KCPE-KCSE



00443/1,443/2 agriculture KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A: (30 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section. 1.State four characteristics of large scale farming system.(2 marks)2.State four pieces of information contained in an invoice.(2 marks)3.Name two types of credits available to farmers for agricultural use.(1 mark)4.Differentiate between a balance sheet and a profit and loss account.(2 marks)5.Give four benefits of rotational grazing.(2 marks)6.State four factors that influence the extent of soil erosion in an area.(2 marks)7.Give four functions of calcium in plants.(2 marks)8.Give two disadvantages of landlordism and tenancy tenure system as practiced in Kenya.(2 marks)9.Give two reasons for adding well rotten organic manure to a compost heap.(1 mark)10.Mention four advantages of using polythene sleeves in the establishment of seedlings.(2 marks)11.State two reasons why subsoiling is important as an operation of landpreparation.(1 mark)12.Give two reasons for proper drying of grains before storage.(1mark)13.State two effects of siltation in dams.(1mark)14.Give any three functions of pyrethrum board of Kenya.(1mark)15.Outline three benefits of bolder planting in agroforestry.(1 ? marks)16.State four factors one should consider when designing a crop rotation programme.(2marks)17.List three importance of tissue culture in crop propagation.(1 ? marks)18.State three reasons why a farmer should diversify his farm enterprises.(1 ? marks)19.Give four conditions of the land which make it necessary to carry out reclamation practices.(2 marks)SECTION B: (20 MARKS) 20. Study the diagram of the silo below and answer the questions that follow Soil layer Polythene sheet DrainageSilage materialground level (a) Identify the method of ensiling in the diagram above.(1mark)(b) State three precautions taken when ensiling to ensure high quality silage.(3marks)(c) Give two advantages of this method of forage conservation over other methods.(2marks)21. Below are diagrams of common weeds found in the farm. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow. QRS (a) Identify the weeds.(3 mks)(b) Mention one harmful effect of each of the wood Q and R(1 mark)(c) Give a reason why weed S is referred as a parasitic weed.(1 mk)Page | 13300443/1,443/2 agriculture 22. The diagram below illustrates an experiment on soil. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow. ABCFunnel Water Cotton wool Measuring cylinder Drain water a) State the aim of the experiment.(1mk)b) If the volume of water illustrated in them measuring cylinders was observed after one hour, identify the soil sampleslabelled A and B.c) State two ways in which the soil structure of the soil sample labelled C above can be improved.(2 marks)23. The diagrams below illustrates common pests in crop production. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.(1 mark) ABCa. Identify the pest labeled A, B and C(1 ? mk)b. Classify the pests using scientific classification(1 ? mk)c. State any type of damage caused by the pest labelled A in maize.(1mark)SECTION C : (40 MARKS)Answer any two questions from this section.24.The table below shows the production of maize at various levels of NPK fertilizer application. Study it and answer thequestions that follow.Land (ha)Variable input NPKTotal product maizeMarginalproductAverageproduct(50kg bags)(90kg bags)maize 90kg bagsmaize 90kg bags111010101227AF134215141456B141563712.61665CG1765D9.31860-57.51952EH11042-104.2a) Complete the above table A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H(4marks)b) Using the graph paper provided draw a graph of total product, marginal product and average product against variableinput on the same axis and mark the zones of production.(7 marks)c) With a reason identify the best zone of production.(2 marks)d) Discuss the various ways in which farmers minimize risks in potato production.(7 marks)25.a) Describe the methods used in preparing materials in readiness for planting.(8 marks)b) Explain the factors that may determine spacing of crop in the farm.(8 marks)c) Explain briefly the factors that influence timely planting.(4 marks)26. a) List seven benefits of using organic matter for mulching.(7 marks)b) Describe the field production of nappier grass under the following sub-headings(i) Planting(3 marks)(ii) Fertilizer and manure(3 marks)(iii) Utilization(3 marks)c) Describe the procedure followed when transplanting tree seedlings from a bare root nursery bed.(4 marks)Page | 13400443/1,443/2 agriculture KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1.Give two notifiable diseases of cattle.(1 mark)2.Give two functions of reticulum in the process of food digestion.(1 mark)3.State the function of a carburetor in the fuel system.(1 mark)4.Name the structure that is used to ensure that the honey comb and brood combs are found in different chambers in the hive.(? mark)5.Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding.(2 marks)6.Give three methods of harnessing tractor power.(? marks)7.Give three reasons why ewes disown lambs.(1 ? marks)8.Give four factors to consider when selecting goats for breeding.(2 marks)9.State four conditions that can make a cow to withhold milk during milking.(2marks)10.Give four predisposing factors of mastitis in cattle.(2 marks)11.A dairy cow under zero grazing system weighs 700kg. Calculate how much dry matter it takes given that it takes 2.5kg forevery 100kg live weight (show your working)(2 marks)12.State two advantages of using wood in the construction of a farm building.(1mark)13.Give two reasons why the walls of the dairy shed should be white washed instead of painting with oil paints.(1 mark)14.Outline three reasons why claves should be fed on colostrums.(1 ? marks)15.List two groups of vitamins as applies to livestock nutrition.(1 mark)16.Give three importance of flushing in sheep management.(? marks)17.State three factors that dictate livestock distribution in Kenya.(1/4 marks)18.Give three conditions under which a farmer prefers to use an ox-cart instead of a tractor drawn trailer.(? marks)19.List two tools used in closed castration.(1 mark)20.State four qualities of good creep feed.(2 marks)21.Name three mechanical methods of controlling ticks.(1 ? marks)SECTION B: (20 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section. 22. A farmer in Makueni County owns 16 million cows. In addition to feeding these animals with napier grass, the farmer prepares home mixed ratio in them. During this dry season, the farmer has decided to mix 600kg of the ratio using oats DCP 40% and simsim cake DCP 60% using the Pearsons square method. i) Determine the quantities of each feed the farmer will need to make a ratio containing 20% DCP tor the animals. (4 marks)ii) State one factor affecting feed digestibility.(1 mark)23.Below are illustrations of animal hooves and activity being done.DEFi)a) What activity is going on in diagram F.(1 mark)b) Which of the above hooves is likely to predispose foot rot infection?(1 mark)c) Name one appropriate tool for carrying out the above activity.(1 mark)d) i) Other than protecting animals from foot rot give another one reason for carrying out the activity.(1 mark)ii) give three reasons for seasoning timber before use.(3 marks)24. Study the structure and answer the questions.TSPage | 13500443/1,443/2 agriculture (a) Name the structure above.(1 mark)(b) Name the parts labeled S & T(2 marks)25. Below is a diagram of a farm equipment. Use it to answer the questions that follow. E F G a)Identify the equipment.(1/2 mark)b) State the use of the equipment(1 mark)c)Name the parts labelled G, E and F(1marks)d) Identify two drawbacks in using this equipment compared to others that may be used for the same purpose. (2 marks) SECTION C: (40 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 26. a) Give the differences between petrol and diesel engine. b) Outline five advantages of farm mechanization. c) Explain factors considered in selection of construction materials. 27. a) Discuss coccidiosis disease under the following headings : i)Causal organism(1 mark)ii) Livestock species attacked(2 marks)iii) Symptoms of attack(4 marks)iv) Control measures(3 marks)b) Describe the essentials of obtaining clean milk from a cow.(10 marks)28. a) Describe the management of layers in deep litter system from the point of lay.(10 marks)b) Describe the lifecycle of a two host tick.(6 marks)c) Name four sources of power in the farm.(4 marks)Page | 136443/1,443/2 agriculture KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme1.For characteristics of large scale farming?. (2 marks)? requires large tracts of land.? Requires high capital investment.? Skilled labour is used.? Processing of products on the farm.? Provides more employment.4 x ? = 2 marks2.Pieces of information in an invoice Date of transaction.? People involved in the transaction.? Invoice number.? Type of goods.? Amount of money involved.? Notice of payment /when due4 x ? = 2 marks3.Types of credits (1 mark)? Short term? Medium term.? Long term.2 x ? = 1 mark4.Balance sheet: Shows the financial position solvency /assets and liabilities of a business Profit and loss account shows whether the business /form made a profit or loss.mark as a whole 2 x 1 =2 marks5.Benefits of rotational grazing? Animals manure is evenly distributed in paddocks.? Pasture is given time to regenerate before its is grazed onagain.? Excess pasture can be sold.? Excess pasture can be harvested for conservation.? It is possible to re-seed empty spaces /over sowingpossible for improvement.? Top-dressing and weed control possible.4 x ? = 2 marks6.Extent of soil erosion.? Slope of the land.? Bareness of land / vegetative cover.? Amount of rainfall.? Type of soil.? Rainfall intensity4 x ? = 2 marks7.Four functions of calcium? Strength cell wall / used in formation of middle lamella.? Takes part in protein synthesis.? Takes part in cell division.? Necessary for elongation of stems and roots tips / apicalgrowth.4 x ? = 2 marks7.Two disadvantages of landlordism tenancy? Poor land use and low production if the tenants do nothave enough funds to improve land.? Tenants cant produce long term crops.? Landless can exploit two tenants by overcharging.? Lack of incentives to improve land by tenants since itsdoes not belong to them 2 x ? = 1 mark8.Two reasons for adding rotten manure? Inject micro-organism to assist in decomposition.? to increase the nutrient content.2 x ? = 1 mark9.Four advantages of polythene sleeves? No disturbance or roof system at transplanting.? Can be transported for long distances without damage.? Seedlings grow fast.? Possible to plan when to transplant.? Problems of soil born pest and disease can be avoided.4 x 2 x ? = 2 marks10. Two reasons for subsoiling? To facilitate drainage.? Bring up leached nutrients to the surface.? Increase aeration of the soil.? To improve root penetration.2 x '/2 = I mark11. Two reasons for proper drying of grains? Reduce moisture content hence preventing rotting.? Harder seed coat minimize pest/ disease damage.? prevent growth of fungus / aflotoxin poisoning.? Increase keeping quality.? Prevent sprouting while in the store.2 x ? = 1 mark12. Two effects of siltation? Causes water pollution.? Interferes with hydroelectric power reneration.? leads to decline in fish production in dams.? Reduces water volume.2x x/2= 1 mark13. Three functions of pvrethrum board of Kenya. ? Offering advisory services to the farmers.? Managing pyrethrum nurseries which produce plantingmaterials for farmers.? Processing pyrethrum in the factory.? Marketing the processed pyrethrum products.? Buying pyrethrum from the farmers.? Carrying out research to obtain the best cultivars throughselection of breeding. 3 x ? mark14. Benefits of borders planting.? Acts as windbreak to control soil erosion.? Marks the boundaries in firms.? May act as live fence.? May provide, wood fuel, fodder, composting materials andfruits.? For beauty/ aesthetic value.? Adds resale value of farm.3 x l/2 = 1 ? marks15. Four factors-to consider in crop rotation p r o g r a m m e " ?-? Altemate deep rooted crops with shallow rooted.? Include a legume to improve soil fertility.? Include grass ley to improve soil structure.? Alternate crops which are associated with certain weedswith those that are not.? Crops of same family should not following one another ina rotation programme.? Crops with high requirement of nutrients should came firstin newly opened area. 4x ? = 2 marks16. Three importance of tissue culture? Establish pathogen free plants.? Used in mass production of propasules.? It is fast? Require less space than cuttings.3 x ? = 2 marks17. Three reasons for diversification? Spread income throughout the year.? To guard against total loss due to failure of one enterprise.? Complimentarily of enterprise e.g. manure for crops fromanimals.? To guard against risk total loss due to drop in prices of onecommodity.? Maximization of labour use.3 x 1 ? marks18. Four reasons for land reclamation? Swampy /'water logged areas / marshy / poorly drained.? Stony ground / rocky areas.? Steep areas.? Aridity / dryness.? Aroded / bareland / denuaded.? Tsetse fly infested areas.? Bush land.4 x ? = 2 marks Page | 137443/1,443/2 agriculture SECTION B (20 marks)b)19.?Purpose of the cropa) Trench silo1 x 1 = 1mark?Soil moisture content.b) i) Fast filling of the materials into the silo.?Fertility status of the soilii) Compacting / pressing.?Growth of the crops.iii) Last layer covered with a polythene sheet to prevent?Type of machine used.entry of water and air.?Number of seeds per hole.iv) Make drainage channel to keep away runoff.?Disease / pest / weed control method.c) i) More nutrients are preserved.c)ii) Its less dependent on weather.?Purpose of the crop.iii) There are no storage problems.?Market method.iv) Silage can be fed directly without liquid additives.?Concentration of chemical required e.g. teav) Can be preserved for long with minimum losses.?Weather conditions.4 x 1 = 4 marks21.26.a) Q - Double thorn / oxygonum stinuatum(a)Benefits of using organic matter of mulching.R - Thorn apple / Datura stramonium?Improves soil aeration upon decomposition.S Striga weed / witch weed /?Reduced toxicity of plant poisons upon decompositions.Striga haemontheca?Reduces soil erosion.Striga asiatica?Improves soil structure on decomposition.b) Q - irritate workers reducing their efficiency.?Modifies the soil temperature.R - poisonous to man and livestock.?Add nutrients on decomposition.c) Because it relies heavily on the host crop for nourishment.?Improves water infiltration.22 a)To compare porosity / drainage / infiltration and water?Increases microbial activity.holding capacity of different soils. 1 x 1 = 1 mark?Control weeds.a ) A - Sandy soil1 x ? = ? mark?Reduces evaporation of water.b ) B - Loamy soil 1 x ? = ? mark?Buffers soil pH upon decomposition.7 x 1= 7 marksc ) i) Add organic matter / manure.b)i)Production of napier grass.ii) Liming?Plant at the onset of the rains / early planting.iii) Subsoiling / proper drainage.?Select desirable napier grass variety for the ecologicaliv) Draining away excess water.area.23. a)?Use healthy planting materials.A - Weaver bird1 x ? = ? mark?Use cuttings / canes of splits of planting.B - squirrel1 x ? = ? mark?Cuttings / canes should have 3-5 nodes.C - Weevil / maize weevil /' bean weevil / grain weevil 1 x?Select cutting from mature canes / stems.? = ? mark?Place planting materials in the furrows / holes.b) A - birds / Aves1 x ? = ? mark?Cover the materials with soil to appropriate depth.B- Rodents1 x ? = ? markii) Fertilizer applicationC - Insects1 x ? = ? mark?Apply phosphate fertilizer at planting time.c)i)Fee on green / milky grains leading to losses / reduced?Apply farm yard. Manure / compost manure beforeyield.planting.ii) Open up green cobs leading to entry of water causing?Rate of organic manure should be 7 - 10 tons / ha.rotting of the grains. 2 x 1 = 2 marks?Apply organic manure after harvest and dig it into the soilSECTION Cevery year.24.a) A -17?Top dress with nitrogen and potassium 6-8 weeks afterB -14planting. any 3 x1 = 3 marksC-2 D-0iii) UtilizationE - - 8?Cut and feed to ruminated.F - 13.5?Defoliate / cut at the right stage of growth 3 - 5 months oldG- 10.5when stems 1 - 1 . 5 m high.H - 5.88x1/2 = 4marks?Cut the stems at 2.5 - 5cm above the ground surface.c) Zone II1 x 1= 1 mark?Use a sharp panga for cutting.Reason - Its where output is at the maximum?Conserve excess as silage.d)?Chop napier grass into small pieces.?Use of modem technology / irrigation / pest and?It can be dried and used as mulch.disease control / improved varieties / application ofd) Procedure for transplanting seedling from a bare rooffertilizers.nursery bed.?Flexibility in production methods.?Prepare plating holes prior to transplanting.?Contract farming.?Separate top soil from sub-soil as you dig the hole.?Input rationing?Mix the top soil with manure and refill the hole half-way?Insurance?Water the seedlings properly a day before transplanting.?Diversification?Carefully lift the seedling using a garden trowel and place?Mechanization.it at the centre of the plating hole.25a)?Re-fill the hole with the soil.i)Breaking seed dormancy.?Firm gently around the seedling until the hole isii) Burning the pletely filed.iii) Scarification /' physical breaking of seed coat. Seeds?Wafer the seedling.subjected to heat to destroy hard coat. Soaking in acid4 x1 - 4and washing in running watPage | 138443/1,443/2 agriculture KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Two notifiable diseases.?foot and mouth disease,?anthrax Rinderpest2 x ? - 1 mark2.Two functions of reticulum?It sieves and separate fine food from coarse materials.?it retains foreign and indigestible materials.1 mark3.Functions of carburetor.Mixes air and petrol for combustion chamber.1 mark4.Queen excluder? Mark5.Inbreeding - mating of closely serated individuals e.g. sire and daughter. Outbreeding - mating of unrelated animals count ofthe same breed.1 markMark as whole6.Three methods of harnessing animal power.?PTO (Power take off shaft) ??Use of drawbar.?Use of hitchrnast7.Three reasons why ewes disown lambs?Painful udder and heats.?Case of malnutrition of ewe.?Weak lamb and unable to keep up with the ewe.?Sick ewe?Still birth8.Four factors considered when selecting goats for breeding.?Should have high conversion efficiency.?Be a good size?Should be hardy?Should have a high growth rate?Be resistance to diseases.?Body should conform to the purpose of the breed.4 x ? = 3 marks9.Four conditions that make a cow to withhold milk.?Washing cow with hot water.?Beating the cow (mistreatment daring milking / inching pain.?Change of milk man Unfamiliar noise.?Absence of food during milking.4 x ? = 2 marks10.Four predisposing factors of mastitis.?Dirty and filthy milling sheds that encourage breeding of bacteria.?Enlarged pendulum udder hanging below hock ! genetic factor.?Incomplete / partial milking.?Old age / old animals.?High yields cows.?Stress.?Injury of udder / teat.4 x ? marks11. Dry matter, wt = 700kg 100kg live wt - 2.5 DM 700kg wt = ? x 25= 17.512. Available easyEasy to work withCheap13.? Avoid poisoning in milk.? To discourage insect e.g. flies, to avoid milking tainting14. Three reasons why calves should be fed on colostrum. ? Highly digestible.? Highly nutritious.? High in antibodies.? Has laxative effects.1 x 2 = 2 marks2 x ? = 1 mark3 x ? = 1 ? marks Page | 139443/1,443/2 agriculture 15. Fat soluble vitamins. Water soluble vitamins2 x ?