. Many other organisms produce melanin, and it gives color to other animals and to some plants. When you step into a new environment, like outside on a hot day or into an air-conditioned room, your internal body temperature changes. If a warm environment heats up your body, skin responds in ways that will help maintain your internal temperature. In hot weather, tiny blood vessels closest to the surface will fill with blood, letting some heat out. And your skin will produce sweat, which evaporates and takes heat with it. In cold weather, blood vessels contract, and you get goose bumps, which are caused by small muscles in the skin contracting. The contracting muscles give off heat, which helps keep you warm. The thin layer of fat at the base of your skin also insulates and keeps heat in.Ever notice that when you step into the shower with a washcloth, the washcloth absorbs a lot of water, but you don’t? That’s because your skin is almost waterproof. Skin cells make a protein called keratin that makes the skin virtually waterproof, keeping water in the body in, and water that is outside of the body out. Glands in the skin also secrete a waxy substance called sebum that helps maintain this waterproof barrier, including on your hair. That’s why you can take a shower or swim for hours and not get all soggy. You need to maintain a consistent amount of water inside of you because your body requires water for some important reactions. In addition, water is required to maintain homeostasis and the balance of solutes inside and outside of your cells.Your body uses vitamin D to help build strong bones. One way you can obtain it is when UV rays from the sun hit a certain kind of cholesterol that’s found in your skin. The energy from the sunlight fuels a series of reactions that converts the cholesterol to vitamin D. From there, it goes to other parts of your body. Depending on where we live, we may only need a few minutes of sunlight to make enough vitamin D, so you can still use sunscreen and get your vitamins, too. But, for many people, dietary sources such as fortified milk and cereal are their best source.We can file, clip, stick things to, and hang things from our nails because they aren’t alive. When nails grow, it’s actually a part at the base of your nail, underneath your cuticle, that’s doing the growing. By the time your nails reach the surface, they’re hardened into a protective coat to guard your fingers and toes.Your hair and nails both act as historical records of your health. The part of the nail you can see is composed of cells that were made some time ago. So if there is some condition–an injury or the effects of a disease–the stress of that condition on your body may be recorded in the cells that make up your nails. Horizontal ridges or lines across the nails can happen when something interferes with the growth at the base of the nail. That interference could be an injury to the finger, an untreated disease like diabetes, or drugs that can affect cell growth, like the drugs used in some cancer treatments. Nails can also form ripples, cracks, and become discolored, all giving clues to possible conditions that need addressing.Nails grow about one-tenth of an inch per month. In this picture, the indentations start around one-half of an inch from the base at the cuticle and are present all the way to the most recently formed portions of the nail at the base of the cuticle. That means the condition that’s causing the lines began about five months ago.Like other mammals, we have hair on our heads and bodies. Our closest evolutionary ancestors had more hair than we do; it served the purpose of keeping warm and offering protection from the sun. Hair holds in heat by trapping air in the spaces between the hairs. Our body heat keeps the air warm, creating a layer of insulation. For a furry mammal, having lots of hair means being able to hold in lots of heat. On the other hand, it also means it’s harder to cool down. In humans, sweat can cool us down readily because there is little hair to keep it from evaporating. Hair is no longer critical to our survival the way it once was and continues to be for other mammals. But ask any bald man whether his head is colder than it would be if he had hair, and he’s likely to say yes!Small hairs in our noses and around our eyes protect us by filtering large particulates in the air 24 hours a day. There are particulates all around us: dust, smoke, exhaust from cars, oil from cooking. We don’t want these to get into our lungs or our eyeballs. When nose hairs are stimulated, they can cause us to sneeze.Men’s nose hairs are longer and thicker than women’s. It’s okay for men to clip them but not to pluck them, because the hair follicles can get infected after plucking. Our skin, hair, and nails is most of what people can see of us, and they send lots of messages about what’s happening inside us. When you’re sick, your skin might look paler, and when you’re healthy, you’ll have more of a glow. If you haven’t been getting enough nutrients, your nails and hair may be brittle and may break easily. Skin changes as we go through different phases of life, so it also sends messages about how old we are. Skin serves many vital roles for us, so it’s important to take care of it.Student Resource 4.4Reading: Anatomy and Processes of the Skin, Hair, and NailsStudent Name:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________Directions: As you read, write your answers to the questions embedded in this reading. Circle terms that you learned from the other units of this course and make sure you remember what they mean. What you can see of your skin, hair, and nails is only the surface—and none of what you can see is made of living cells. So what’s going on underneath? Below the surface of your skin, each of these organs is making new cells, which push the old ones toward the surface. Along the way, the cells change and eventually die. Even after they die, these cells of the integument play a role in homeostasis and other processes of the body.Skin Has Three Major LayersAlthough your whole body is covered with skin, the skin itself isn’t the same in every part of your body. The skin on your fingertips is more sensitive than the skin on your back because it has more nerve endings in it. Skin on your face may tend to get oilier than skin on your legs. And whereas you have hair covering most of your body, your palms and soles of your feet are hair free. All these differences are related to structures found in various layers of your skin.The EpidermisThe top layer of your skin is the epidermis. The epidermis is very thin, only about 1 mm thick, has no blood supply. Many of the cells in this layer are dead or dying. Those cells that do need nutrients get them via diffusion from blood cells in the layer below the epidermis. This part of your skin is constantly growing, making new cells to replace ones that get sloughed off. The epidermis itself is made up of four and, in some places, five different sublayers of epithelial tissue, and each of these layers has a different function. New cells are made in the deepest sublayer. As more new cells are made, the existing ones get pushed toward the surface, and along the way, they die. The most superficial layer, the part of your skin that you can see, is made completely of dead cells and is only about 20–30 cells thick—except on your lips, where the skin may be only a few cells thick.Another sublayer of dead cells on your palms and the soles of your feet, just below the outermost layer, gives those parts of your body what’s called thick skin. This sublayer provides protection from the kind of friction you often have on your hands and feet and creates a waterproof barrier. Your thick-skinned palms and feet are also some of the few areas of your body that have no hair on them. (The others are your lips and your genitalia.)00Question #1: What are the advantages of having thick skin and no hair on the soles of your feet and the palms of your hands?Question #1: What are the advantages of having thick skin and no hair on the soles of your feet and the palms of your hands?The third sublayer is made largely of cells that have died, and their cell parts are being replaced by keratin. Your hair and nails are made mostly of keratin, a tough protein that makes hair and nails strong, resilient, and waterproof. Keratin makes the outermost layer of your skin very durable, so that it can protect all the layers below. Most of the cells in your skin are keratinocytes, or cells that produce keratin. The fourth sublayer of the epidermis contains cells that form bundles of keratin fibers. In this layer there are also some immune cells that fight off microbial invaders and attack cells that may cause skin cancer.The fifth sublayer is also known as the basal layer. It’s like the skin’s cell factory, producing millions of new cells every day. These cells are the closest to the blood vessels that are in the second main layer of skin, the dermis, and so get the most nutrients of any cells in the epidermis. As new cells are made, they push old cells closer to the surface. As old cells move to the surface, they take on the characteristics of the layer they’re moving into. The basal layer also contains cells called melanocytes, which produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is what gives your skin its color. Most people have the same number of melanocytes; what differs between us is the amount of melanin these cells produce. And that’s dependent on two things: genetics and how much you’re out in the sun. When your skin is exposed to the sun’s rays, it prompts the production of melanin. The basal layer also has basal cells, which are a type of stem cell. Stem cells are special cells that can make new cells. Your basal stem cells are busy manufacturing new skin cells. 00Question #2: What is the advantage of having the newest skin cells closest to the blood supply? Question #2: What is the advantage of having the newest skin cells closest to the blood supply? It takes about a week for a newly formed skin cell to make its journey from the basal layer to the surface of your skin. Along the way, the cell becomes keratinized as its living parts die and get filled in with the keratin the cell is producing. By the time the cell reaches the most superficial layers, it’s stopped carrying out the functions of a living cell. Once skin cells reach the surface, they stay there for about two weeks and then get sloughed off. The DermisDeep to the epidermis is the dermis, the skin’s manufacturing and communications center, which houses the structures that create the differences between skin on various parts of your body. The dermis is also a tough hide; it is made of dense connective tissue and is the layer of cow, pig, or sheep skin that we treat in order to make leather. The dermis is made of two layers. The superficial layer is a sheet of epithelial tissue with many tiny folds in it, called papillae, which push up against the bottom of the epidermis, giving it the same folded shape.This layer contains a rich supply of blood vessels; a light scratch that makes you bleed just a little has hit the blood vessels in this layer of the dermis. The folds in this tissue bring more surface area of the dermis in contact with the epidermis than if the tissue were just flat.On your palms and the bottoms of your feet, where you have thick skin, the papillae form in whirling patterns, which give you your fingerprints and toe prints. This layer also contains pain and touch receptors.00Question #3: Remembering that cells in the epidermis get all their nutrients via diffusion from the blood vessels in the dermis, why would it be useful for the connection between the two layers to have more surface area?Question #3: Remembering that cells in the epidermis get all their nutrients via diffusion from the blood vessels in the dermis, why would it be useful for the connection between the two layers to have more surface area? The deeper sublayer of the dermis is a factory for skin products. This sublayer makes many of the things associated with the integument: it manufactures your hair and nails, sweat, and sebum. This sublayer has lots of sensory receptors for pressure, heat, and touch, as well as immune cells that fight off microbes that have made it through the epidermis.This sublayer also has larger blood vessels, which play a part in homeostasis. Remember that when you’re hot the vessels swell up and release heat. When you’re cold, they contract to conserve heat. Collagen is also found in this sublayer. Collagen is made of tough fibers that give the dermis its strength against abrasion and also help keep it hydrated. As a person ages, the collagen in this sublayer begins to break down, and the skin becomes more dry and fragile. Many skin products advertise that they contain collagen, giving the impression that they can help aging skin look more youthful. But collagen isn’t absorbed through the epidermis. So although these creams may help keep moisture in, they don’t replace lost collagen.Question #4: Do you think it’s useful to add collagen to skin care products? Why or why not? The dermis is connected securely to the epidermis, but the two layers can be separated by friction or a burn. When you wear shoes that rub up against your skin, for example, the constant friction separates the dermis from the epidermis. The pocket between the layers fills with fluid, causing a blister. Subcutaneous Tissue, or the Hypodermis Below the dermis is the subcutaneous layer, sometimes called the hypodermis. The hypodermis is made of connective tissue and a layer of fatty tissue that serves as cushioning and insulation. The hypodermis anchors your skin to the rest of your body, connecting it to muscles or bones. This layer also has blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, mostly larger than those in the dermis.Structures in the DermisVarious types of structures in the deep layer of your dermis produce your own personal skin care products and make your skin one of the body’s most important sensory organs. The structures fall into two categories.Hair folliclesYour body boasts millions of hairs of varying thickness and smoothness. Each of them grows from a structure in the dermis called a hair follicle. At the base of each hair follicle is a tiny muscle that contracts when you’re cold and raises the hair. For humans, the main purpose of this phenomenon is to generate some heat. But cats, for example, look larger and more ferocious when their hair stands on end.GlandsGlands are groups of cells that make and secrete a chemical substance. There are three important kinds of glands in your dermis, and they each secrete a different substance to the surface of your skin.If, like many teenagers, you’re waging a battle with acne, you can blame your sebaceous glands. These glands produce an oily, waxy substance called sebum, which reaches the surface of the skin through the hair follicle. Sebum coats each hair on your body and makes your personal overcoat waterproof. In adolescence, though, these glands can get a bit overactive, and the sebum can block up its own exit route to your skin’s surface. When this happens, sebum builds up at the base of the gland and creates a bump on your skin. When you “pop” a blackhead, you’re sometimes getting this little plug out.When you exercise or sit outside on a hot day, your eccrine glands get active, producing a kind of sweat that is mostly water, salts, and some of the leftovers from metabolizing your food and drink. The glands produce sweat and send it to the surface of your skin through a duct that leads to tiny holes on the surface called pores. You have eccrine glands all over your body, and they play a very important role in body temperature homeostasis.When you’re nervous, your apocrine glands produce a different kind