= 1 mark16. Importance of flushing.?Increase conception rate?Facilities implantation of zygote?Increase chances of multiple births.3 x ? = 1 ? marks17. Factors that dictate livestock distribution?Hair on body.?Climate conditions.?Place / origin3 x ? = 1 ? marks18.?If a farmer has little capital?Land is too steep.?Farmer has little load to carry.3 x ? = 1 ? marks19. BurdizoRubber ring and elastrator2 x ?= 1 mark20.?Highly digestive.?High in energy content.?Highly palatable.?Rich in minerals and vitamins.?High in digestive crude protein.4 x ?= 2 marks21. Mechanical methods of tick control.?Binning infested pastures.?Fencing off pasture land and farm.?Starving ticks by keeping animals away from infested pastures.?Hand picking ticks from animals and killing them.?Change ticks environment e.g. by ploughing pasture land. 3 x ? = 1 ? marksSECTION B22.b)?Feed chemical composition?Feed formulation Animal species?Protein energy ratio?Feed quantity previously fed.Any 2 x ? = 123. a) Hoof cuting b) D c) Hoof cutter ?Hoof trimming knifeany 1x1 = 1 markd) Proper walkingEasy matingany1 x 1 = 1ii)?to prevent warping / bending?to prevent rotting /damage by fungi?To reduce by insects /'vermin.?To make the timber durable.1 x 3 = 3 marks24. a) Barbed wire fence1 x 1 = 1 markb) S barbed wire T Dropper T Stops wire from sagging / reinforce wire / strain. S Strengthen the fence.2 x 1 = 2 marks25. a) Stir-up pump √? b) Spraying livestock c) G - Trigger √? E - nozzle √? F - (brass) lance √?1 x ? markd) Need two people to operate √1Not easy to carry about during operation √1 11 x 2 = 2 marks26. a) Differences between petrol and diesel engine.Diesel EnginePetrol EngineUses diesel as fuel.- Uses petrol as fuelHas an injector pump- Has a carburettor.Page | 140443/1,443/2 agriculture Has no spark plug- Has a spark plugFuel is ignited by- Fuel is ignited by an compression electric sparkAir and fuel mixes incylinder before- Air and fuel mixes in the carburettor, ignitionSpecific fuel- Specific fuel consumption is highconsumption is lowHas a higher air- has a lower air compression ratio of between 4 ; 5 to 8compression ratiobetween 14 : 1 to20: 1Has a sediment bowl.- Has no sediment bowlProduces a lot of- Produce less smokesmoke. Relatively heavy in- Relatively light in weight and suited to weight and suited to weight andsuited to heavy light duty machinerydutiesOperation cost is- Operational cost is highlower.Air is taken in during-NO extra addition of air or fuel duringinduction strokeinduction thus-air ratio is constant.10 marksb)Advantages of farm mechanisation Faster in farm operation.?It is more efficient?It is less laborious.?Makes work more enjoyable.?Ensures timely operations therefore high yields.?Benefits from economies of large scale farming.5 x 1 = marksc)Factors considered in selection of construction material?Availability of materials - the materials that are easily available are selected for construction.?Durability of materials - materials which may last long are selected.?Cost of the materials - materials which cost less are preferred.?Suitability of each type of material to he prevailing weather conditions.?Strength of each type of materials to the prevailing weather conditions.?Strength of materials depending on the type of structure being put up.?Workability of the materials - the ease with which to use materials.?Select non-toxic materials.5 x1 = 5 marks27.i)Coccidia/ plotozoan(1 mark)ii) Poultry, calves, young rabbits, kids, lambs.iii)?Diarrhoea.?Dysentery in the dung.?Euraciation?Ruffled feathers?Birds become dull with dropping wings.?Sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids.1x4 = 4marksiv)?Drugs such as coccidiostats mixed with food or water.?Isolation of infected animals.?Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings.?Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms.?Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses.?Healthy milking herd?Clean milking shed.?Clean milking cow?Health and clean milkman.?Avoid flavours in milk.?Clean milking utensils.?milk filtration.?Cooling and storage?Correct milking procedure.?Clean milking material and equipment.1 x 10 = 10 marks28.a)-Ensure enough space in the house.-The space should be between (0.3 - .05m2 per bird.Page | 141443/1,443/2 agriculture -The litter should be kept dry by regularly raking.-Provide enough perches which should be well spaced in the house.-provide adequate waterers, feeders and well- distributed.-provide clean and adequate water, keep waterers and all equipment clean. Replace soft litter in the nest to prevent egg eating.-Ensure the nest is dark enough to avoid cannibalism.-Collect eggs at least twice a day.-Provide adequate layer marsh.-Supply some grit to help in digestion.-Ensure adequate supply of greens for vitamins.-Hand the greens to help them exercise.-Cull poor lavers or diseased birds.-Debeak birds to prevent cannibalism and egg- eating.-Vaccinate against prevailing diseases.-Check birds for disease symptom.-Check for pests occurrence and apply appropriate pesticides.-Avoid stress factors like noise.-Discourage broodiness among layers.-Provide grains on the litter to avoid cannibalism.-Isolate and treat sick birds.-Keep records10 x 1 = 10 marksb) i) Eggs are laid on the ground. ii) Eggs hatch to larvae. iii) Larvae climbs on the first host feeds on blood and become engorged. iv) The engorged larvae mouths into nymph while on the first host. v) Nymph sucks blood and become engorged and drops to the ground and mouths into adult. vi) Adults climbs unto the second host where it feeds and male before the female drops to the ground to lay eggs. 6x1 = 6 marksc)?Animal power.-Wind-Electricity-Water-Tractor-Solar-Biomass / charcoal / fossil fuels / Biogas ix) Human / power4x 1 = 4 marksPage | 14200443/1,443/2 agriculture KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 1.Give four reasons that make ranching to be regarded as a form of advanced pastoral nomadism(2 mks)2.State four practices that can facilitate achievement of organic farming(2 mks)3.List four factors that increase seed rate in crop production(2 mks)4.Give the meaning of the following terms;?Nitrogen fixation into the soil(1 mk)?Phosphorous fixation in loss of soil fertility(1 mk)5.Give four advantages of individual owner operator tenure system as practised in Kenya.(2 mks)6.Give four features that should be considered when choosing water pipes for use on the farm(2mks)7.List the four aspects of rainfall that affect agriculture(2 mks)8.Give four reasons why a well drained soil is suitable for crop production( 2 mks)9.State two indicators of well rotten compost manure(1 mk)10.Distinguish between contact herbicide and a systemic herbicide(1 mk)11.Name four variable costs in the production of maize(2 mks)12.What is meant by working capital(1 mk)13.State four advantages of tractor hire services(2 mks)14.Give four advantages of intensive fanning system.(2 mks)15.Give four reasons for deep ploughing during primary cultivation(2 mks)16.Give four characteristics of a good vegetable seedling for transplanting(2 mks)17.State two benefits of Agroforestry to a maize crop(1 mk)SECTION B : (20 MARKS)Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.18.The diagram below shows an experiment set up using soil type G, H and J, and the observations made after 24 hours. Studythe diagram and answer the questions that follow(1 mk)Soil typeClampG H JwaterlevelCotton wooli)State the aim of the experiment aboveii) Name the three soil types G, H and Jiii) What is the characteristic texture of soil types G and J iv) State one way of improving the structure of soil type GGlass tubeTroughWater(1mk)(1 ? mk)(1 mk)(1 mk) 19. The diagram below illustrates a nursery practice carried out on tree seedlings before transplanting. Study it carefully then answer the questions below Polythene sleeves Ground level a) Identify the practice being carried out on the diagram(1 mk)b) Give three reasons why the practice is encouraged when raising seedlings(3 mks)c) Give two reasons why the polythene sleeves are used in the nursery bed as shown in the diagram(2mks)Page | 14300443/1,443/2 agriculture 20. Study the illustration below of a tomato fruit as observed in field production. Rotten end i)Identify the condition illustrated above.(1 mk)ii) State two conditions that predispose a tomato plant to the conditions stated in (a) above(1 mk)iii) Suggest four possible ways of controlling the condition stated in (a) above(2 mks)iv) Name two categories of tomato varieties(1mk)21. The diagram below shows a method of forage preservationSoil layerPolythene sheetDrainageForage materialGrounda)Identify the structure above(1 mk)b) State the form in which the forage is preserved as illustrated above(1 mk)c)Give the role played by each of the following in the structure abovei)Polythene sheet(1 mk)ii)Drainage(1 mk)d) Name two other methods of forage conservation(1 mk)SECTION C (40 MARKS)Answer any two questions in the spaces provided below.22. a) Explain five morphological features of weeds that influence selectively of herbicides(5 mks)b) State five factors that contribute to competitive ability of weeds(5 mks)c) Explain physical methods used in control of pests in crop production(10 mks)23. a) i) What is a partial budget(1/2 mk)ii) Mr, Owino has 4 hectares of arable land, 1.5 hectare of which is under wheat, 0.5 hectare under maize, 0.3 hectare under fodder crops and the rest is under either improved grass ley or natural grass. He wishes to know whether replacing 0.3 ha of maize with potatoes the following season would be worthwhile. The fertilizer rate would have increased from 2 bags per hectare for maize to 2.5 bags per hectare for potatoes, an extra 40 days of casual labour per hectare would be necessary as a result of the change. Average yields of maize and potatoes are 56 and 90 bags per hectare respectively. The prices are Kshs 1200 per bag of maize and Kshs 300 per bag of potatoes, seed costs are Kshs 1350 per 10 kg of maize and Kshs 200 per 50 kg of potatoes. DAP fertilizer costs Kshs. 1400 per 50 kg bag. Labour is paid at Kshs 150 per man day. he would require 10 bags of potatoes seed and 1 bag of maize seed to cover 0 3 of a hectare. Draw up a partial budget and indicate the effect of the change(7 mks)iii) What advise would you give this farmer(1/2 mk)b) State different ways through which farmers may adjust torisksand uncertainties(5 mk)c) Explain seven biological and cultural measures used in control of soil erosion(7mks)24. a) Describe the procedure of seed innoculation(5 mks)b) Discuss five negative effects of wind to crops(5 mks)c) Describe the production of Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) under the following sub headingsi)Varieties(3 mks)ii)Land preparation(3 mks)iii)Harvesting(4 mks)Page | 14400443/1,443/2 agriculture KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided 1.Give the term used to describe the following livestock(2mks)i)Mature Female Rabbitii) Mature Male Goatiii) Castrated Male Birdiv) Young one of fish2.Give one reason why concrete floors are recommended for dairy shed(1/2 mk)3.Give three reasons for flushing ewes before tupping is done(1/2 mk)4.State two functions of feed additives(1 mk)5.Define heterosis in livestock production(1/2 mk)6.State four characteristics of clean and high quality milk(2 mks)7.Give two reasons why young rams should be docked?(1 mk)8.State four factors influencing the market quality of eggs demanded by consumers(2mks)9.Anthrax and rinderpest are two notifiable diseases in livestocki)Give the meaning of the term notifiable diseases(? mk)ii) How is anthrax contracted ?(1 mk)iii) How is rinderpest controlled(2 mks)10.Give four types of machinery that obtain power from power take off (P.T.O) shaft(2mks)11.Name the deficiency disorder experienced by livestock when they lack the following mineral elements'(1 ? mks)a) Copperb) Zincc) Magnesium12.State four ways of controlling tsetse flies(2 mks)13.State four reasons for feeding bees(2 mks)14.State the uses of the following toolsi)Stir up Pumpii) Coping sawiii) Claw hammeriv) Shovel15.State four factors that determines the type of fence a farmer is to put up on the farm(2 mks)16.List three maintenance practices carried out in a fish pond(1 ? mks )17.State two reasons for feeding a dairy cow with roughage(2 mks)18.Name the method of castration used in castrating young male piglets(1 mk)SECTION B: (20 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided. 19. Study the diagram of the digestive system of a farm animal shown below and answer the questions that follow QR SPa) Name the parts labelled P,Q,R and S(2 mks)b) State the function of the part labelled R(1 mk)c) Give two reasons why livestock with the above parts are able to ?digest cellulose in food material(1 mk)d) In which of the parts labelled P,Q,R,S would a nylon paper be found if fed on by an animal with the above digestivesystem(1 mk)Page | 14500443/1,443/2 agriculture 20. Examine the diagram of parasite in livestock illustrated below i)Name the parasite aboveii) Give the intermediate host of the parasite(1/2 mk)iii) Where is the parasite found in the body of the livestock(1 mk)iv) Give three control measures of the parasite(3 mks)21. The diagram below shows a livestock production equipment. Study it and answer the questions that followWarm water Collected semen a. Identify the equipment(1 mk)b. What is the importance of warm water in the equipment(1 mk)c. Describe the procedure followed when using the equipment in collecting semen(3 mks)22. Below is an illustration of a brooder used in rearing chicks Heat source Wire-guard Chicks a) Why should the structure above be round in shape instead of rectangular/square shaped(1 mk)b) For how long should chicks stay in the above structure(1/2 mk)c) i. Give the temperature position inside the brooder above(1/2 mark)ii. Give a reason for your observation in c (i) above(1mk)d) i. List the heat sources that can be used(1mk)ii. Why should a wire guard be placed round the heat source(1mk)SECTION C: 40 MARKSAnswer any TWO questions from this scction23. a) Describe the principle of operation of a four stroke (four-cycle) petrol engine(10mks)b) Explain the functions of water in livestocks body(5mks)c) Discuss the predisposing factors of livestock diseases(5mks)24. a) Describe the lifecycle of roundworm (Ascaris sp)(10mks)b) Describe the process of egg formation in poultry(10mks)25. a) Discuss parts of a spray race(10mks)b) Explain limitations of animal drawn implement(5mks)c) Discuss Newcastle disease under the following sub-headingsi)Causal agent(1/2 mk)ii) Symptoms of the disease(3mks)iii) Control measures(1 ? mk)Page | 146443/1,443/2 agriculture KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme1.Reasons that make ranching to be regarded as a form ofadvanced pastoralism? Water is provided as specific watering points? Animals are confined through fencing? Mating is controlled? There is supplementary feeding? Control of parasites and diseases is done? There is controlled grazing thus minimizing erosion2.Practices that facilitate achievement of organic farming? Crop rotation? Mulching? Cover cropping? Observing a closed season? Crop trapping / growing trap crops? Double digging? Biological pest control/' use of medicinal plants3.Factors that increase seed rate? Number of seeds per hole? Germination percentage? Seed purity? Purpose for which crop is planted? Spacing used(4 x ? = 2 mks)4.a) Nitrogen fixation? Conversion of Nitrogen gas into nitrates andammonium compounds which enables it to be utilised by plantsb) Phosphorous fixation? Conversion of phosphorous into a form that makes itunavailable to plants especially at low pH5.Advantages of individual owner operator? There is incentive to apply soil and water conservationmeasures? Long term plans and investments can be made on thefarm? With a title deed, the owner can access credit and loans? Farmer can subdivide the land among heirs? Farmer can sell part of the land? System minimises land disputes(4 x ? = 2 mks)6.Factors considered when choosing water pipes? Durability/materials used to make pipes? Size/diameter and length? Thickness? Colour of pipes? Amount of water to be conveyed? Cost of pipes(4 x ? = 2 mks)7.Aspects of rainfall that influence Agriculture? Rainfall intensity? Reliability? Distribution? Amount(4 x ? = 2 mks)8.Reasons why well drained soil is suitable for cropproduction? Well aerated /ensures a good balance between soilwater and air? Ensures good water retention? Prevents build up of C02 to toxic levels due to micro-organisms in the soil? Improves microbial activities? Increases soil volume around the root zone? Reduces accumulation of salts (4 x ? = 2 mks)9.Indicators of well rotten compost manure? Dark colour acc. black? Absence of materials used to decompose? Smell of forest soil? Odourless? light in weight(2 x ? =lmrk)10. Contact herbicide? Destroy weeds once they get into contact with them? while systemic are herbicides which are translocatedthrough the plant system after being applied on the leaves11. Variable costs in production of maize? Cost of fertilizers? Cost of herbicides? Cost of casual labour? Cost of seeds? Cost of pesticides(4 x ? = 2 mks)12. Working capital? This is capital that gets used up completely duringproduction process( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk)13. Advantages of tractor hire services? Eliminates risks of owning a tractor? It is cheaper? No maintenance costs are incurred? One can hire several tractors depending on amount ofwork? Enables farmers who cannot afford a tractor to acquirethe service(4 x ? = 2 mks)14. Advantages of intensive farming? High yield due to application of high level ofmanagerial skills and modem skills and modem techniques of framing? Enables production of high quality products? Land is maximumly utilised? Small scale intensive farming can be carried out whereland size is small and population density is high, 15. Reasons for deep ploughing during primary cultivation ? Improve water infiltration/drainage? Uproot deep rooted weeds? Facilitate better root penetration into the soil? Break hard pans? Expose soil borne pests and diseases to agents? Facilitate aeration? Bring up leached nutrients? Expose lower soil layers to weathering(4 x ? = 2 mks)16. Characteristics of a good vegetable seedling for transplanting? Healthy / disease/ pest free? Vigorous growth? Have 4-6 true leaves? Pencil thickness? Free from physical deformities(4 x ? = 