of sweat that also includes proteins and fatty acids. Sweat from these glands gets to the surface of your skin through ducts that empty into hair follicles, just as sebum does. Your apocrine glands are mostly in your armpits and genital areas. The sweat they produce doesn’t have much smell, but the proteins and fatty acids provide nutrients for bacteria, which can give apocrine sweat a musky odor.Question #5: What do you think might be different about how antiperspirants and deodorants treat apocrine sweat? How Hair and Nails GrowHow is it that you can lose hair every day and not go bald? Hair, like your skin, is constantly replacing itself. At the base of your hair follicles is the living part of the hair, the root. At the root, cells are continually dividing. These new cells push the older cells up, and in the process the older cells get keratinized, similar to what happens to skin cells. The dead, keratinized cells make up the hair shaft. The hairs on your head usually stay there for three or four years before they fall out and new hairs follow behind them. Whether your hair is curly, wavy, or straight depends on the shape of your hair shaft; round hair is straight, ribbon-like hair is curly, and oval-shaped hair is wavy.Like your skin and hair, your nails are made of dead cells that are pushed to the surface by new cells below them and keratinized along the way. The “nail” part of your nails is called the nail plate. Behind it is the nail root, which is a living part of the nail. The nail plate is actually transparent; the pinkish color you see in your nails is from the blood vessels in the nail root below. At the base of the nail root is a whitish half-moon shape, called the lunula. You can see the lunula on some people’s nails, and for others, it’s under the skin. The lunula is white because it’s the site of all the new cell growth and is therefore thicker than other parts of your nail. Your hair grows about one-half inch per month. In contrast, your fingernails grow about one-tenth of an inch in the same amount of time, which is about four times faster than your toenails grow. Student Resource 4.5Lab: Seeing Your Own Skin Cells Student Name:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________Directions: Follow the steps below to prepare a sample of your own skin cells to look at under the microscope. Be sure to wear your gloves to avoid getting fingerprints on your sample.Clean the underside of your wrist with one of the moist towelettes and let it dry.Press a 1-inch piece of tape against the cleaned skin on your wrist.Hold the tape by its edge and hold it up to the light. What can you see? Put the tape sticky side down on a microscope slide.Using a tweezers, lift a corner of the tape and place a small drop of methylene blue stain where the tape meets the slide. You should see the stain move across the underside of the tape, staining your skin cells.Make sure you have the lowest power lens in place over the microscope stage, and place the slide on the stage under the lens.Look through the eyepiece as you focus the microscope, starting with the coarse (usually larger) knob first. You may need to slowly move the slide around to find your cells. They will look like blobs or spots with a blue hue. Use the fine-focus (usually smaller) knob to focus on some cells once you have found them. If your lowest magnification lens isn’t 10X, move to a 10X lens and refocus using the fine-focus knob.Look closely at the slide. Can you see individual cells? 182880063246000Draw a picture of what you see. Note what is a cell and a nucleus. Also note which parts are darkest blue and which are lightest. Write short answers to the following questions:12. How do these cells look different from what you saw looking at whole tissues? 13. What features did you see in these cells that you also saw in the cells of other tissues? 14. Are the cells you are seeing dead or living cells? How do you know?Student Resource 4.6Reading: Skin Conditions Directions: Read the short descriptions of skin diseases and disorders, thinking about which you’d like to research and write your article on. BurnsWe usually think of fire causing burns, but many things can burn your skin: hot liquids or steam, chemicals, electricity, and sunlight can all damage tissue. You can even burn the inside of your lungs by inhaling smoke. Burns are usually categorized according to three degrees of severity:First-degree burns damage only the epidermis. These burns usually get red and swollen but don’t usually require medical attention and heal in a week or so.Second-degree burns involve some injury to the dermis, which can affect hair follicles, sweat glands, or other structures. Second-degree burns can form blisters and are typically more painful than first-degree burns. They may take several weeks to heal.Third-degree burns damage the hypodermis and can also reach organs deeper than the skin. Third-degree burns leave a person with permanent tissue damage, with no hair growth or no feeling in the area. In fact, third-degree burns sometimes don’t hurt at all because nerve endings in the skin that sense pain have been destroyed. Burns are among some of the most difficult injuries for medical professionals to treat. Because skin acts as a protective barrier against