2 mks)17. Benefits of Aero forestry to a maize crop ? Reduces erosion by minimising? impact of rain drops? Leguminous trees when used help fix nitrogen for themaize crop Page | 147443/1,443/2 agriculture? Act as wind breaker for maize crop? Leaves of trees act as manure when they drop anddecompose(2 x ? = 1 mrk)SECTION B18 i) Aim of the experiment? Compare capillarity action in different soilsii) G -Sandy soil? mrkH -Loamy soil? mrkJ -Clay soil? mrkiii) Characteristics texture of G and JG -Rough / large sizedJ - Smooth / small sizediv. Improving structure of GAddition of organic manure19. a) Practice -Root trimming/pruningi)Reasons why practice is encouraged? Make lifting of seedlings easy? Minimise damage to seedlings when lifting? Encourage development of a short dense and strongrooting system? Ensure faster establishment of treesii) Reasons for use of polythene sleeves in nursery bed ? Easy transportation of seedlings? Conservation of moisture? Seedlings can stay in the nursery for long awaitingtransplanting2 x 1 = 2mks20. a) Condition illustrated? Blossom end rot in tomatoes1 x 1 = lmkb) Conditions that predispose tomatoes to the condition? Irregular application of water? Excess application of Nitrogen in the early stages? Deficiency of calcium in young fruitsc) Possible wavs of controlling the condition stated in above? Regular watering? Liming the soil/addition of calcium? Mulching to avoid moisture stress? Topdressing with enough nitrogen(2X1/2 = 2 mrks))d) Two categories of tomato varieties? Fresh market varieties? Processing varieties2 x ? = 2 mks21.a)Identification of structure? Trench silo( 1 x 1= 1mrk)b)Form in which forage is presented as illustrated above? Silage 1x1 = lmkc)Role played bv:-i) Polythene -keep the structure air-tight/? Prevents rainfall from getting in ( l x l = l mrk)ii) Drainage -Drain off rain water/prevents entry ofwater into the silage ( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk)ii) Two other methods of forage conservation? Hay? Standing forage / hay(2 x 14 = 1 mrk)SECTION C (40 MARKS)22a)Morphoiogieai features of weeds that influenceselectivity of herbicidesi)Leaf angle/ inclination - determines the ability ofweeds to retain herbicides.Moreii) Nature of leafy surface - presence/absence of awaxy cuticle? Waxy cuticle retain less herbicides than non waxy ? Herbicides effective in leaves with less waxycuticle and vice versaiii) Presence/absence of underground specialstructures and rooting system - herbicides moreeffective in weeds without special undergroundstructures than those that have.iv) Crop differential heights - herbicides are moreeffective on crops with the same height and viceversav) Location of growing points/location of terminalbud? Terminal buds/growing points which are exposedare more susceptible to herbicides than those whichare hidden or not exposedvi) Whether deep or shallow rooted? Herbicides more effective in shallow rooted weedsthan deep rooted ones.5 x 1 = 5mksb)Factors that contribute to competitive ability of weedsi)Having efficient dispersal mechanism which makesthem to spread very fast e.g. blackjack.ii) Ability to survive in soils with low nutrient supplye.g. couch grassiii) Ability of some to propagate through variousvegetative parts e.g. wonderingiv) Jewv) Productionof large quantities of viable seedshence dominating a given habitat.vi) Some have a short life cycle hence reachingmaturity earlyvii) Ability to remain viable under unfavourablecondition until conducive conditions forgermination occur.viii) Presence of underground structures which makes itdifficult to control(5 x 1 = 5mrks)c)Physical methods used in control of pests in cropproductioni)Use of physical barriers e.g. Rat guards to keep offthe pestii) Explosives to scare away birdsiii) Introduction of extreme temperatures/iv) lethal temperatures to pests to interfere with theirdevelopment e.g. use of hot water to control pinkboll worm in cotton/ kill the pestv) Proper drying of cereals before storage to controlweevils to make penetration difficultvi) Flooding to suffocate pests like aphids vii) Use of scare crows to keep off birds/scare birds viii) Use of carbon (IV) oxide/suffocation/kill pests ix) Trapping and killing of Rodents like ratsx) E3ectromagnetic radiation to trap and kill moths Page | 148443/1,443/2 agriculture 23 a i) a budget drawn when minor changes are to be made in an enterprise or in a farm organization (14 mrk) PARTIAL BUDGET FOR MR OWINO Debit (-) ?VishsctsCredit (-) ?1/2shsctsExtra revenue potatoesExtra cost(i) fertilizer 2.5 x0.3xl4001050090x0.3x30081000(ii) Labour40x0.3x15018000subtotal81000(iii)Seeds 200x1020000cost savedSubtotal48500maizeRevenue forgonei)seedsMaize yield1 xl3501350050x0.3x12013,4400FertilizersTotal18,29002x14000x0.38400Total10,2900ii)Extra Revenue + Cost saved ~ extra cost + revenue24.forgone 10,290 - 18,290 = - sh,8000a)Procedure of seed inoculationiii) Not to replace maize with potatoes because of a loss of -?Add gum Arabic or sugar to clean water andmix welltosh.8000loss of - sh.8000dissolveAllocation of marks?Put the legume seeds in a clean basinTitle? mk?Add the liquid mixture (gum Arabic or sugar and clean water)Debit? mk markto the basin containing the legume seed and mix them all.Credit? mk?Add the appropriate Rhizobium spp strain to the seed and mixEntries? mk each x 7 = 3 ? mk?Spread the inoculated seeds in a shade for a while allowingTotals? x 2=1 mkthe water to partially evaporateCalculation=1 mk?Plant all innoculated seeds on the same dayTotal7 mksb).Negative effects of wind to cropsb.Ways of adjusting to risks and uncertainties?Increase rate of disease spread?Input rationing?Contributes to lodging of crops/cereals?Flexibility in production?Can cause damage to farm structures?Diversification?Carries away rain bearing clouds?Taking Insurance?Acts as an agent of soil erosion?Contracting / contract farmingc)Production of dry beans?Adopting modem farming methodsi.Varieties?Selection of more certain enterprisesCanadian wonder/GLP 24c)Biological and cultural measures of controlling erosionMwitemania Wairimu/Red Haricoti)Use of grass strips/filter stripsRosecoco/GLP 2 Mexican 142Minimise speed of run-off waterMwezi Moja/GLP 1004Trap soil contained in run off hence reducing erosive power.ii.Land preparationii)Cover crops-reduce impact of rain drops/ splash erosion?Clear landreduce velocity of runoff?Plough the land deeply to control perennial weeds / carryiii).Contour farmingprimary cultivationcreates ridges of earth which hold water thus reducing run off?Harrow the land to a moderate/medium tilthand prevent rill erosioniii). Harvestingiv).Grassedwaterways?Uproot dry plantsReduces speed of running water?Uprooting the plants should be done in thetrap eroded soil?morning when the weather is cool tov).Mulching - Reduces speed of run off?prevent shattering of podsReduces impact of raindrops?Spread on tarpaulin to dryvi).Afforestation or reafforestation?Thresh by beating with sticks?Trees act as wind breakers?Remove chaff through winnowing?Controls wind erosion?Dress the beans before packing in bags with suitable dust?Reduce impact of raindropsbased pesticidesvii). Strip cropping?Dry to the correct moisture content/12% MC?Reduces speed of run off?Sort out to remove damaged bean seeds?Traps soil particles from run off( 7 x 1 = 7 mrks)( 4 x 1 = 4 mrks)Page | 149443/1,443/2 agriculture KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1. ?Doe?Billy i buck?Capon?Fingerling(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)2.For easy cleaning(1/2 mark)3.?Increase conception rate?Facilities implantation of zygote?Increases lambing percentage(1/2 x 3=1 ? mks)4.?They stimulate growth?Improve food conversion efficiency?They protect livestock against disease and parasite attack(1/4 x 2 =1 mk)5.This is the good characteristics that results from crossing or mating two superior breeds( 1 x 1= 1m k )6.?Free from disease causing organism / pathogens?No hair, dirt and dust?High keeping quality?Good flavor?Chemical composition within the expected range(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)7.Give good fat distribution throughout the body prevent blowfly infestation8.?Cleanliness?Size of egg?Candling quality?Egg shell colour4 x ? = 2mks9.a) One whose outbreak must be reported to a government authority like veterinary officer/ policeb)?Grazing on infected pastures?Bites from insects?Through open wounds(1 x 1 = 1 mk)c)?Vaccination every six months?Quarantine?Treating wounds with antibiotics?Killing all infected animals2 x 1 = 2mks10.?Mowers?Rotavators (rotary tillers)?Sprayers?Forage harvesters?Shellers4 x ? = 2mks11. i)Enzootic neonatal ataxia/sway backii) Parakeratosisiii) Grass staggers3 x 1 / 2= 2 m k s12.?Bush cleaning?Spraying with appropriate insecticide?Use of sterilizing agent?Using fly traps(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)13.?Maintain colony?Encourage multiplication?Supplement what bees get from forage/ nectar?Provide food to bees during dry season(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)14. i) Hand spraying animalsii) Cutting curves on thin woodiii) Driving and removing nails from woodiv) Lifting soil/manure(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)Page | 150443/1,443/2 agriculture 15. ?Taste and preference?Cost of the material?Availability of the material?Purpose for fencing(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)16.?Repairing the dyke?Cleaning the pond/remove foreign materials?Planting grass?Removing silt?Removing weeds(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)17. Form the bulk of the ruminants diet it fills the stomach prevent bloat help in digestion2x1= 2mks18. Open method / use of scapel1x1 = 1mk19. a) Q - RumenP - ReticulumR - OmasumS - Abomasum4 x ? = 2 mksb) Absorption of water1x1 = Imkc) i) Their rumens contain micro-orgainiurns that assist in the digestion of celluloseii) They can regurgitate food back to the mouth for further chewing 2 x 1 =2mksd) Q 1 x 1 = 1mk20.i) Liverfluke ? mkii) Water snails? mkiii Liver1 mkiv)?Deworming animals regularly?Control water snail by destroying their habitat?Avoid grazing animals in swampy areas3 x 1 = 3mks21.a) Artificial vagina1 x 1 = Imkb) It provides suitable temperatures for ejaculation1x1= 1mkc)i.Restrain the cow in a crushii.Grab the penis of the bull when it m 0 u n t s the cowiii. Direct the penis into the artificial vaginaiv. Due to the warm temperature provided by the warm water, the bull ejaculates and the semen is collectedv. Release the cow and the bull3 x 1 = 3mks22.a)To avoid overcrowding in comers which may result in suffocation(1x 1 = 1 mk)b)6-8 weeks1 x ? = ? mkc.i)Too high1 x ? = ? mkii) The chicks moved away from the heat source1 x ? = ? mkd.i)Electric bulbs?Kerosene lamp /' lantern?Gas burners?Charcoal burners(2 x ? = 1 mk)ii) Prevent chicks from being burnt when they crowd round it1x1 = 1 mk23.a) i)Induction stroke?The piston moves downwards in cylinder?This causes a partial vacuum on the upper part of the cylinder?The partial vacuum causes the inlet valve to open?The open inlet valve sucks in fuel and air mixture into the cylinder?The exhaust valve remain closedii) Compression stroke?The inlet and outlet valves remain closed?The piston moves up the cylinder?The air-fuel mixture is compressed in the cylinderiii) Power/ignition stroke?The piston reaches the uppermost portion of the cylinder (top dead centre)?The air-fuel mixture is fully compressed.?The spark plug produces a spark?The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture?The ignited mixture expands, the expansion creates pressure that forces the piston downward thus generating poweriv) Exhaust stroke?The piston moves up the cylinder?The exhaust valve opens?Exhaust gases are forced outPage | 151443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Inlet valve remains closed 20 x Vz = 1 Omks?Component of body cells and body fmed?Transportation of nutrients?Makes cells turgid maintaining shape of body ceils?Used in biochemical reaction in body?Regulate body temperature through sweating?Help in excretion of waste product?Forms part of animal products5 x 1 = 5mksc.species of animal-determines the type of diseases contracted e.g. newcastle - poultry onlybreed of animal-Influence kind of disease that affects animals e,g. eye cancer affect Hereford age of animal -piglet anaemia affect pigletssex of animal-certain diseases affects certain sex e.g. vaginitis only femaleclour of animal-black in colour suffer heat stress(5 x 1 = 5 mks)24.a)?The adults lay eggs in the alimentary canal of the host animal?Egg are passed out together with faeces?Egg hatch into larvae while outside the host?The larvae climb onto vegetation and moult about four times in a process called ecdysis to form cysts?The larvae (cysts) are swallowed by a host animal as it feeds?The encysted larvae shed their cysts in the small intestine to become juvenile worms.?The young worms penetrate through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream.?Through blood, they migrate to the heart, then liver and lungs?When moving from one part of the body to other, the worms continue changing?While in the lungs, the larvae move up the trachea where they are coughed out and swallowed with sputum into the intestine?They then grow and develop into adults while in the intestinemax. l0mksb)Ova(eggs) formed in ovary, released and moves to funnel/infundibulumIn the funnel-fertilization takes place addition of chalazae stores spermsMagnum-Addition of albumenIsthmus-Addition of shell membranes Addition of water, mineral, salts and vitaminsUterus/shell gland-Addition of shell Stores calcuim Addition of albumenVagina-stores egg temporarilyCloaca-extends to protect egg from breakingReceives sperms during matingmax. l0mks25.a) Parts of a spray raceSide walls-Provide support to piping system directs spray wash back to pumpPipe system-directs and atomise chemicals into spray formDrainage pipe-conducts used chemicals back to pumpPump/reseirvior-mixes and pumps spray washPressure gauge-used to check the working pressure of pump5 x 2 = 10mksb). Limitations of animals drawn implements?More tedious?Requires more than one person?Its slow hence takes a long period of time?Animals gets tired slowing down the work?Animals falls sick hence cannot be used.?Extra pastures required for growing fodder for animals5 x 1 = 5mksc. i) Virus? mkii) Symptoms?Loss of appetite?Difficulty in breathing?Beaks remain wide open and neck strained?Dullness?Birds walk with staggering motion?Passes out watery, greenish diarrhoea.?Birds lay soft shelled eggs.3 x 1 = 3mksiii) Control?Vaccination?Quarantine?General hygiene?Killing and burning of infected birds3 x ? = 1 ? mksPage | 152443/1,443/2 agriculture LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A (30MARKS) Answer All the questions in the spaces provided. 1.What is a micro catchment ?(? mk)2.Give any four methods of draining excess water in the farm(2mks)3.Name two diseases of cabbages(l mk)4.Give four reasons for earthing up some crops.(2mks)5.Give four reasons for pruning crops.(2mks)6.Give four factors affecting the quality of farmyard manure.(2mks)7.Give four factors that determine the quality of silage.(2mks)8.Give four advantages of owning a title deed.(2mks)9.How can a farmer increase light intensity in the field of crops.(2mks)10. Outline four edaphic factors which influence agriculture.(2mks)11. Give three advantages of timely land preparation.(1 ? Mks)12. Differentiate between thinning and pricking out.(1 mk)13. Give two sources of sulphur element in soil.(1 rnks)14. State any four factors which may lead to change in demand of a given commodity.(2mks)15. State any three details contained in a delivery note.(1 ? mks)16. Outline any four problems farmers face when marketing their products.(2mks)17. Name three sites for agro forestry trees.(1 ? Mks)18. Give any two sources of credit to farmers(l mk)19. Give two reasons for testing soil in the farm.(l mk)SECTION B (20marks) Answer All the questions in this section. 20 Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow. a) Identify the above practice used in tomato production. b) Give any four reasons for carrying out the above practice. c)Name any other two methods of training crops in crop production.(lmk)21.Below are photographs of some common weeds. Use them to answer the questions that follow.a) Identify weeds labeled.K(l mk)L(l mk)b) Give problems associated with the weeds above.K(l mk)L(l mk)22.The diagrams below show different types of soil structures. Use them to answer questions that follow.a) Identify soil structures.K(l mk)L(l mk)b) In which position in the soil profile is structure K found.(l mk)c) Give reason why the above soil structure Kis not good for crop production.(2mks)23.Below is an illustration showing a method of layering. Use it to answer questions that follow.a) Identify the method of layering above.(l mk)b) Give the procedure for carrying out the above practice.(3mks)c) Name two other methods of layering.(2mks)SECTION C (40 marks)Answer any two questions.24.a. Explain the terms risks and uncertainties in farming(2 mks)b. State the various risks and uncertainties farmers face in fanning(12 mks)c. Explain various ways in which farmers adjust to risks and uncertainties in farming(6mks)25.a) Discuss production of maize under the following sub headings.i)Land preparation.(5mks)ii) Field practices.(7mks)iii) Harvesting(3mks)b) Stateany five post harvest practices done on maize after harvesting.(5mks)26.a) Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields(8mks)b) Discuss the benefits a farmer is likely to get by using vegetative propagation in production of Oranges(l0mks)c) Describe the procedure for harvesting coffee(2mks)Page | 15300443/1,443/2 agriculture LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 MARKS 1.Name four light breeds of poultry.(2marks)2.State three ways used to improve production of indigenous cattle.(1 ? marks)3.Name five systems of a tractor engine.(2? marks)4.State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle.(2marks)5.State three factors affecting maintenance requirements of a livestock(1 ? marks)6.Give two signs that indicate a cow has died of anthrax.(l mark)7.Differentiate between “Flushing” and “Steaming up” in livestock management.(2marks)8.Give four characteristics of a good vaccine.(2mark)9.List three uses of green house in the farm.(1? mark)10.Give two livestock diseases controlled through artificial insemination.(1 mark)11.State two reasons why walls of a dairy shed should be white washed instead of painting.(1 mark)12.Give two reasons why the afterbirth is removed immediately the sow farrows.(1mark)13.Give four characteristics of clean milk.(2marks)14.a) Name two common diseases that attack bees in a colony.(1 mark)b) Name the equipment used to make the bees less aggressive during harvesting of honey.( ? marks )15.Differentiate between contemporary and progeny testing.(2 marks)16.List four functions of the rumen in the digestion of feed in ruminants.(2 marks)17.List any four farm structures that are necessary for holding dairy animals.(2 marks)18.Outline three causes of infertility in dairy cattle.(1? marks)SECTION B: (20 marks)Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.19.Study the illustration below and answer questions that follow(i) Identify the implement illustrated above.(1mark)(ii) Name the parts labeled E, F, G and H.(2marks(iii) State two ways in which the depth of ploughing can be increased when using the implement above.(2marks)20. Study the diagram below then answer the questions that follow.i)Label the following parts.(2marks)ii) Give the functions of each of the parts named: C & D(2 marks21. The illustration N and P below shows two different ways of holding a hammer when driving a nail in wood.(i) Which illustration shows the incorrect way of holding a hammer?( ? mark)(ii) Name the type of hammer in the illustration above.(? mark)Page | 15400443/1,443/2 agriculture b) Below is an illustration of farm equipment. (? mark i)State the use of the equipment.(? mark)ii) State any two methods used to sterilize the equipment.(1mark)(c) Below are illustrations of garden tools labeled R and S.(i) State two field conditions under which tool R would be more suitable for use than tool S.(1 mark)(ii) How would the handle of tool S be tightened incase it gets loose?(1mark)22. a) The diagram below illustrates a method of identification in livestock production. Study the diagram and answer theQuestions that follow.(i) Name the type of identification above.(1 mark)(ii) Give the identification number of the animal illustrated in the diagram above.(l mark)(iii) Using diagrams illustrate how you can identify animals Nos24 and 36 using the above method.(2marks)Animal No. 24Animal No. 36b) If a sow was successfully served on 27thSeptember, 2006, state the date she is likely to have farrowed.(l mark)SECTION O (40 MARKS)Answer any TWO questions from this section.23. a) State and explain the control measures of livestock diseases.(14marks)b) Give six harmful effects of liver flukes in cattle rearing.(6marks)24. a) Describe the procedure of constructing a barbed wire fence.(5marks)b) Describe factors considered when siting a rabbit hutch.(5marks)c) Describe the management of sow during farrowing.(l0marks)25. a) Outline ten daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor(10marks)b) Describe the body conformation features of beef cattle(4marks)c) Outline six causes of stress to a flock of layers.(6marks)Page | 155443/1,443/2 agriculture LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1. A Micro catchment is a structure constructed in the farm to collect and trap run-off water for productive use. ( ? mks)2.Methods of draining excess water in the farm(2mks)?Cumbered beds?Open ditch?French ditches?Piping3.Diseases of cabbages(1 mk)?Black rot?Dry rot canker?Ring spot?Downy mildew4.Reasons for earthing up some crops.(2mks)?Promote tuber development in root crops.?Provide anchorage to crops e.g cereals.?Conserve moisture?Control soil erosion?Improve drainage in poorly drained soils5.Reasons for pruning crops(2mks)?Remove unwanted parts of a plant?Improve quality of crop products?Control pests and diseases?Facilitate penetration of light into the bush?Facilitate easy penetration of chemical sprays in the bush.6.Factors effecting quality of farmyard manure.(2mks)?The food given to the animal?The type of animal kept?Storage period of the farm yard manure?Age of the animal?The type of beddings used in the animals? shelter?Method of storage7.Factors that determine quality of silage(2mks)?Type of forage/crop used Stage of harvesting?Presence of air during ensiling/presence of moulds/bad smell.?Texture8.Advantages of owing a title deed(2mks)?Reduces land disputes.?It is an official prove of land ownership.?Can be used as security for loans?Confers full rights of ownership hence act as incentive to invest on long term projects.9.How to increase light intensity inthe field crops.(2mks)?Wider spacing?Pruning10.Edaphic factors which influence agriculture.(2mks)?Soil temperature?Soil texture?Soil PH?Soil profile?Soil structure11.Advantages of timely Sand preparation.(1 ? mks)?There is timely planting/Early planting?Other subsequent operations are earned out on time.?Proper control of weeds?Proper control of pests an d diseases?The organic matter takes time to decompose.12.Difference between thinning and pricking out.(1mk)?Thinning means excess seedlings are discarded while pricking out they are transplanted in another nursery.13.Sources of sulphur elements in soil.(1mk)?Commercial fertilizersPage | 156443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Atmospheric sulphur?Soil minerals containing sulphur?Organic manures.14.Factors which may lead to change in demand of a given commodity.(2mks)?Income of the population which determine the purchasing power?Tastes and preferences of a consumer.?The price of the substitute goods.?Population of a given area.?Advertisement?Cultural beliefs?Speculation of increase in price with time.?Government policy on prices of a certain goods of taxation of certain products.15.Details contained in a delivery note.(1 ?mk)?Date of delivery of goods?Means of delivery?The quantity of goods delivered.?The recipient of the goods are received16.Problems farmers face when marketing their agricultural products. 2mks?Most agricultural products are bulky. The bulkiness reduce the quantity that can be transported.?Agricultural products are seasonal in nature and are abundant only during harvest time and scarce when out of season. Thisresult to many produce going to waste.?Most agricultural products require to be stored in well designed and constructed structures. Most of the product go to wastedue to poor storage facilities.?Poor road / transport system.17.Sites for agroforestry trees.(1 ?mks)?Boundary/Borders?Homesteads?River banks?Terraces?Slopes18.Sources of credit to farmers.(1mk)?Co-operatives?Commercial banks?Crop boards?Settlement and trustees?AFC19.Reasons for testing soil in the farm.(1mk)?To establish the nutrients those are deficient in the soil.?To determine the soil pH and hence correct it in case it is too high or too low.?To establish a suitable crop that can be grown in a given area.?To determine the type of the soil of a given areaSECTION B (20 MKS )20.a) Staking(1mk)b) Reasons for staking(4mks)? Improve quality produce?Allows for easy management practices such as weeding and pruning.?Enable crops to escape attack by certain pests and diseases.?Allow for easy penetration of light and sprays.c) Threshing/e.g. in passion fruits.(Imk)(i) Propping/e.g. in bananas21. a) K black jack.(1/2 mks)L nut grass(1/2 mks)b) Problems associated with(Imk)K...Reduce quality of wool.(Imk)L.. .Difficult to control because of underground structures(1 mk)22. a) K - Platy(Imk)L - Granular(Imk)b) Horizon A(Imk)c) Has a tendency of becoming water logged during a rainy season.(2mks)(i) Poor infiltrationPage | 157443/1,443/2 agriculture 23. a) Marcotting(Imk)b) Procedure(3mks)(i) Strip the bark of a selected branch (ii) Apply rooting medium at the point (iii) Tie with a tape. c) Tip layering(2mks)Compound layering/serpentive SECTION C (40mks) 24. a)risks and uncertainities(2mks)(i) Risk is the divergence between expectations and the actual outcome / difference between what a farmer could predict and the actual outcome (ii) Uncertainity is a state of imperfect knowledge about future events or outcome / a state of not knowing about the future events b)Types of risks(12mks)(i) Weather changes eg drought (ii) Fire or arson on farm produce (iii) Theft of crops or livestock (iv) Accident to employer or employees (v) Outbreak of pests and diseases (vi) Health of the farmer c)Types of uncertainitiesi)price fluctuationsii) uncertainity of physical yields iii) uncertaimty of new production techniques iv) breach of contract v) obsolescence eg of machinery vi) ownership uncertainties eg about security of tenure vii) government policy viii) transport reliabilities ix) unavailable labour or inputs d)Ways in which farmers adjust to risks and uncertainities(6mks)?decreasing inputs applied so that incase of failure it will be less than if maximum amount was used / input rationing?diversification so that incase of failure of an enterprise thefarmer will besupported by others?flexibilities in farm organization and production methods ,that is the ability of the farmer to change from?producing one product to another?adopting modem methods of production /mechanization?insuring production?contracting production25.Production of maize(5mks)a)i)Land preparation?Prepare land during a dry period?Clear vegetation?Carrying primary cultivation?Carry out secondary cultivation to achieve medium tilth.?Eradicate perennial weedsii) Field practices(7mks)?Weeding - keep the field weed free. Weed when dry if manual weeding.?Earthing up should be done during weeding to improve anchorage and assist in moisture conservation.?Grapping if seedlings fail to come up, should be done immediately.?Thinning of seedling more than two to avoid competition for space and nutrients,?Top dressing when about 45cm high/knee height at rate of 50-60kg at nitrogen per hectare.?Pests control-control pest such as maize stalk bower, maize aphids, armyworm, filed birds. Control pests by early planting,field sanitation, crop rotation, application of pesticides or scaring birds.?Disease control - common diseases are head smut, maize rust and maize streak. Control diseases by planting resistantvarieties, use of certified seeds, crop rotation, field hygiene, rouging.iii) Harvesting(3mks)?Can be done manually or by use of a machine.?Harvest maize when leaves are dry/when moisture content is about 35%.?Remove the combs from the stalk directly.?Maize can be stoked for further drying them dehusked directly.Page | 158443/1,443/2 agriculture b)Post harvest practices done on maize(5mks)?Drying - maize should be dried to a moisture content of 12 - 13% to reduce chances of rotting.?Threshing/shelling- separating the grains from the cobs.?Cleaning/winnowing-involves removing of foreign materials, damaged grains should be removed.?Dusting - application of chemical powders on grains to prevent damage by storage pets.?Packaging- putting processed grains in to containers to necessitate handling during transportation and storage.26.a)Environmental factors leading to low crop yields(8mks)?poor soil fertility due to lack of application of fertilizers?damage by hail stones?less rainfall unreliable rainfall /drought /aridity?poor soil type resulting to water logging or leaching?inappropriate soil ph?inappropriate soil temperature either too low or too high?excessive wind leading leading to water loss in soil?extreme relative humidity?extremes of light intensity?topography /some attitudes e,g very high may limit crop growthb)benefits of using vegetative propagation(l0mks)?production or development of early maturing crop?development of high yielding crop?makes the plant to assume the desired shape/sizee.g buds spreadsideways/easytomanageegsprayingwithchemicals and harvesting?can obtain two or more orange varieties on the same rootstock?ensure maintenance of genetic /clonal characteristics to ensure uniformity?facilitates development of drought resistant crop?it facilitates propagation of seedless orange varieties?facilitates fast multiplication of the desired crop /varieties of oranges?used to develop less thorny tree plants?it is utilized to develop orange crop that is resistant to diseases?it is utilized to repair /treatment of damaged parts of orange treesc)procedure for harvesting coffee(2mks)?pick cherries /orange berries by use of hand?place picked cherries in clean container?pick at 7 -14 days intervalPage | 159443/1,443/2 agriculture LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1. ?SykesWhite leghorn.?Minorca.?Ancona.(? x 4 =2 mks)2.?Selection and breeding.?Pasture improvement.?Control of parasites.?Provision of clean water.?Proper housing.?Restrict long distance movement.(? x 4 =2mks)3.Fuel system, lubrication system, ignition system, cooling system, electrical system, hydraulic system and transmission system4.?Natural mating cause inbreeding if the bull is not controlled / premature mating /uncontrolled breeding.?It is expensive to keep a bull.?There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases.?Bull may cause injury to a cow / handler.?Only a limited number / few cows can be mated by one bull within a period of time.(4 x ? =2mks)5.?Body weight.?Availability of feeds.?Nutrient composition of feedstuff.?Ingredients required.?Level of production of the animal.?Age / stage of growth.?Type of production e.g. dairy cows.(4x ? = 2mks)6.?Absence of rigor-mortis / no stiffness.?Dark watery blood oozing from natural body opening.?Excessively blown stomach / underside bloating.?Blood does not clot.(2x ? = 1 mk)7.a) Flushing is the giving of highly nutritious feed/ high plane of nutrition to female animals 3-4 weeks to and after matingwhile steaming up is giving of extra nutrients feed to an animal 4-8 weeks to parturition2mks ( MAW)8.?Immunity it produces should be as good as natural immunity.?should have a long keeping live that is its shelf life should be longer.?should be easy to administer?should have no side effect when inoculated?should be compatible with the other vaccines given to the animal(? x 4 =2mks)9.?allow growth of crops out of season.?Protect crops against adverse wreather conditions .?For research work.?Easy control of pest and diseases.(? x3=1 ? mks)10.?Brucellosis/contagious abortion,?trichomoniasis,?vaginitis.(? x 2= mks)11.?Avoid chemical poisoning.?Discourage insects from inhabiting the shed.?To discourage / avoid turning of milking if shed is used immediately after painting. ( ? x 2 =1 mk)12.?Prevent the sow from eating the placenta because it will encourage the sow eat the piglets often.?If left it will decompose and become source of infection.13.?Free from physical materials,?Has normal taste -Free from pathogens -Free from foul smell.?Meets chemical standards(? x 4=2mks)14.a) A carivePage | 16000443/1,443/2 agriculture American foul food(? x2=1 mkb) Smoker(? mk)15. Contemporary comparison involves comparison of performance of daughtersfrom different bulls while progenytestinginvolves selecting a male animal based on performance of its daughters.2 mks (MAW)16.?Fermentation of feed.?Synthesis of vitamin B complex (B1, B2, B6 and Vit K)?Temporary storage of feed.?Actions of microbial activities(? x4=2marks)17.?Crush?Fence?Milking shed?Calf pen(? x 4=2mks)18.?Damaged uterus,?retained placenta,?blocked fallopian tubes,?disease infection.(? x3=1 ? mks)19. i) Disc plough ii) E-Beam F- Depth/furrow wheat G - Disk blade H - Scrapper(? x4=2mks)iii) Adjusting by raising the depth wheel?Adjusting the angle of the discs.?Lengthening the Top link?Adding weight to the plough beam.(1x3 = 3marks)20. i)Rabbitii) A- OesophagusB- Pancreas(1 x2=2mks)iii) C- Produces intestinal juice/digestive juice/absorption of digested foodD- Digestion of cellulose- Absorbs carbohydrates(1 x 2 = 2 mks)21. a) i) N(? mk)ii) Claw hammer(? mk)b) i) milk can / chum (Vimk) ii) keeping / holding / carrying milk iii) Cleaning with hot water then sun-dry iv) Clean with a dis-infectant c) i) a field with sticky soils ?field with rhizomes / stolons / roots?hard ground?stony field(4 x ?=2mks)ii) Drive a wedge in the space between the handle and the eye of the jembe blade, ( lmk)22. i) Ear Notching(ii) 40NO. 24.NO.3623. a)?Prophylactic drugs - give drugs routinely to control diseases e.g. coccidiostat to control coccidiosis.?Use of antiseptics and disinfectants - antiseptics and disinfectants contain chemicals that kill germs,?cleaning calf-pens and poultry houses with disinfectants controls coccidiosis, scours.?quarantine - during outbreak of disease like foot and mouth disease, movement of animals is restricted.?Isolation - animals suffering from infectious diseases like brucellosis, scours, coccidiosis should be kept away from healthy ones.?Mass slaughter I culling - animals suffering from zoonotic diseases like anthrax should be killed to prevent further spread.?Vaccination is done to prevent animals from infection of diseases like lumpy skin disease, blackquater.?Control of vectors can be done to prevent spread of disease, tsetse flies are controlled to prevent spread of nagana.?Proper nutrition should be practiced to prevent disease like anaemia in piglets.?Keeping resistant breeds like the zebu which are resistant to ECF.Page | 161443/1,443/2 agriculture ?control of internal parasites, this helps to control round worms that cause ascariasis.?Use of healthy breeding stock or A.I controls spread of Brucellosis and trichomoniasis.?Proper housing provide sufficient warm to avoid pneumonia.?Foot trimming prevents foot rot.(14mks)b)?Digestive upset due to blocking of bile duct / indigestion.?emaciation / recumbency / lie down leading to death?Anaemia due to sucking of blood.?Swollen low jaws/' oedema in jaws.?Swollen abdomen.?Destruction of liver tissue / cirrhosis.(6x1= 6mks)24. a) procedure of constructing a barbed wire fence.?Clear 2m wide of the fence line off the vegetation, use a string to lay out the fence line.?Use of tape measure to measure determine and mark inter post distances with pegs,?determine position of gates, dig holes for the posts 4-6m apart and 60cm deep for standard post/ intermediate posts and 75-90cm/for comerposts and gate posts using a soil auger.?Put concrete at the bottom of the dug hole and place the posts vertically upright.?Fill the hole whit a mixture of concrete at a ratio of 1:3:5, put soil and stones into the hole and ram to firm the base using a ramming rode.?Fix the lowest strand of wire about 25cm from the ground level using fencing staples, stretch the wire with the wire strainer and then nail itwith fencing stable.?Use the first strand of wire to guide in fixing the rest of the wires until four of the strands are fixed. Reinforce wire strand with dropper/strainer between any two post then fix the gate (steps must be followed 5xl=5marks)b) Should be near to the homestead?Properly secured / safe from predators and thieves.?Should be properly drained area/ gently slope.?Should be easy to reach.?Facing away from direction of prevailing wind.(5xl=5marks)c) The management of sow during farrowing.?Clean/disinfect the furrowing pen before furrowing to control parasites?Provide clean bedding materials?wash the sow,?Treat the sow against external parasites.?Separate the sow from the rest / move the sow to a furrowing pen,?Reduce the ratio a day before furrowing, give a bran as a laxative.?Keep watch over the furrowing process and help if necessary.?Remove mucus and foreign material around the piglet nostrils,?put the piglet a safe warm place,?cut and disinfect the umbilical cord,?Dispose off after birth/still born.?Ensure piglets suckle colostrum immediately.