microbes, burned skin can be very susceptible to infection. Sometimes treatment involves a surgery called a skin graft, where skin from one part of a person’s body is used to cover the burned area. WartsWarts are small bumps or growths on the skin that are caused by the human papillomavirus (sometimes called HPV). The warts cause an excess production of keratin in the epidermis. The keratin hardens and forms the wart, which can be dome shaped or flat., Most warts are harmless, but they can be unsightly. Common warts appear on your hands and fingers, while plantar warts show up on your toes and soles of your feet. Warts are more likely to occur in places where you’ve cut yourself. As with burns, damaged skin is more vulnerable to infection. You can spread warts from one part of your body to another. Genital warts can be spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Some warts are painful, but many are not. Many warts will disappear on their own after several weeks. Some people choose to freeze the warts or chemically treat them so that the warts fall off. While this treatment can get rid of the bumpy, visible part of the wart, it can leave behind infected cells that can cause the wart to recur. AcneAcne, also called pimples or zits, happens when the pore around a hair follicle gets blocked. The blockage is usually caused by oil produced by the sebaceous gland at the base of the follicle. When oil blocks the pore, bacteria, dirt, and dead cells can build up behind it, causing a raised bump. Depending on how the pimple is formed, the top of the bump may be white (a whitehead) or black (a blackhead). Doctors aren’t entirely sure why hair follicle pores sometimes get blocked by oil. There is no research showing that foods such as chocolate or nuts lead to acne or that it’s caused by dirty skin, though a diet high in refined sugars may contribute. Skin WoundsWounds are cuts or punctures that penetrate layers of skin and break blood vessels open. One of the most important functions of skin is its amazing ability to repair itself after a wound. When a wound occurs, you body immediately begins to protect the area and regenerate new skin tissue. You’ve no doubt noticed that if you cut yourself, a scab forms. This is the body’s way of protecting the wound and keeping you from losing blood. Meanwhile, collagen-producing cells expand the network of collagen to form a kind of connective tissue that will underlie the new skin. Gradually, new skin cells form along the bottom and sides, until the wound is filled in. Once the top layer of epidermis has formed, the scab falls off.When a wound goes into the dermis or subcutaneous layer the healing process may leave scar tissue.HivesHives are red welts that develop on the surface of skin, usually as an allergic reaction to food, medicine, or some chemical you’ve been in contact with. Allergic reactions belong to a class of conditions called autoimmune disorders. In an autoimmune disorder, your body mistakes something that is safe as something harmful and mounts an immune response against it. For example, a person may develop hives after his or her skin has been exposed to poison ivy. The body mounts an immune response to a substance in the oil produced by poison ivy leaves. That immune response involves the release of compounds called histamines. Histamines allow fluid to leak from your blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. When that happens, it can form red welts on the surface of the skin. Antihistamines treat hives by stopping the influence of histamines. Most hives go away on their own, but some hives can remain for a long time. Hives are very common, and people with many allergies are more prone to getting hives. PsoriasisPsoriasis is a condition that causes itchy red skin and silvery scales, usually on knees and elbows. Psoriasis is another example of an autoimmune disorder. As you know, it takes a skin cell about a month to mature and rise to the surface of the skin. Some of the chemicals released by the body during an immune response can stimulate the skin to produce new cells faster than usual. In the case of psoriasis, these chemicals stimulate overproduction of skin cells, even though there isn’t anything wrong. New skin cells created in the deeper levels of the epidermis rise to the surface too quickly and build up there.Mild psoriasis can be treated with topical creams, but the severe form can require oral treatments with steroids. Psoriasis is very common among people aged 15–35.Skin CancerSkin cancer, like other cancers, occurs when your cells are dividing uncontrollably, producing lumps, or tumors. Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States, and it’s usually caused by exposure to the sun’s damaging rays, particularly when you’re young. There are three major types of skin cancer:Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) forms from keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. This type of cancer often looks like a red sore or shiny bump. BCC tends not to spread to other parts of the body.Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arises from keratinocytes in the upper layers of the epidermis. Like basal cell carcinoma, an SCC can resemble a sore or a red patch. Melanomas are tumors that develop from melanocytes. Because the cells are still producing melanin, these tumors tend to be brown or black. Melanomas are much more likely to spread throughout the body than BCCs or SCCs.All three of these skin cancers can be treated effectively of they’re caught early. The vast majority of skin cancers are BCCs. Melanoma is quite rare but dangerous: one in five people who are diagnosed with melanoma will die within five years. You can prevent skin cancer by avoiding sunburn and using an effective sunscreen when you’re outside.Student Resource 4.7Assignment: Article on a Skin Condition Directions: Read this assignment and make sure you understand how to complete each step. You will be assessed according to the criteria listed at the end, so ask questions if you are not certain of how your work will be evaluated.1. Learn how to conduct research.Read Student Resource 4.8, Guide: Best Practices in Research. Use this information to guide you as you gather information on the topic you have chosen.2. Analyze the model article.Read Student Resource 4.9, Model Article: Nothing Rosy about Rosacea. It gives you a sense of how much information to include in your article and how to organize it. The callouts point out specific details that are important to keep in mind so that your teen audience enjoys reading your article and learns a lot from it as well.3. Conduct your research.Use Student Resource 4.11, Organizer: Article on a Skin Condition, to write down what you discover as you conduct your research. This resource helps you see how to keep your notes organized so that it’s easier to write your article.4. Write your article.Use Student Resource 4.11, Organizer: Article on a Skin Condition, to figure out what information you want to include and in what order.Use Student Resource 4.9, Model Article: Nothing Rosy about Rosacea, to help you decide how best to write for your audience of teens. You can also ask yourself, “What would I want to know about this disease or disorder?” and “How could I write this so that it would be really interesting to me?”Make sure your assignment meets or exceeds the following assessment criteria:The article provides a clear description of the disease or disorder. The article includes relevant aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system in its explanation of the disease or disorder. The article is interesting and appropriate for a teen readership. The article includes information on how to prevent, manage, or cure the disease or disorder. The article concludes with a list of three to five properly formatted references.The article is neat and uses proper spelling and grammar.Student Resource 4.8Guide: Best Practices in ResearchStudent Names:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________Gathering information for a research project can be like shopping at the mall. Some stores will have things your looking for, others won’t. Some places will offer higher quality products than others. There are brand names that you’ll trust and look for. Sometimes it’s good to have a salesperson help you zero in on the perfect item. And, importantly, if you don’t know what you’re shopping for, you’re likely to come home with all kinds of stuff you can’t use!All these things are true when you’re doing research, too. So keep that “mall of information” idea in mind as you follow these rules for doing effective research.Five Steps for Doing ResearchChoose your topic. You want to make sure your topic is narrow enough that you won’t be flooded with information that won’t help you with your topic. In this case, you don’t want to research skin conditions—you want to choose something more specific, like psoriasis. Pick questions that you want to answer. Writing down your questions will help you find the answers. Make sure that what you’re looking for is specific enough that you can find it. Just looking for psoriasis may be too broad. What parts of the skin are affected by psoriasis? or How do you treat psoriasis? are more specific questions.Find different sources of information. There are many information sources you can use when you research a question. Here are some suggestions:Visit your school or city library. Look for books about the topic or check online encyclopedias. Ask the librarian for help.Look for articles about the topic in respected newspapers and magazines. A librarian can help you pick good publications.Refer to reliable Internet sites. Be careful when using sources from the web, because there is a lot of false information on the Internet. (See below for more information.)Interview someone who is an expert on your questions. In this case, you could interview a doctor who is a skin specialist.Make your own observations. They might not be considered facts, but you can use them to talk about your experience. For example, “After my cut healed and the scab fell off, I noticed that the skin underneath was a lighter color.” Take notes as you find information. As you are researching and finding answers, take notes. Make sure to write down where you got each piece of information. Refer to the checklist of things to keep track of in the How to Quote and Create a List of References section of this document.Draw conclusions. Often your research will reveal the answers to your questions. Sometimes the answer is