(10xl=10marks)25.a) Daily maintenance practices carried out on a farm tractor?Tighten loose bolts, nuts and pins?Replace lost bolts, nuts and pins?Open and remove the dirt from sediment bowl.?Check tyre pressure before work and adjust accordingly?Check air cleaner to ensure that there is no dirt/check level of oil?Check the level of water in radiator and top-up if necessary.?Check fan belt tension and condition and adjust accordingly?Grease/oil moving parts?Check the level of the electrolyte in the battery and adjust accordingly?Check the fuel tank to ensure there is adequate fuel for the day?s job.?Check the level oil in the sump using a dipstick and add if low?Repair the broken parts if necessary.(10x1 =10 marks)b) Body conformation features of beef cattle?Blocky/squared/rectangular in shape?Low set/have short legs?Have a fleshy body?Have short thick necks?Have small/under developed udders.(4x1 =4marks)c) Causes of stress?Overcrowding?Pest/parasite infection?Noise/strangers?Lack of food and water?Sudden change in routine?Unbalanced diet?Fluctuation in temperature?Introducing new birds in the flock?Handing e.g. when debeaking, dusting vaccination(6 x 1=6 mks)Page | 16200443/1,443/2 agriculture NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION 30 MARKS (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS) 1.State two ways by which Agriculture contributes to Employment(1 mk)2.Name two methods of farming considered outdated(1mk)3.State three benefits of good soil structure in crop production(1 ? mks)4.State two effects of HIV/AIDS on Agricultural Production(1mk)5.State the conditions under which the opportunity cost is zero in a farming enterprise(2mks)6.Name two types of labour records(1mk)7.State four ways of improving farm labour productivity(2 mks)8.Name four types of financial documents.(2mks)9.Distinguish between oversowing and undersowing as used in pasture establishment(1mk)10. Give four government policies that influence agricultural production(2mks)11. State two advantages of tenancy system in farming(1mk)12. Explain two advantages of biological control of pests in crops(1mk)13. Name two categories of tomato varieties grown in Kenya(1mk)14. a) Define the term elasticity of demand as used in agricultural economics(2 mks)b) State four factors that affect elasticity of demand(2 mks)15. Name the form of soil water that is available to crops(1 mk)16. State three factors that have direct influence on soil formation(1 ? mks)17. List four characteristics of crops grown for green manure(2 mks)18. List four advantages of timely harvesting of crops(2 mks)19. State two advantages of intercropping(1 mk)20. State two deficiency symptoms of potassium in crops(1 mk)SECTION B (20 MKS)Answer all the questions in this space provided21. The diagram below shoes a Kale seedling attacked by a pest(a) Identify the pest(1mk)(b) What damage does the pest cause to the crops?(1 mk)(c) State one method of controlling the pest(1mk)(d) Name two insect pests other than the one identified in (a) above that attack kale in the field(2mks)22. The diagram below shows a banana tissue culture. Study it and answer the questions that follow Glass container Banana plantlet Culture medium Developing roots a) Name two ways of inducing the rooting of plantlets(2mks)b) Outline three steps followed in the development of tissue culture(3mks)c) State one advantage of propagating crops by use of tissue culture technique(1mk)Page | 16300443/1,443/2 agriculture 23. The diagram below illustrates a physical method that is used to control soil erosion. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow D a) Name the physical soil erosion control method illustrated by the diagram above(1 mk)b) Name the part labelled D on the diagram(1mk)c) State four places where water from the structure named in (a) above is discharged(2 mks)24. A farmer has 16 hectares of land. About 6 ha are under permanent pasture. He plans to grow 6, ha of beans. In the previous seasons, he hired casual workers at the rate of 80 man days per hectare. The cost was Kshs. 30 per man day. This season he intends to hire a tractor to open the land at a cost of kshs. 600 per hectare. He thinks that using a tractor will increase bean production from 800 to 1200 kg/ha. Harvesting will cost Kshs. 6 per kg of bean & seeds and the price of beans will be Kshs.60/kg Draw up a partial budget to show whether the change would be worthwhile(5 mks)SECTION C (40 MKS)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided25. a) Outline five activities that may be undertaken in minimum tillage(5 mks)b) State the qualities of a good farm manager(5 mks)c) Explain five ways in which farmers may overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business(10 mks)26. a) Explain five ways through which soil loses fertility(5 mks)b) Explain five factors that determine the quality of farm yard manure(5 mks)c) Describe the field production of sorghum under the following sub-headings(i) Seedbed preparation(5mks)(ii) Planting(5 mks)27. a) Describe the problems facing Agricultural co-operative societies in Kenya(10 mks)b) Discuss the classification of pesticides according to their mode of action(10 mks)Page | 16400443/1,443/2 agriculture NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided 1.List four factors that may dispose an animal to a certain disease(2 mks)2.Give four reasons why dehorning is done in livestock(2 mks)3.Give the distinguishing colour for each of the following breeds of livestock(a) Chinchilla(1 mk)(b) Toggenburg goat(1 mk)4.Differentiate between the following tools(a) Bastard file and rasp file(2 mks)(b) Copying saw and hacksaw(2 mks)5.State four factors that would contribute to the depreciation of a farm equipment(2mks)6.Name the intermediate host of liver fluke(1 mk)7.State two methods of lambing management(2 mks)8.State four parts on the chicken which are frequently attacked by fleas(2 mks)9.What are the functions of a clutch in a tractor ?(2 mks)10.Name two intensive rearing systems of poultry(1 mk)11.Name two methods commonly used in identifying sheep(2 mks)12.State two characteristics of the African wild bee which makes it better in bee keeping than the European bee type(2mks)13.Give three reasons why harvesting honey at night is discouraged(3mks)14.Name four components of power transmission system in a tractor(2mks)15.Give two examples Gf feed additives in livestock nutrition(1mk)SECTION C: (20 MARKS)16.Study the diagram below and answer the questions that followDepth rod (a) Identify the implement(1mk)(b) What is the function of the depth rod(1mk)(c) What are the disadvantages of using the implement(3mks)17. i) Using the Pearson?s square method compute a 2000 kg ration with 20% DCP from maize which contains 10% DCP and cotton seed cake containing 45% DCP Show your working(4mks)ii) A boar gained 70 kg of live weight after eating 280 kg of pig finisher meal over a period of time. Calculate the feed conversion ratio(2mks)18. Study the ground plan of the zero grazing unit shown in the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. (a) Indicate the location of the following parts of a zero grazing unit using roman numbers on the diagram. (i) Store (ii) Calf pen (iii) Walking area Page | 165443/1,443/2 agriculture (iv) Foodand water trough area(2mks)(b) What type of a calf pen is in the zero grazing(1 mk)(c) State two structural requirements of a calf pen(2mks)19. Study the table below and fill in the missing words(4mks)DescriptionCattlePigsPoultrySheep(i)Young from birth or hatching to weaning(a)(b)ChickLamb(ii)Young female before first parturition /laying(c)Gilt(d)(e)(iii)Mature male for breedingBull(f)(g)(h)SECTION C (40 MARKS)Answer any TWO questions in the spaces provided20. a) Describe concisely the life cycle of a three-host tick(7mks)b) Discuss tick control methods(6mks)c) State four characteristics of effective acaricides(4mks)d) Give three methods of applying acaricides on livestock(3mks)21. a) Describe hand milking of a dairy cow(10 mks)b) Explain the practices observed in clean milk production(8 mks)c) Name two milking equipments.(2 mks)22. a) Describe the stocking of fish into a fish pond(3mks)b) Describe the feeding of fish in a fish pond(6 mks)c) Give five practices carried out on fish before preservation(5mks)d) State six management practices in fish rearing(6mks)Page | 166443/1,443/2 agriculture NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking schemes1.Agriculture contribution to employment? Direct employment as full time farmers? Indirect employment in extension services, transportindustry and research stations(2 x ? = 1 mk)2.Outdated farming methods? Shifting cultivation method? Nomadic pastoralism(2 x ? = 1 mk)3.Benefits of good soil structure? Improves soil aeration? Improve soil water infiltration? Facilitates good soil water drainage? Allows proper root penetration? Improves good water holding capacity? Not easily eroded(3 x ? = 1? mks)4.Effects of HIV/AIDS in agricultural production? Shortage of farm labour due to ill health/ deaths? Low supply of farm produce due to loss of market? Low purchasing power of agricultural inputs? Lack of motivation to i nvest in agriculture? Less time spent on farming activities? The NGO's and government use a lot of moneymanaging pandemic which would be used to provide credit to farmers5.Opportunity cost is zero? Where there are no alternative enterprises to choosefrom? When resources are free/unlimited( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)6.Types of labour records? Muster roll? Labour utilisation analysis(2 x?=1 mk)7.Labour productivity improved by? Training? Farm mechanisation? Giving incentives and improving terms and conditionsof service? Assign specific task to labour force? labour supervision(4 x ? = 2 mks)8.Financial documents? Invoice? Statements? Receipts? Delivery note? Purchase order(4 x ? = 2 mks)9.Oversowing? Introduction of a pasture legume e.g. desmodium, in anexisting grass pasture? Undersowing? Establishment of pasture under a cover crop e.g. maize(1 mk)Mark as a whole.(If one is wrong cancels the next if right)ernment policies? Subsidy of agricultural inputs? Heavy taxation of imports to protect local industries.? Quality control of goods for export & imports.? Conservation of natural resources? Stepping up the control of diseases and parasites(4 x ? - 2 mks)11. Advantages of tenancy? The landless can rent land from landlords? Idle land is put in production by renting to tenants thushigh production? Equitable distribution of land as a natural resource? The system reduces land disputes as landlords controlits allocation? Landlords gets income from their tenants if they are notable to use land(2 x ? = 1 mk)12. Advantages of biological pest control? Environmental friendly? Saves on labour? Cheap to use once established(2 x ? = 1 mk)13. Categories of tomatoe varieties? Fresh market varieties Processing? Processing varieties(2 x ?= 1 mk)14. a) Elasticityis the degree of responsiveness of demand tochange in price(2 mks)b) Factors affecting elasticity of demand? Availability of substitute? Degree of necessity? Number of uses a product can be put to? Time lag? Time span? Proportion of a .commodity? Supply(4 x ?= 2 mks)15. Available water to crops is:? Capillary water(1 x 1 = 1 mk)16. Factors influencing soil formation? Parent rock material? Climate? Topography? Biotic /organic? Time(3 x ? = 1 ? mks)17. Characteristics of crops grown for green manure ? Should be highly vegetative? Should have fast growth rate? Have high nitrogen content? Be capable of quick rotting? Are hardy and grow in poor conditions(4 x ?=2 mks)18. Advantages of timely harvesting crops ? Early harvesting reduces crop loss by poor weathercondition and pests? Early harvesting meet high market demand? crop harvested at correct stage growth ensures goodquality of the produce? Crop harvested at correct stage of growth ensureproduct put in its right usage Page | 167443/1,443/2 agriculture? Theft cases are reduced(4 x ? = 2 mks)19. Disadvantages of intercropping? Yield decreases as the crops differ in their competitive abilities.? Difficult to manage different crop types? Mechanization is difficult and if not efficient? Harvesting of crops is difficult? Higher amount of fertilizer or irrigation water cannot beutilized properly as the component crops vary in. their response of these resources? There is high competition of soil nutrients which makesthe soil infertile(2 x ?= 1 mk)20. Deficiency symptoms of potassium? Leaf curling? Leaf chlorosis? Premature leaf fall? Scorched leaf edges and central pans remain green? Stunted growth(2 x ?= 1 mk)SECTION B: 20 MKS21.a)Identity of the pest? A cut worm( 1 x 1 = 1 mk)b)Damage caused by e cutworm on crops .? Cutworm damages crop by cutting the stem at the baseof seedling after transplanting (1 x 1 = 1 mk)c)Method of controlling the cut worms? Chemical method - mixing appropriate insecticidepowder with soil in each hole during transplanting( l x l = l mk)d)Other insect pests that attack Kales other than cutworm? Aphids? Sawfly? Armyworm( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)22.a) Ways of including the rooting of plantlets? Use of growth regulators? Use of culture medium with correct nutrients? Correct light intensity? Correct temperature? Ensuring correct relative humidity( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)iii. Monocropping? Leads to accumulation of crop pests/ diseases ? Leads to exhaustion of nutrients needed by theparticular crop.iv) SaIinisation? May cause death of useful soil microorganisms ? Cause an osmotic imbalance between the plantcells and soil solution making the plant unable toabsorb waterv) Change of soil PH? May inhibit activity of useful microorganisms ? May not support growth of some crops? May make some nutrients unavailable for plant use vi) Uptake by plantsvii) Use of micro-organismsviii) Formation of hood pansix) Burning of vegetation /volatilizationb)Factors that determine the quality of farmyard manure? Method of storage? Type of litter used? Degree of decomposition/age of manure? Age of the animal? Quality of food given to the animal? Species of the animalc) Production of sorghum Seedbed preparation ? Clearing of the land early? Deep ploughing of the land to resolve perrenial weeds? Harrowing to obtain fine tilth? Firm the seedbed before plantinge) Planting? Early planting at the onset of rains? Use certified seeds? Broadcasting of seeds or in rows? Spacing if rows planted is 60 cm x 15 cm ? Depth of planting 2.5 - 5.0 cm? Seedrate 2 - 1 5 kg/ha depending on variety andmethod of planting27.a)Problems facing agricultural co-operative societies? Corruption in day to day activities? Embezzlement of funds? Lack of qualified management staff? Improper keeping of records? Mistrust by members? Lack of funds to finance its functions? Difficulties in collection, transportation, storage,processing of members farm products? Difficulties in marketing agricultural products formembers due to price fluctuations, dictations, quota systems.? Stiff competition from other similar cooperative dealingwith the same farm products? Government policies, regulations that frustrate effortsof members.? Lack of repayment of loans given to members due tocrop failures? Currency devaluations leading to difficulties in payingof dividends, importing of farm input(any 1 0 x 1 = 10mks)b)Classification of pesticides according to their mode ofactioni)Stomach poisons? Kill in being ingested leather? Used in seed dressing against soil pests ? Kills biting insects and rodentsii) Systematic pesticides? Sprayed on plant leaves/stems then translocated toall parts of the plant? Kills insects with sucking mouth parts iii) Contact pesticides? Applied as fire sprays on pests body/' foliage ? Absorbed by skin of pest? Selective in actioniv) Suffocation? Applied as fumigants and interferes with pest?srespiration? Applied in store or injected into soilv) Antifeedants? Inhibit feeding in insects and other pests thusstarving them to deathv) Repellants? Keep pests away from plant(any 5x2 = 10 mks) well discussed Page | 168443/1,443/2 agriculture NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking schemes (SECTION A 30 MKS) 1.Disease predisposing factors?Skin colour of the animal.?Species of the animal.?Breed of the animal?Age of the animal?Sex of the animal?Poor housing conditions?Stocking rate?Environmental factors(4 x ? =2mks)2.Reasons for dehorning?To reduce the spaces occupied by animals in the shed and during transportation.?To ease the handling of animals?To reduce destruction of structures?To make the animals docile.?To reduce injuring of the farmer and other animals(4 x ? = 2 mks)3.Distinguishing colour for the following animals(a) Chindilia Rabbit - grey(b) Toggenburggoat- brown with two white stripes running from eyes to nose (2x1=2 mks)4.Differences of the following tools(a) Bastard file - is used for smoothing metal while wood rasp is used from smoothing surfaces of wood(2x1=2 mks)(b) Coping saw - is used for cutting curves in wood while hacksaw is used for cutting metal(2x1=2 mks)5.Factors that contribute to depreciation of farm equipments?Age of the equipment?Wear and tear/use?Lack of maintenance practices?Exposure to weather/improper storage?Wrong use of the equipment?Obsolescence /change in technology(4 x ? = 2 mks)6.Intermediate host of liverfluke?Water snail/mud snail or lymnea spp.(1x1 = 1 mk)7.Methods of lambing management?Drift lambing - ewes isolation following lambing?Pen lambing - ewes isolation following appearance of lambing signs(2x1=2 mks)8.Parts of the hen frequently attacked bv fleas?Around the eyes?On the ear lobes?On the combs?On the wattles(4 x ? = 2 mks)9.Functions of clutch in a tractor?Allows gradual engagement of the engine power to the drive wheel?Enables the driver to shift from one gear to another?Allows breaking the drive from the engine in order to stop the tractor?Transfers power from the engine to the power take off shaft(4 x ? = 2 mks)10.Intensive rearing systems of poultry?Deep litter system?Battery cage system(2 x ? = 1 mk)11.Methods commonly used in identifying sheep?Ear tagging?Ear notching(2x1=2 mks)12.Characteristics of the African wild beePage | 16900443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Well adapted to high temperatures?High flying power?More active in search of food and water?Fairly resistant to the diseases that attack bees(2x1=2 mks)13.Reasons why harvesting honey at night is discouraged?It is difficult to distinguish between white combs and dark combs?Contamination of harvested honey with brood.?Bees can be crushed because they are not properly seen.?In order to avoid accidental bush fires(3 mks)ponents of a transmission system in a tractor?Gearbox?Clutch?Differential?Final drive(4 x ? = 2 mks)15.Feed additives in livestock nutrition?Hormones such as stilboestrol?Antibiotics such as tetramycine?Medicants such as coccidiostat(2 x ? = 1 mk)SECTION B (20 MKS)16.a)Name of implement?An ox-mould plough(1x1 = 1 mk)b)Function of depth rod?Used for adjusting the width and depth of ploughing(1x1 = 1 mk)c)Disadvantages of using OX -mould plough?It is slower because it is drawn by animals?Shallow cultivation is achieved?it has a short use life(3x1=3 mks)17.i)Computation of 2000 kg ration with 20% DCP from 10% DCP maize and 45% DCP cotton seed using Pearson?s squaremethodMaize 10%25 parts of maize20% cotton seed10 parts cotton seed cakecake 45%35 total parts10/35 x 2000 kg = 571.4 kg 1 of cotton seed cake25/35 x 2000 kg = 1428.6 kg 1 of maizeii) Feed conversion ratio for a boarAmount of feed consumed: weight gained280 kg:70 kg4:1Ratio=4: 118.