very straightforward: The answer to the question “What causes hives?” is “Allergic reactions cause hives.” In other cases, when your questions become more complicated, the answer will require you to look at different kinds of information and come to a conclusion about what you find. How to Verify Information and Select Sources on the InternetUsing accurate, trustworthy sources is critical to doing research. Printed books and newspapers are usually reliable sources because they have been fact-checked and the people who publish them have to stand behind the accuracy of what they say (we are not including newspapers, whose main purpose is to publish gossip and rumors. Can you think of a newspaper that is not a reliable source of information?) On the Internet, however, anyone can write anything and publish it as if it were true. There are ways to tell which websites publish this kind of possibly false information. Of course, the web often has the most current information available. When searching the web, use these rules to make sure your information is as accurate as possible:Be sure the website is a reputable site that shows a level of professional expertise. Examples: A government website (for example, the National Institutes of Health)The website of a group whose purpose it is to educate and assist in research about the topic (for example, the National Psoriasis Foundation)The website of a university researcher who is an expert on the topicThe website of a respected newspaper, such as the New York Times, or magazine, such as NatureSome kinds of websites that are not reliable for accuracy:A website selling a productA site that has a lot of advertisingA site where the layout is confusing and it’s difficult to tell what’s an ad and what’s notAn online space where people can freely post their own ideas, suggestions, and explanations A friend’s Facebook pageEven if the source is reliable, you need to verify the information by finding it in at least two other places. Be sure that the information on the second and third sites isn’t just a cut-and-paste from the first site you found. How to Quote and Create a List of ReferencesIn your article you may want to quote something directly from an information source, but in most cases you need to write the information in our own words. At the end of your article, include a list of sources you used, so that someone reading your article knows that you used reliable sources and can trust what you say. Readers may also want to look at the sources you used to find more information for themselves about the topic.Using QuotesIt is illegal—not to mention dishonest—to copy and paste the words and ideas of another author and present them as if they are your own. This is a crime called plagiarism. If you decide that you’d like to use the exact words of someone else, you may quote them. Quoting should be done sparingly, and with good reason, if, for example, you want the exact words of an expert or you want to present another author’s analysis of the data to back up your own conclusion. When quoting a source, you must:Include all the words you are using from that source in quotation marksState who or what organization is the sourceState what publication or web page you are quoting from.An example of a quote:“What may cause one person's psoriasis to become active, may not affect another,” says the National Psoriasis Foundation in the About Psoriasis section of its website.Creating a List of ReferencesAny source you use for information in your article must be included in the list of references at the end. You want to cite the information in a way that would allow someone else to look it up easily. Here are some checklists for information to keep track of while you’re researching:For a printed book, newspaper, or magazine:Names of authors, in alphabetical orderTitle of book, magazine, or newspaper. Put the title in italics.If a magazine, include volume and issue numbersIf a book, include the publisherPublication datePage numbers where you found the informationExample:Erickson, John. An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2010, pp. 103–107.For a website:Authors, if they are namedName of websiteURL of websiteDate of publication, if availableDate that you accessed the website in parenthesesExample:“All About Rosacea.” National Rosacea Society website, (accessed January 23, 2015).Put your references in alphabetical order according to last names of authors or the first letter of the title if there is no author cited.Student Resource 4.93733800349250Title: Should be catchy but not mysterious. It should relate to the main topic of the article.00Title: Should be catchy but not mysterious. It should relate to the main topic of the article.Model Article: Nothing Rosy about RosaceaNothing Rosy about Rosacea -76200262890Lead (1 paragraph): Start with something to set the scene, often something personal. The lead should tell readers what the story is about but not give the whole story away. It should grab readers’ attention and make them interested in reading the rest of it. This is also where you’d give background information about the topic that readers will need to understand the rest of the article.00Lead (1 paragraph): Start with something to set the scene, often something personal. The lead