(Total = 4 mks)(method = 1 mk, answer = 1 mk) = (2 mks) a) Locations of store, calf pen, walking area and food and water trough area using roman numbers (4 x ? =2mks) (I) (iii)(iii)(ii) (iv)(iv)(iv)FeedWaterFeedPage | 170443/1,443/2 agriculture b) Type of calf pen in the zero grazing unit ?Communal calf pen(1 x 1 = 1 mk)c) Structural requirements of a calf pen?Easy to clean.?Properly lit.?Properly drained.?Draught free.?Leak proof roof?Allow space for exercise, water and feed troughs(4 x ? = 2 mks)19. Missing words from the tablei)a) Calf(b)Pigletii) c)Heifer (d)Pullet(e)Hoggetiiif) Boar(g)Cock(h)Ram(8 x ? = 4 mks)SECTION C (40 MKS)20.a)Life cycle of a three host tick?Eggs on the ground hatch into larvae?Larvae climb onto the 1st host and suck blood, become engorged and drop to the ground?The nymph seek and climbs on to the second host and their feeds?The engorged larvae drop on the ground and moults into adults?The emerged adults find and climbs on third host and feed, they mate on the host and females drop off to the ground to layeggs after which they die.(7x1=7 mks)b)Tick control methods?Natural or biological method?Burning infected pasture?Ploughing the pasture?Fencing?Rotational grazing?Hand picking and picking?Chemical control(6x1=6 mks)c)Characteristics of effective acaricides?Are able to kill ticks?Are safe to use?Are stable or have a long storage life?Effective after mixing with drug, mud or hair(4x1=4 mks)d)Methods of applying acaricides?Spraying?Dipping?Hand dressing(3x1=3 mks)21.a)Hand milking?Assemble all milking equipment?Put the cow in a milking shed and restrain it appropriately?Wash the udder and teats with warm water mixed with suitable sanitising agent?Dry the udder with a clean towel?Use strip cup to check for mastitis?Carry out milking by squeezing the milk out?Strip the udder dry?Dip the teats in anti-mastitis solution after milking?Applying milking jelly (milk salve) on the teats?Release the cow.(10 x 1 = 10 mks)b)Clean milk production practices?Keep cows healthy/free from diseases.?Ensure cows flanks and udder region is clean.?Milkman should be clean, short nails and hair covered.?Ensure milking shed is clean.?Clean and sterilize milking utensils?Filter and cool the milk?Cover and keep milk in a cool dust free room.Page | 171443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Avoid feeding cows with feed which can taint milk just before milking.?Don?t expose milk to direct sun.(8x1=8 mks)c)Milking equipment?Milking bucket/pail?Udder drying towel?Milking stool?Milking churn?Strip cup?Milk strainer(2x1=2 mks)22.a)Stocking of fish in a fish pond?Obtain fmgerlings from reputable hatcharies?Transport fmgerlings in oxygenated containers with clean water?Introduce the fmgerlings into the pond by lowering the container into the pond water to allow them swim away(3x1= 3mks)b)Feeding fish?Use kitchen waste, rice bran, groundnut cakes?Feed at regular intervals?Feed just adequate feeds to avoid remnants in the pond?Change feeds from time to time?Feeding should be done at specific times of the day(6x1=6 mks)c)Practices carried out on fish before preservation?Clean the fish?Remove scales and slime.?Open fish on side to remove gut and intestines?Clean abdominal cavity thoroughly?Keep fish in open containers before preserving(5x1=5 mks)d)Management practices in fish rearing?Feeding?Control of predators?Manuring /fertilizing the pond?Control vegetation in the pond?Change water regularly /ensure continuous flow of water in the pond.?Protect pond from pollution(6x1=6 mks)Page | 17200443/1,443/2 agriculture GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section on the spaces provided. 1.Distinguish between GDP and GNP(2 marks)2.Name FOUR types of terraces.(2 marks)3.List FOUR ways used in water harvesting.(2 marks)4.Mention FOUR advantages of land consolidation.(2 marks)5.State FOUR ways in which pesticides kill pests.(2 marks)6.State FOUR deficiency symptoms of potassium in plants.(2 marks)7.Mention FOUR practices that enhance minimum tillage.(2 marks)8.Name FOUR practices that will increase light reaching a crop.(2 marks)9.State TWO factors that determine the implement used in primary cultivation.(1 mark)10.Name any FOUR records a wheat farmer should have on the farm.(2 marks)11.List THREE methods of harvesting trees.(1? marks)12.Give four advantages of sprinkler irrigation.(2 marks)13.Using the data provided in the table below, make an interpretation and advice the farmer on which crop to grow. (1 mark)Type of cropGross margin (Kshs)Cotton19,700Groundnuts23,600ii) Give a reason for your answer above.(1 mark)14.How are hardpans caused by cultivation?(2 marks)15.List three branches of horticultural farming.(1? marks)16.Distinguish between topping and top-dressing.(2 marks)SECTION B (20 marks) 17. Observe the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. Compound eye Mand ibleLabrumLabium a) Identify the mode of feeding exhibited by a pest having such features. (1 mark) b) Name any FOUR pests with the above feeding habits. (2 marks) 18. A farmer is to apply a fertilizer 20 : 30 : 10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5m by 8m at the rate of 200kg/ha. a) Calculate the amount of fertilizer the farmer requires for the plot. (4 marks) b) Name the type of fertilizer used in (a) above. (1 mark) 19. State five functions of Agricultural marketing.(5 marks)20. The diagram below gives an illustration of a farm record. use it to answer the questions that follow.Enterprise ...Month ...Name of cowDays in month12345678AmPmAmPmAmPmAmPmAmPmAmPmAmPmAmPma) Name the type of farm record illustrated above.(1 mark)b) Give three reasons for keeping health records in livestock production.(3 marks)c) Give three pieces of information a dairy farm manager should collect for planning purposes.(3 marks)Page | 173443/1,443/2 agriculture SECTION C (40 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions in this sections. 21. a) List eight common problems that might have led to collapse of many co-operative societies.(8 marks)b) Describe methods of improving labour productivity.(5 marks)c) Outline and SEVEN general post-harvesting practices carried out on crops.(7 marks)22.a) Discuss TEN ways through which the soil loses fertility.(10 marks)b) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.Land (ha)NPK fertilizer input (kg)Total maize production (90 kg bags)Marginal production (90 kg bags)10101401718033112052116064120070124073128075132075136068i)Calculate the marginal product from the table.(5 marks)ii)What is variable input.(2 marks)iii)At what point of fertilizer input does the law of diminishing return start to operate.(1 mark)iv)State TWO risks and uncertainties in the farm.(2 marks)23.a)Describe the production of tomatoes under the following sub-heading.i) Transplanting.(5 marks)b)Mention FIVE importance of organic matter in the soil.(5 marks)c)State TEN uses of water in the farm.(10 marks)Page | 17400443/1,443/2 agriculture GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section on the spaces provided. 1.State TWO distinguishing characteristics of an earlop Rabbit breed.(1 mark)2.Name TWO dual-purpose breeds of goats(1 mark)3.Highlight THREE factors that lower the quality of concrete.(1? marks)4.Give the use of copper (II) sulphate solution in footbath of a plunge dip.(? mark)5.State the difference between pen-mating and flock-mating in poultry.(1 mark)6.State four maintenance practices carried out on a Jack plane.(2 marks)7.Name the deficiency diseases caused by lack of each of the following nutrients in the body of an Animal.(1? mark)i)Iron...ii) Iodine...iii) Zinc...8.Highlight FIVE characteristics of livestock roughage feed stuff.(2? marks)9.Mention THREE methods of selection in livestock breeding.(1? marks)10.Give THREE disadvantages of embryo transfer.(1? marks)11.Outline FIVE factors that influence the quality of honey.(2? marks)12.Highlight FOUR maintenance practices carried out on cooling system of a tractor.(2 marks)13.Name the most Appropriate tool used in each of the following operations.a) Scrapping and smoothing Rough wood surfaces.(? mark)b) Cutting thin sheets of metal.(? mark)c) Cutting identical marks on ears of an animal.(? mark)14.State the difference between Gilt and a sow.(1 mark)15.Name any FIVE notifiable diseases of cattle.(2? marks)16.State FOUR factors that are considered when formulating a livestock Ration.(2 marks)17.State FOUR effects of protein deficiency in Animal.(2 marks)18.State the function of the following main parts of a DIP(1? marks)i)Drainage race ...ii) Roof iii) Assemble yard ... 19.Give TWO reasons why Rabbit hutches should be raised above the ground level.(1 mark)SECTION B (20 marks)Answer ALL questions in this section20.A 500kg Pig Ration containing 25% crude protein was to be made from wheat bran 5% crude protein and cotton seed cake30% crude protein.Using Karl Pearsons Square method, calculate the amount of each feed stuff needed to prepare the Ration.(4 marks)21.The diagram below shows an implement used in deep tillage operation after harvesting in a farm.a) Identify the implement.(1 mark)b) Give FOUR uses of the above farm implement.(2 marks)22. Below is a diagram of a fish pond. use it to answer the questions that follow. A B DCPage | 17500443/1,443/2 agriculture a) i) Name the parts of the pond worked.(1? marks)ii) Explain why part D is usually deeper than the rest of the pond.(? mark)b) State FOUR maintenance practices carried out on the fish pond.(2 marks)c) Give TWO reasons for the use of lime in the fish pond.(2 marks)23. Study the diagrams of workshop tools down below. EFG a) Identify the tools labelled E, F and G.(1? marks)b) Give the use for tool G.(1 mark)c) State TWO reasons for using farm tools to perform various farm operations.(2 marks)24. Describe the Life Cycle of a two host tick.(2? marks)SECTION C (40 marks)Answer any TWO questions from this section25. a) Explain FIVE differences between digestion system in Ruminants and non-ruminants.(10 marks)b) Describe the preparation and management of Natural Incubation.(8 marks)c) What is production Ration.(2 marks)26. a) Discuss livestock rearing practices under the following sub-headingsi)Identification practices.(5 marks)ii) Parasite and disease control.(6 marks)iii) Management of source during parturition / farrowing.(6 marks)b) Define the following terms used in livestock diseases.i)Zoonotic diseases.(1 mark)ii) Incubation(1 mark)iii) Recovery(1 mark)27. a) Describe FIVE sources of Farm power.(10 marks)b) State FIVE methods that can be used to deworm cattle.(5 marks)c) Outline FIVE reasons that can make bees swarm away from a Hive.(5 marks)Page | 176443/1,443/2 agriculture GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Distinguish between GDP and GNP.(2marks)GDP is the soil total of all the goods and services produced by a country within a year.GNP is the sum total of all the goods and services produced by the national /citizens of a county.2.Name four types of terraces (2 marks)?level terraces.?broad based terraces.?benchterraces.?Fanya juu terraces.?Fanya chini terraces.3.List four was used in water harvesting. (2 marks)?Roof catchment.?Rock catchment.?Weirs?Dams?Ponds?Retention ditches.?Micro-catchment.4.Mention four advantages of land consolidation. (2 marks)?Proper supervision.?Reduces transport costs.?Control soil erosion?Easier access to extension services5.State four ways in which pesticides will pests. (2 marks)?Stomach poisoning.?Systemic poisoning.?Contact poisoning.?Inhibit feeding.6.State four deficiency symptoms of potassium in plants.(2 marks)-Leaf curling.-Chlorotic leaf surface (yellowing)-Premature leaf fall.-Scorched edges with green central parts of leaves.-Stunted growth.7.Mention four practices that enhance minimum tillage.(2 marks)-mulching.-Slashing-use of herbicides-uprooting weeds.-cover cropping.-timely cultivation.8.Name four practices that will increase light reaching a crop.(2 marks)-Prunning.-Wide spacing-Thinning.-Weeding.9.State two factors that determine the implement used in primary cultivation.(1 mark)-Condition of the land-Tilth required.-Depth of cultivation-Cost of the implement.10.Name any FOUR records a wheat farmer should have on the farm (1 mark)-Inventory records.-Field operation records.-Labour records.-Marketing records.-Production records.11.List three methods of harvesting tree (1? marks)-Felling.-Coppicing.-Lopping.Page | 17700443/1,443/2 agriculture 12.Give four advantages of sprinkler irrigation (2 marks)-Amount of water can be controlled.-Can be removed to allow for other farm operations.-Efficient in supplying water.-Water can be pumped for domestic use.-Fertilizers can be applied through the irrigation system.13.Using the data provided in the table below, make an interpretation and advice the farmer on which crop to grow (1 mark)Type of cropGross margin (Kshs)Cotton19,700Groundnuts23,600a) Groundnuts.b) Give a reason for your answer above. (1 mark)-Has a high gross margin.14.How are hardpans caused by cultivation? (2 marks)-Cultivation at the some depth yearly.-Cultivating on wet soil.15.List three branches of horticultural farming.-Pomoculture / pomology.-Olericulture.-Floriculture.16.Distinguish between topping stop dressing as used in pasture production. (2 marks)?It is the removal of the stemmy fibrous material left over after a period of pasture grazing.?Top dressing is the application of soluble nutrient after the establishment of a pasture crop.SECTION B (20 marks) 17. Observe the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. Compound eye Mand ibleLabrumLabium a) Identify the mode of feeding exhibited by a pest having such features.(1 mark)Bitting and chewing.b) Name any FOUR pests with the above feeding habits. (2 marks)?locusts?Grasshoppers?Crickets?Termites?Ballworms?Maize stalk borers.18.A farmer is to apply a fertilizer 20 : 30 : 10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5m by 8m at the rate of 200kg/ha.a)Calculate the amount of fertilizer the farmer requires for the plot.(4 marks)Area of the plot = 5 × 8 = 40m? 1 ha = 10,000m? ? = 40m? 40m? × 1 ha = 0.004 ha 10,000 1 ha = 200kg 0.004ha = ? 0.004ha × 1 ha = 200kg 10,000 = 0.8kg of fertilizer b)Name the type of fertilizer used in (a) above.(1 mark)-Complete compound fertilizer.19.State five functions of Agricultural marketing.(5 marks)?Processing of farm producePage | 178443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Advertising of farm products.?Transportation of farm produce?Storage of farm produce.?Selling of farm produce?Selling of farm produce20.The diagram below gives an illustration of a farm record. use it to answer the questions that follow.Enterprise ...Month ...Name of cowDays in month12345AmPmAmPmAmPmAmPmAmPma) Name the type of farm record illustrated above.(1 mark)Milk production record.b) Give three reasons for keeping health records in livestock production.(3 marks)-Determine the prevalent diseases in the area.-Know the animals that are healthy.-Determine the drugs to be used.-Know the vet who treated the animals.c) Give three pieces of information a dairy farm manager should collect for planning purposes.(3 marks)-The price of milk per litre.-The market-Source of feed.-Prevalent diseases.-The weather condition.SECTION C (40 marks)Answer ANY TWO questions in this sections.21.a) List eight common problems that might have led to collapse of many co-operative societies.(8 marks)-Dishonesty by members.-Delayed / irregular payment to members for their produce.-Inadequate storage capacity in the society.-Poor transport system.-Price fluctuation and lack of market.-Shortage of qualified personal.-Poor payment of the professional staff working for the society.-Misappropriation of funds by corrupt officials.b)Describe methods of improving labour productivity.(5 marks)-Training the workforce.-Farm mechanization.-Labour supervision.-Good housing-Giving incentives and improving terms and conditions of services.c)Outline and SEVEN general post-harvesting practices carried out on crops.(7 marks)-Threshing / shelling.-Drying.-Cleaning.-Sorting and grading.-Dusting.-Processing.-Packaging.-Storage22.a)Discuss TEN ways through which the soil loses fertility.(10 marks)-Leaching - nutrients dissolve in water and takes far beyond root reach.-Soil erosion - removal of fertile soil.-Change in soil pH - makes the soil nutrients unavailable.-Burning of vegetation - kills useful micro-organism.-Salts accumulation - results to toxicity.-Weed infestation - uses up all the nutrients.-Fixation - makes nutrients unavailable.-Contour cropping - certain nutrients are depleted.-Soil capping - hard pans development destroys the soil structure.Page | 179443/1,443/2 agriculture-Monocropping - uses up all the nutrients.-Volatilization - nutrients evaporate.-Uptake by micro-organisms.-Overgrazing - leads to kill erosion.b)Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.i)Calculate the marginal product from the table.(5 marks)Land (ha)NPK fertilizer input (kg)Total maize production (90 kg bags)Marginal production (90 kg bags) 101001401771803316112052191160641212007006124073031280750213207500136068-07ii)What is variable input.(2 marks)Those that can be applied at different rates or levels hence vary with the level of production.iii) At what point of fertilizer input does the law of diminishing return start to operate.(1 mark)280kg fertilizer.iv) State TWO risks and uncertainties in the farm.(2 marks)?Natural calamities?Fluctuation of prices.?Theft?Technological uncertainties.?Personal injures or sickness?Government policy?Demand of a commodity?Yield estimation?Political instability.?Workers instability.23.a)Describe the production of tomatoes under the following sub-heading.i)Transplanting.(5 marks)?Ready after 1 month / 4 - 5 true leaves / 15cm high / pencil thick.?Select healthy and vigorous seedlings.?Lift the seedlings with a ball of earth on the root.?Plant the seedlings at the same depth they were in the nursery.?From the soil around the base of he planted seedlings.?Transplant on a cloudy day or late in the evening.?Water the seedlings immediately after transplanting.b)Mention FIVE importance of organic matter in the soil.(5 marks)?Binding soil particles together / improves soil structure.?Add nutrients in the soil.?Improves microbial activities in the soil.?Buffers the soil pH.c)State TEN uses of water in the farm.