should tell readers what the story is about but not give the whole story away. It should grab readers’ attention and make them interested in reading the rest of it. This is also where you’d give background information about the topic that readers will need to understand the rest of the article.By Sandy StudentImagine that you’re the president of the United States: as you’re trying to broker a peace agreement, the warring factions stop arguing to stare at you as your face flushes bright red uncontrollably, tiny blood vessels reddening like spider webs across your cheeks. Such incidents were a real-life challenge for President Bill Clinton, who suffers from a chronic inflammatory skin condition called rosacea, and managing these flare-ups became part of his life as president. He’s not alone: Cameron Diaz, Mariah Carey, and Renee Zellweger have all had to wrangle with this common skin disorder, which often goes undiagnosed.1583690165100Body (2–3 paragraphs):This is where the information and details go. Include important facts that you learned in your research, relevant statistics, interesting findings, and quotes from expert sources.00Body (2–3 paragraphs):This is where the information and details go. Include important facts that you learned in your research, relevant statistics, interesting findings, and quotes from expert sources.Rosacea (pronounced ro-ZAY-shuh) is a chronic skin condition that nearly 1 in 10 Americans has to deal with. Rosacea is more common in fair-skinned people and in people over 20 years old. The symptoms start as persistent redness in the face, and over time rosacea sufferers can develop broken blood vessels, small bumps that resemble acne, or even excess tissue around their noses. Bouts of rosacea often occur in cycles, flaring up and then disappearing for a while. When rosacea happens, blood vessels in the dermis of the skin dilate and the dermis becomes inflamed. The swelling can stimulate the growth of more blood vessels, which is where the spider-web look comes from. Doctors aren’t certain what causes rosacea, but many believe that it’s partly genetic and partly environmental. Some factors like spicy foods, stress, or a hot sauna can make rosacea worse by increasing blood flow to the surface of the skin. But it’s important to remember that these factors don’t cause rosacea. 076200Conclusion (1 paragraph):This paragraph motivates readers to take a particular action, or it ties your ideas together. This is also where you explain current treatments and cures.00Conclusion (1 paragraph):This paragraph motivates readers to take a particular action, or it ties your ideas together. This is also where you explain current treatments and cures.While there’s no cure for rosacea, Bill Clinton and Mariah Carey have plenty of options to help relieve their symptoms. Some people use creams with antibiotics in them to reduce the swelling, and they may also take oral antibiotics such as tetracycline. Most of all, though, doctors suggest that people with rosacea wear broad-spectrum sunscreen, wash with gentle cleansers, avoid extreme temperature changes, and take other measures to protect themselves from things that might make their rosacea worse. Turning red by surprise and developing bumps on your skin is no fun and can be discouraging and distressing. But there are ways to make rosacea more manageable. If you know someone who is struggling with rosacea, encourage that person to learn about the condition and to see a skin doctor, called a dermatologist, for help. Most of all, let them know you understand what is happening to them, and that they can talk about rosacea with you. References:Golub, Robert M., MD, Laura A. Schwartz, MS, and Janet M. Torpy. “Rosacea.” Journal of the American Medical Association website, June 16, 2012, (accessed November 6, 2015).“How Rosacea Occurs,” Skin Laboratory, (accessed November 6, 2015).Maurib, Elaine. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10th ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012, pp. 114–120.“Rosacea.” Mayo Clinic, (accessed November 6, 2015).“What Is Rosacea?” National Rosacea Society, (accessed November 6, 2015).Student Resource 4.11Organizer: Article on a Skin Condition Student Name:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________Directions: Use this organizer to help you keep track of information as you do your research, and write down the references you use as well.Skin Disease or DisorderExample: The skin disease or disorder I am writing about is rosacea.The skin disease or disorder I am writing about is:Research to Use in My ArticleTopicWhat I learnedDescriptionExample: Rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition. The face and neck become red. Sometimes it looks like spider veins or pimples and the eyes are rmation SourcesExample: “Rosacea.” Mayo Clinic, (accessed November 6, 2015).CausesInformation SourcesSymptomsInformation SourcesParts of skin affectedInformation SourcesTreatment or cureInformation SourcesPreventionInformation SourcesInteresting facts I can use in my lead or conclusionInformation SourcesIf you run out of space, use another sheet of paper to keep notes on what you want to write in your article.Links you can start with ................
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