(10 marks)?Rearing fish.?Recreation e.g. swimming pools.?Diluting chemicals used to control pests, parasite etc.?Domestic use, cooking, drinking, washing.?Cleaning calf pens, milking sheds.?Mixing concrete in construction.?Cleaning animals.?Cooling running machine engines.?Processing farm produce e.g. coffee, hides, carrots.?Watering livestock / drinking.?Watering plant / irrigation.?Cooling of farm animals.?Navigation.?Source of power / generating Hydro electric power.Page | 180443/1,443/2 agriculture GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1. ?Broad hood and ears are large and flopping.?Short legs?Muscular and large bones?Skin and eyes are black?Likeable, easy to handle (regardless of weight and size)2 × ? = 1 mark2.?Boar?Anglo-Nubian2 × ? = 1 mark3.?Foreign material / impurities.?Inappropriate mixing / wrong ratios?Quick / rapid / premature drying.2 × ? = 1 mark4.To control foot rot in animals.5.Penmating ; only one cock is used to mate a flock of hens.Flockmating : Two or more cocks are used to mate flock of hens.1 mark6.?Sharpen the blades if blunt?Repair or replace broken parts?Store plane on its side when not in use?Replace loose bolts and nuts?Tighten any loose nuts and bolts?Clean and oil after use4 × ? = 2m arks7.Iron - AnaemiaIodine - GoitreZinc - Parakeratosis3 × ? = 1? marks8.?High fibre content?Low energy content?Low digestibility?It is bulky?It is of plant origin4 × ? = 2 marks9.?Individual mass selection?Progeny testing?Contemporary comparison3 × ? = 1? marks10.?It requires skilled labour and management of the cow.?Expensive equipment are required.?Technology is expensive.3 × ? =1? marks11.?Presence of impurities?Stage of ripening?Source nectar /type of flowers?Season of year honey is harvested?Over smoking during harvesting.5 × ? = 2 ? marks12.?Check water level, top up if low.?Clean radiator with air pressure or water.?Rectify faulty thermometer?Rectify faulty water pump.?Check for leakage at hose connection and tighten?Rectify fan belt tension.4 × ? = 2 marks13.?Wood rasp?Tinsnip?Ear notcher / ear-marking pliers.3 × ?14.Gilt - young female pig between weaning to first parturation.Sow - mature female pig after first parturation.1 × 1 = 1 markPage | 18100443/1,443/2 agriculture 15. -foot and mouth Disease-Rinder pest-Anthrax-Lumpy skin disease.-Black quarter5 × ? = 2 ? marks16.?Body weight?Age/stage of animals?productivity level?cost of fee?Available feeds and nutritional requirements.?Type / purpose of production.4 × ? = 2 marks17.?Retarded growth?Wearing out of body tissues.?Low production level?Low fertility?Low resistant to diseases.4 × ? = 2 marks18. a) hold livestock after dipping to let dip wash drain back into plunge dip. b) Prevent dilution of dip wash by rain. Reduce evaporation of dip wash. c) hold / collect animals before dipping.3 × ? =1? marks19.?Hasten drying of bedding.?Ensure security from predators.?Avoid effect of floods.2 × ? = 1 markSection B Wheat bran 5%5 Parts ofWheat bran 20. 25 20Part of CSCCSC 30%25Wheat bran 5 × 500 = 100 kg ü 25 Cotton seed cakes 20 × 500 = 400 kg ü 254 marks21. a) Subsoiler b) i) Breaking hardpans ii) Facilitating adequate aeration iii) Bring up to surface leached minerals in deeper horizons.22.a) i)A - inlet ? markB - outlet? markC - drainage pipe? markb) Repairing dyke.-Clearing pud by removing all foreign materials.-Planting grass where necessary-Removing silt.-Removing undesirable vegetation.3 × ? = 1? markc)-act as disinfectant against nematodes.-reduces acidity of water.-cause silt to settle.2 × 1 = 2 marks23.a) E Bow saw? markF Compass saw? markG Riveting machines? markPage | 182443/1,443/2 agriculture b) Use in fixing riveting when joining two pieces of metal.1 markc) Increase efficiency in the farm to enhance production to enhance safety on farm 2 × 1 = 2 marks24.-Eggs are hatched on ground.-Eggs hatch into larvae-Larvae climbs the first host, feeds engorges and moults into nymph.-Larvae feeds on same host, engorges, and drops and ground.-Nymph on ground moults in the adult.-Adult climbs second host, feeds, engorges and mates.-Females drops onto ground to lay eggs and cycle is repeated.2 ? marksSECTION C25.a)Ruminants Non-Ruminants.i)Polygastic i.e. four-Monogastric - singlestomach chambersstomach compartmentii)Chew or regurgitate-Do not chew orfood.regurgitateiii)Digest cellulose in-Cellulose digestion inRumen by use ofcaecum /does notmicrobes.have microbesiv)Have no ptyalin in-have ptyalin in saliva/saliva / no enzymaticdigestive starts indigestion in mouth.mouthv)Have alkaline saliva.-Have neutral salivavi)Most digestive and-Most digestion andabsorption in theabsorption in smallRumen.intestines.5 × 2 = 10 marksb)?Make a nesting box that is spacious enough for the movement of bird.?Darken the inside of the box to discourage cannibalism or egg eating.?Put warm / dry materials in the nesting box.?Dust the birds with an appropriate insecticide to get rid of external parasites.?Provide birds with a balanced diet ratio.?Provide adequate clean water.?Allow the birds to get out atleast once a day to feed or exercise.8 × 1 = 8 marksc)It is the extra feed given to an animal over the above the maintenance requirements.2 marksSECTION C - 40 marks26.a)i)?Branding - Application of permanent marks on the skin of an animal using hot iron with identification marks on it.?Ear tagging - involves attaching a plastic or metal tag bearing identification numbers or letters on the ear of an animal.?Ear notching - here different patterns are cut out on the ears of animals each pattern represented a specific identity.?Tattooing - numbers or shapes are made on animals skin using permanent ink or dye.?Neck strap - these are collars bearing identify numbers, letters or symbols.5 × 1 = 5 marksii)?Vaccination - Introduction of dead or attenuated pathogens into the body to produce Antibodies for immunity.-Deworming - involves use of antihelminthes to control internal parasites.-Docking - removal of tail of sheep, carried out within the first tow weeks after birth.-Hoof trimming - cutting back of overgrown hooves in farm animals.-Dipping and spraying - routine practice done to control external parasites.-Dusting - practice of applying chemical on an animal skin or its shelter to control external parasites.6 × 1 = 6 marksii)-Clean and disinfect the farrowing pells.-Wash / clean and disinfect the sows.-Treat sows against external parasites.-Move the sow to a farrowing pen three days before farrowing.-Provide a creep area.-Provide bran for the sow after farrowing.6 × 1 = 6 marksb)i)Zoonotic disease - This is a disease that can be passed from livestock to humans and vice-versa.1 markii) Incubation - this is a period between infection and manifestation of symptoms of disease. 1 markiii) Recovery - this is the return to a healthy state by a sick animal. 1 mark27.a)Page | 183443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Wind power - strong winds engage wind mills to operate and generate power.?Hydroelectric power - electric power can be generated by force of flowing water.?Solar power - form radiation of the sun.?Biomass - this is got from wood fuel and biogas.?Geothermal power - natural heat from the earth's crush used in generating electricity.?Fossil fuel - power from coal, petroleum, natural gas.?Human power - ___ providing energy to do most chores in the farm.?Animal power through oxen, donkey, camels or horses.?Tractor power - Electrical energy of fuel converted to mechanical energy for driving work.5 × 2 = 10 marksb)?Use of dehorning iron?Sawing or use of dehorning wires to cut horn close to the base.?Use of rubber ring or elastrator.?Dehorning collodion to kill hard bud.?Use of caustic potash stick or potassium hydroxide to corrode and kill stem cells.5 × 1 = 5 marksc)?lack of food.?Outbreak of pests and diseases.?Overheating of the beehive due to direct sunlight.?bad smell from surrounding areas.?Presence of more than one queen.?Infertility of the queen.5 × 1 = 5 marksPage | 18400443/1,443/2 agriculture WESTLANDS SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A 30 MARKS (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS) 1.State three characteristics of shifting cultivation(1 ? mks)2.What do you understand by the term plantation farming(1 mk)3.Give four benefits of good soil structure in crop production(2 mks)4.State four reasons for sub-soiling in a maize field(2 mks)5.What factors would a farmer consider when deciding on the type of irrigation to use in rice production(2 mks)6.List any four ways in which soil is deprived of its fertility(2 mks)7.A form four student noticed that her crops of maize had intervenial chlorosis.What was the possible cause of the condition(? mk)8.Name three plant parts used for propagation of pineapples(1 ? mks)9.State five factors to consider when selecting a nursery site(2 ? mks)10.List five post-harvest practices carried out in tomatoes.(2 ? mks)11.Why is it not advisable to use manure in carrot production(? mk)12.Give four advantages of communal tenure system(2 mks)13.Give two ways which check dams control soil erosion(1 mk)14.State five disadvantages of weeds in crop production(2 ? mks)15.Name any three insect pests with biting and chewing mouth parts(1 ? mks)16.State four factors affecting the efficiency of pesticides(2 mks)17.State the law of substitution as used in Agricultural economics(1 mk)18.Differentiate between complementary products and supplementary products(2 mks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided19.The diagram below shows a method of forage preservationSoil layerPolythene sheetDrainageForage materials Ground level i)Identify the structure illustrated above(1 mk)ii) State the form in which forage is conserved as illustrated above(1 mk)iii) Give the role of the following in the structure above(2 mks)a) Polythene sheet b) Drainage 20. The diagram below illustrates a method of crop propagation Glass container CultureRootsmediumdevelopinga) Identify the method of propagation(1 mk)b) Name one crop propagated through the method(1 mk)c) State three importances of the method above(3 mks)Page | 18500443/1,443/2 agriculture 21. The following diagram shows a method of compost preparation PITPITPITPITPITField12345a) Identify the method(1 mk)b) Give four factors that should be considered when siting the compost pit(2 mks)c) State two factors that determine time the manure would be ready for use in the field(2 mks)22. Identify the following methods of harvesting agroforesty trees(3 mks)a)b)c) d) List three sites of agroforesty trees and shrubs(3 mks)SECTION CChoose only 2 questions23.The following accounts information is from Martin's farm for the year ending 31st /12/2006Opening valuation6,000/=Paid wages5,000/=Bought equipment worth18,000/=Bought pig feeds worth4,000/=Sold mature pigs worth7,000/=Bought drugs worth3,2000/=Closing valuation4,000/=Solid maize worth8,000/=Rice in store45,000/=A tractor300,000/=Granary20,000/=Sold piglets worth4,000/=Sold cattle worth80,000/=a)using the information above, prepare a profit and loss account for Martin's farm(10 mks)b)From the calculations in (a) above state whether Mr. martin made a profit or loss(2 mks)c)Explain four ways in which farmers may adjust to uncertainties(4 mks)d)Discuss four agricultural support services available to the farms(4 mks)24.a)Describe the methods used in preparing materials in readiness for planting(6 mks)b)Explain three factors that influence timely planting(6 mks)c)Describe the various management practices carried out in the nursery bed.(8 mks)25.a)Why is addition of dead and decaying plant and animal remain to the soil important?(8 mks)b)Discuss beans under the following sub-headings.i)Varieties(2 mks)ii) Planting(3 mks)iii) Pest and disease control(5 mks)iv) Harvesting(2 mks)Page | 18600443/1,443/2 agriculture WESTLANDS SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided 1.a) Name a breed of dairy animal having the following characteristics; red coat with white markings on the legs, face, tailswitch and girth(1mk)b) Name a breed of pig with the following characteristics; black coat with white feet,face and tail switch(1 mk)c) Name one sheep breed which is resistant to foot rot diseases.(1 mark)2.Differentiate between a contagious and an infectious disease(1 mk)3.Name the hormone that is concerned with milk synthesis(? mk)4.Name two qualities of concrete which make it suitable for the construction of farm buildings(1 mk)5.A bull gained 100 kg of live weight after eating 400 kg of beef concentrates overa period of time. Calculate its feedconversion ratio (FCR)(1 mk)6.Name two nutritional diseases.(2 mks)7.Give two qualities of good wool(1 mk)8.Give the name of the act of giving birth in the following animals(2 mks)i)Rabbitii) Goat9.State two methods of caponisation in cocks(1 mk)10.Mention two ways in which the gizzard is adapted to its function(1 mk)11.State four symptoms of anthrax infection in the carcass of a cow(2 mks)12.Name three types of fresh warm water fish reared in Kenya(1? mks)13.State two characteristics of air cooled engines(1 mk)14.Name two feed additives used in livestock production(1 mk)15.State two functions of a clutch(1 mk)16.Give four conditions that would encourage hens to eat eggs in poultry production(2 mks)17.Name four structural requirement in a calf pen(2 mks)18.State two reasons for washing the udder before milking(1 mk)19.State four factors considered when selecting an implement for primary cultivation(2 mks)20.State three characteristics of colostrum that make it suitable for new born livestock(1? mks)21.State four categories of farm tools and equipment.(2 mks)SECTION B: 20 MARKS Answer all the questions in the spaces provided 22. The illustration below is a structure in a cow. Study it and answer the questions that follow A B C i)Identify the structureD(1 mk)ii) Label part A to D(2 mks)iii) What is milk letdown?(2 mks)iv) List down three factors that may initiate milk letdown in a lactating cow(3 mks)23. The diagrams below shows a set of equipment used in livestock management. Study them and answer the questions thatfollowFEa) Identify the equipment labelled E and F(2 mks)b) State the appropriate use of set of equipment illustrated above(1 mk)Page | 18700443/1,443/2 agriculture c) Describe the appropriate procedure followed when using the equipment(4 mks)24. The diagram below represents an important farm structure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. ABCD i)Identify the farm structure(1 mk)ii) Label the parts(2 mks)iii) State two maintenance practices carried out in the structure above.(2 mks)SECTION C (40 MKS)Answer ONLY TWO questions in this section25. a) Describe seven signs of ill health(14 mks)b) State six signs of trypanosomiasis (Nagana) disease in livestock(6 mks)26. a) Describe how a four stroke cycle engine operates(12 mks)b) Describe the daily maintenance of a tractor(8 mks)27. a) Describe the general safety precautions a farmer should observe when using and handling farm tools.(6 mks)b) Outline the various causes of swarming in bees.(8 mks)c) Highlight six factors that influence the amount of concentrate given to a lactating animal.(6 mks)Page | 188443/1,443/2 agriculture WESTLANDS SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.-Communal land ownership-Large piece of land-Sparse population-Numbers of livestock per unit area is low.1 x ? = ? mk2.A plantation system is a large scale farm, usually characterised by the production of one crop.1 x 1 = 1 mk3.Benefits of a good soil structure?Well aerated?Good drainage?Good water retention?Deep for proper root penetration? x 4 = 2 mks4.Reasons for subsoiling?Breaking hard pans?Facilitates adequate gaseous exchange.?Bring to the surface minerals which might have leached.?Improves drainage.? x 4 = 2 mks5.Capital availability?Topography of the land?Type of soil?Water availability? x 4 = 2 mks6.?Through leaching?Soil erosion?Monocroppng?Continuous cropping?Change in soil pH?Burning of vegetation cover.?Accumulation of salts? x 4 = 2 mks7.Lack of magnesium1 x ? = ? mk8.?Crown?Slips?Suckers? x 3 = 1 ? mk9.?Nearness to a source of water?Type of soil?Topography of the area?Previous cropping?Security of the area?Well sheltered place? x 5= 2? mk10.?Cleaning?Sorting and grading?Processing?Packaging?Packing? x 5= 2? mk11.Manure causes forking1 x ? = ? mk12.?No individual has the responsibility oftaking care of the land/developing it.?Poor yields?Farmer has no incentive to manage and develop the land well.?Poor stock breeding programme.?Pest and disease control is difficult due to mixing of animals.? x 4 = 2 mks13.-Reduce the speed of water-Trap soil carried by water? x 2 = 1 mkPage | 189443/1,443/2 agriculture 14. ?Weeds competes with crops for nutrients,space, light and moisture.?Some weeds are parasitic?Some weeds lower quality of agriculturalproduce?Some weeds are poisonous to man and livestock?Some act as alternative hosts for insects, pests and diseases.?Some are allelopathic.?Some block irrigation channels.?Weeds lower the quality of pastures?Some are difficult to handle and control because they irritate workers? x 5= 2? mk15.?Locusts?Grasshoppers?Cutworms?Termites?Beetles?Maize stalk borer?Cricket? x 3 = 1 ? mk16.?Concentration?Timing of application?Weather conditions as the time of application?Persistence? x 4 = 2 mks17.-The law of substitution states that, if the output is constant, it is profitable to substitute one input factor for another, aslongas it is cheaper than the one being substituted.1 x 1 = 1 plementary products is a situation whereby an increase in the production of one product means a simultaneous increasein the production of the other.Supplementary products is a situation whereby one product may be increased without decreasing the otherSECTION B19.i)Trench silo1 x 1 = 1 mkii) Silage1 x 1 = 1 mkiii)a) Prevent rain water seepagePrevent entry of oxygen/make silo airtight1 x 1 = 1 mkb) Drain away the rain water1 x 1 = 1 mk20.a)Tissue culture1 x 1 = 1mkb)Banana1 x 1 = 1 mkc)-It is used to recover and establish pathogen free plants-Its used in the mass production of propagules-Its fast and require less space.21.a)Indore/pit method1 x 1 = 1 mkb)?Accessibility?Drainage?Direction of prevailing wind in relation to homestead?Should be near the farm?Well sheltered place? x 4 = 2 mksc)?Colour dark/brown?Should be odourless?Light in weight2 x 1 = 2 mks22.a)Pollarding1 x 1 = 1 mkb)Pruning1 x 1 = 1 mkc)Coppicing1 x 1 = 1 mkd)?Boundaries1 x 3 = 3 mks?Terraces?Slopes?Homestead?river banksPage | 190443/1,443/2 agriculture SECTION C 23. a) Profit and loss account of Martins farm for the year ended 31st Dec. 2006 ExpenditureIncomeShCtSales & receiptsSh.CtOpening valuation6,00000Sold mature pigs7,00000Sold maize8,00000Sold piglets4,00000Sold cattle80,00000Sold rice in store45,00000144,00000Purchase & ExpensesPaid wages5,00000Closing valuation4,00000Bought equipments18,00000Tractor300,00000Bought pig feed4,00000Granary20,00000Bought drugs3,20000324,00000Total30, 20000362 00000Net profit106,00000468,00000468,00000Award ? mk for any correct entry? x20=10 mksb)Mr. Martin made a profit because the income was more than the expenditure(2 mks)c)Ways of adjusting of uncertainties?Diversification?Selecting more certain enterprises?Contracting insurance?Input rationing?Flexibility in production?Adopting modern methods of production4 x 1 = 4 mksd)Agricultural support services?Extension and training?banking?Credit?Artificial insemination services?Agricultural research?Marketing?Veterinary services?Farm input supplies4 x 1 = 4 mks24.a)Breaking seed dormancy-Seed dormancy is a stage whereby a seed cannot germinates, this should be broken before planting to allow germination.-Seed dressing-This is the coating of seeds with fungicides and pesticides to protect them from soil borne pests and diseases.Page | 191443/1,443/2 agriculture -Seed inncolution-This involves coating of legume seeds with an inoculant to encourage nodulationhence nitrogen fixation-Chitting-Selected potatoes setts for planting are sprouted before planting to break their dormancy(award ? mk for stating the method and 1 mk for describing )b)factors influencing timely planting?Rainfall pattern/moisture condition of the soil - crops make maximum use of the rainfall.?Type of crop to be planted?Type of soil - crops should be planted early in moist soils.?Market demand- proper timing ensures that produce is marketed when prices are high.?Weed control - crops planted early establish earlier than weeds.?Prevalence of pests and diseases - crops?Established early escape serious pests and diseases attack6 x 1 = 6 mksc)Mulching - a light mulch is applied after establishment to prevent excessive evaporation.-Watering - nursery should be watered regularly in the morning and evening-Weed control - weeds should be removed through uprooting-Pricking out - this involves removing overcrowded seedlings and planting them in a second nursery-Shading - this protects seedlings from direct sun and conserves moisture25.a)-It increases the water holding capacity of the soil-It improves soil fertility by realising a wide range of nutrients into the soil.-Provides food and shelter for soil micro-organisms-Responsible for decomposition-Improves soil structure-Buffers soil pH / moderates soil pH by avoiding rapid chemical changes-Reduces the toxicity of plant poisons that may have built up in the soil.-Helps to moderate soil temperature by absorbing heat8 x 1 = 8 mksb) Bean productioni)Varieties-Rose coco(GLP2)-Mwezi moja (GLP 1004)-Canadian wonder (GLP 24)Dry beans-K74-Wairimu-Mexican 142 - canning-Long tom-Saxa-Master pieceFrench beans-Monel? x 4 = 2 mksii)Planting-Beans should be planted early at the onset of the rains.-During long rains planting should bedelayed to avoid rotting-Planting is done at a spacing of 30-54 x 15 cm-Planting is done by placing 2 or 3 seeds per hole-Dammonium phospahate is applied at the rate of 200 kg per hectare along the furrow before planting-The seed rate is 50 - 60 kg per hectareAny 3iii) Pests and diseases control-Pests can be controlled by spraying the crop with insecticides such as dieldrin formation, limethods-Damage caused by pests is less severe inbeans.-Beans are attacked by diseases such as(halo) bacterial blight which is controlled by planting healthy seeds.-Uprooting and destroying infected plants-Rogueing-Crop rotation-Crops can be sprayed with fungicidesany 5iv) Harvesting-Beans are harvested by uprooting the dry plants-Uprooting should be done in the morningwhen the weather is cool to minimise the amount of pod shattering-Uprooted plants may be gathered on tarpulene to allow them dry further-Pods are beaten with sticks to remove seeds-Stems are removed and winnowing doneany 2Page | 192443/1,443/2 agriculture WESTLANDS SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer all the questions 1.a) Ayshire dairy breed(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) Berkshirec) Romney marsh2.Contagious diseases are those that are spread from one animal to another through contact while infectious diseases are thosethat are spread through air and water.3.Prolactin4.?Strong and durable?Resistant to fire?Resistant to insect damage?Does not rot?Weather Element5.Weight gain 100kgFood eaten400 kg400 ?100 kg4004kg : 1 kg = 4:11004kg of food converted to 1kg bull weight6.Two nutritional diseases(1 x 2 = 2 mks)?Milk fever?Bloat7.Good qualities of wool(? x 2 = 1 mk)?Length?Colour?Elasticity?Shrinkage8.Act of giving birthi)Rabbit - Kindling(1 x 1 = 1 mk)ii) Goat - kidding(1 x 1 = 1 mk)9.Methods of caponisation(1 mk)?Implanting pellets of female sex hormone just underneath the skin of the neck of the bird.?Open method?Injecting hormone stilbestrol into the bird when day old.(? x 2 = 1 mk)10.?Equipped with tough muscles on each side.?Has grit (sand)(? x 2 = 1 mk)11.Anthrax symptoms(2 mks)?Animal develops fever?Animal is swollen on the underside of the body.?Blood stains in the faeces and in milk.?In the dead animal a tar-like watery blood comes off the orifices (nose,mouth, Anus)?Blood does not clot quickly?Carcasses of an anthrax lack stiffness of the body (lack rigor mortis)?Bloating of stomach after death12.Fresh warm water fish(1? mks)?Tilapia?Cat fish?Blue gill?Nile perch?Carps?Black bass?Striped bass13.Characteristics of air cooled engines(1 mk)?Have fins and fan blade which assist in the air circulation?They are light in weight for they have no radiators and water jackets.Page | 193443/1,443/2 agriculture ?They are simple in construction14.Feed additives used in livestock(1 mk)?Hormones e.g. stilbestrol?Antibiotics?Medicants e.g. coccidiostat15.2 functions of a clutch(1 mk)?Connect / disconnect the drive shaft to or from the engine.?Enables the tractor drive to take off gradually an smoothly.?Helps to provide power from the engine to the power take off shaft.16.Conditions eating of eggs in poultry(4 x ? = 2 mks)?Bright light in the nest allowing the birds to see the eggs?Idleness?Presence of broken/soft-shelled eggs.?Lack of minerals e.g. calcium in the diet making birds to look for minerals elsewhere.?Inadequate nests forcing birds to lay eggs on floor17.Four structural requirements calf pen(2 mks)?Cleanliness?Dryness and warmth?Adequate space?Proper lightning?Proper drainage?Draught free?Proper ventilation?Single housing18.2 reasons for washing the udder before milking(1 mk)?To remove dirt?To stimulate milk let-down19.Factors to consider when selecting implement?Condition of the land.?Type of tilth required?Depth of cultivation?Capital availability.20.Characteristics of colostrums1? mks)?Highly digestible?Highly nutritious and contains vitamins for growth and disease resistance?It has antibodies that enable the calf to resist early disease resistance.?It's good in cleaning the bowels of the calf (has a laxative effect)?It's highly palatable21.Categories of farm tools and equipments(2 mks)?Garden tools and equipment?Livestock production tools and equipment?Workshop tools and equipment?Plumbing tools and equipments?Masonry tools and equipmentsSECTION B (20 MARKS)22. i) Udder(1 x 1 = 1 mk)ii) A- AlveolusB - Gland cistern/milk cistern/lactiferous sinusC - Teat cisternD - Teat canal / nipple/sinus(4 x ? = 2 mks)iii) Milk letdown is the flow of milk from the Alveoli to the gland cistern and then out oftheteatbyeithermilkingorsucking.(2 x 1 = 2 mks)iv) Factors that may initiate milk letdown in a lactating cow.?Sucking of the calf?Washing the udder with warm water?Feeding?Familiar noises?Whistling(3 x 1 = 3 mks)23. a) Identify the equipmentE - CanulaF - Trocar(2 x 1 = 2 mks)b) Use of the equipment-Pierces the left side of the rumen to relief bloat.(1 x 1 = 1 mk)Page | 194443/1,443/2 agriculture c) Procedure followed when using the equipment -Trocar is inserted into canula-Both equipment are inserted at the apex of the bloated left rumen.-Trocar is then withdrawn while holding the canula until the bulk of gases escapes.-Remove the canula(4 x 1 = 4 mks)24. i) Identify the structure -Barbed wire fence(1 x 1 = 4 mks)Label parts ii) A - Barbed wire B - Corner post C- standard post D - Strut iii) Maintenance -Tighten loose barbed wire.-Broken post should be replaced-Regular removal and treatment of termites-Broken wire should be spliced.SECTION C : ANSWERS25.a)Signs of ill-health?Behaviour - over excitement, aggression and abnormal sound.?General appearance - dull eyes, restleness and unable to carry its weight.?Movement of the animal - limping/straining when walking?Posture - abnormal posture when standing and lying down.?Loss of appetite/ excessive appetite.?Dung containing eggs, larvae, parasites, blood stains, smell, inconsistency in texture and colour.?Difficulties in urination, abnormal colour in urine e.g. Red/heavy yellow.?Change in temperature above/below the normal range depending on species of the livestock.?Change in respiratory rate above /below the normal range.?Change in pulse rate above/below the normal range.?Low/reduced production rate, emaciation and loss of weight.?Visible mucous membrane turn bright red, pale and anaemic yellow or blueish.?The skin and animals coat dry, staring coat where the hair sticks up, excessive sweating, loss of hair, abnormal outgrowths,swelling of the skin, eruptions and boils.?Presence of parasites on/under the skin of animalsb)Signs of trypanosomiasis (Nagana Disease)?Fever?Loss of appetite?Animal dull?General body weakness?Swollen lymph nodes?Lachrimation?Diarrhoea?Rough skin coat?Swelling of the belly?Decreased milk production?Abortion may occur in pregnant females?Animal has Anaemia.Operation of four stroke cycle engine induction stroke-Piston is moved down the cylinder causing the inlet valve to open drawing the inlet in fresh supply of petrol vapour and airinto the cylinder.?Compression stroke?Inlet valve closes?Piston moves up the cylinder?Compresses the fresh fuel mixture into combustion chamber.26.a)The power stroke?Fresh fuel mixture is fully compressed.?A spark is produced at the spark plug. This causes the fuel mixture to ignite and expand resulting into pressure which forcethe piston down the cylinder.The exhaust stroke?Piston moves up the cylinder to eliminate the burned fuel mixture through the open exhaust valve.?Inlet valve closedb)Dairy maintenance of a tractor (8 mks)Page | 195443/1,443/2 agriculture ?The engine oil should be checked daily using a dipstick. if the level is low it should be added.?Water level in the radiator should be inspected and topped up.?The level of the electrolyte should be checked daily. If below top up with distilled water.?lost nuts and bolts should be replaced before the day's work.?Tyre pressure should be checked daily/ every morning before even day's work. Deflate / inflate as per the manufacturersinstructions.?Fuel level should be checked at the start of everyday's work and added if necessary.?Brake fluid level is checked and maintained at recommended level.?nuts and bolts should be tightened everyday27.a) General safety precautions of tools(6 mks)?Use the correct tool for the correct job.?Tools should be maintained and serviced to remain in good working condition and last longer.?Tools should be stored properly in tool cabinet or in tool racks.?Tools should always be left in a safe place after use.?Tools should be handled correctly when in use to avoid damage to the tool and injury to the user.?Use of safety devices such as fire extinguisher and first aid kits in the workshop to reduce accidents e.g. use ofgoogles whensoldering and welding.b) Causes of swarming in bees(8 mks)?Overcrowding?Shortage of food and water in their surrounding.?Sick or infertile queen.?Dampness and bad smells?lack of adequate ventilation?Damage of brood combs?Outbreak of diseases and parasites.c) Factors that influence the amount of concentrate(6 mks)?The milk production level.?Nutritive value of the concentrate?The size of the animal?Cost of the concentrate.?The quality of pasture eaten.?The quantity of pasture eaten.?The returns made from productionPage | 19600443/1,443/2 agriculture CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS MOCK JOINT EXAM 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A: (30 MARKS) Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. 1.State two conditions leading to small scale farming.(1 mark)2.State four ways in which water is vital to the crops.(2 marks)3.Outline four factors that influence the planning of a crop rotation programme.(2 marks)4.List any four insect pests that attack maize in the field.(2 marks)5.Give four qualities of shrubs and trees used for agroforestry.(2 marks)6.Name one crop in each case, propagated using the vegetative parts below.(2 marks)(i) Bulbils (ii) Splits (iii) Crowns (iv) Setts 7.State four ways in which pesticides work to kill pests.(2 marks)8.List three types of production functions.(11/2 marks)9.State three sources of soil acidity in crop production(11/2 marks)10.State three advantages associated with single stem pruning in coffee production.(11/2 marks)11.Give four reasons why drainage is an important method of land reclamation.(2 marks)12.Differentiate between a cash book and a ledger.(1 mark)13.Given that at a price of ksh. 100 per bag, 20 bags of maize are demanded but when the pricechanged to ksh. 80 per bag, 22 bags are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand.(show your working)(2 marks)14.Give a reason why low pH is desirable in the process of silage making.(1 mark)15.State two biological methods of weed control.(1 mark)16.Give three significance of irrigating dry land.(11/2 marks)17.State four general symptoms of viral diseases in crops.(2 marks)18.State four advantages of tissue culture in crop propagation.(2 marks)SECTION B (20 marks)Answer all questions in the spaces provided.19.The drawings below shows leaves of a certain weed with different morphological characteristics.(a) Which of the leaves represent a weed that is more succeptible to herbicides?(1 mark)(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above.(1 mark)(c) State any other three morphological characteristics that affect selectivity and effectiveness of herbicides.(3 marks)20. The diagram below represents a bag of fertilizer observed in a shop. Study it and answer the questions that follow.(a) Classify the fertilizer according to the nutrient content.(1 mark)(b) What is the fertilizer ratio of the fertilizer?(1 mark)(c) A coffee farmer was supposed to apply 100 kg of P2O5 in his coffee farm. How much of the fertilizer 20 - 20 - 0 wouldhe be required to buy?(4mks)Page | 19700443/1,443/2 agriculture 21. The illustration below shows a plant leaf infected by a disease. Study it and answer the questions that follow. (a) Identify the disease illustrated above.(1 mark)(b) Name three crops infected by the disease illustrated above.(3 marks)(c) Give the control measures of the disease illustrated above.(2 marks)(d) State two symptoms of the disease named in (a) above.(2 marks)SECTION C (40 marks)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided.23.(a) Describe the establishment of a grass pasture from the time land ploughed using a mouldboard plough to the time thepasture is ready for grazing.(12 marks)(b) Briefly explain four practices carried out on seeds/seedlings to prepare them for planting.(4 marks)(c) Describe four practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds.(4 marks)24.(a) State six objectives of land reform in Kenya.(6 marks)(b) State and explain the qualities of mother plants considered when selecting vegetative propagation materials. (10 marks)(c) State the information contained in an invoice.(4 marks)25.(a) Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields.(8 marks)(b) State the factors that are likely to hinder access to enough clean water to most Kenyans.(7 marks)(c) Explain five factors considered in spacing of crops in the field.(5 marks)Page | 19800443/1,443/2 agriculture CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS MOCK JOINT EXAM 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1.State four physical characteristics of beef cattle.(2 marks)2.Give four factors that determine the nutritional requirements of the animal.(2 marks)3.Give four reasons for culling breeding sows.(2 marks)4.State four causes of infertility in diary cattle.(2 marks)5.State one use for each of the following.(2 marks)(i) Spokeshave(ii) Plumb bob6.Give two functions of queen bee in a colony.(1 mark)7.Differentiate between breed and type as used in livestock production.(2 marks)8.State four practices carried out on eggs before putting them in an incubator for hatching.(2 marks)9.Give four non-chemical methods of controlling ticks in cattle.(2 marks10.State four advantages of using wood as a construction material.(2 marks)11.In each case give one function of the part of a plunge dip.(i) Collecting yard.(1 mark)(ii) Drainage race.(1 mark)12.The following is a list of livestock diseases.;Brucellosis, Trypanosomiasis, New castle, Anthrax, African swine fever and Blackquarter.Which of these diseases are;(a) Both bacterial and zoonotic?(1 mark)(b) Caused by viruses.(1 mark)13.Given three functions of calcium in dairy cows.(11/2 marks)14.Give four roles of the livestock industry in Kenyan economy.(2 marks)15.State four pre-milking practices in dairy production.(2 marks)16.State three factors that would affect the digestibility of food in livestock nutrition.(11/2 marks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer all questions in the spaces provided.17.Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow;(a) Identify the practice.(1 mark)(b) Give one reason for carrying out the above practice.(1 mark)(c) State four characteristics of egg?s selected for incubation.(2 marks)(d) State two disadvantages of natural incubation.(2 marks)18. The diagram H and G below illustrate livestock production tools.(a) Identify the tools.(2 marks)(b) State one use of each tool.(2 marks)(c) State two maintenance practices of tool G.(2 marks)Page | 19900443/1,443/2 agriculture 19. The graph below shows the relationship in milk yield and foetal growth against time. (a) Name the stage between the month in respect of lactation and gestation. (i)2nd to 12th month(1 mark)(ii)10th to 12 th month.(1 mark)(iii) 1st to 10th month.(1 mark)(b) Give two practices carried out on the incalf cow within the period from 10th to the 12th month.(2 marks)(c) State two routine practices a farmer should avoid carrying out on the incalf cow between the 10th and 12th month.(2 marks)(d) From the graph find the birth weight of the calf.(1 mark)SECTION C (40 MARKS)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided.20.(a) State five microbial activities that takes place in a rumen.(5 marks)(b) State and describe ten methods used to control livestock diseases.(15 marks)21.(a) Outline the main differences between a petrol and a diesel engine.(10 marks)(b) Give four maintenance practices of a trailer .(4 marks)(c) Describe six factors that should be considered when siting a farm structure.(6 marks)22.(a) Describe the lifecycle of a 3-host tick.(6 marks)(b) Explain the maintenance practice of a fish pond.(10 marks)(c) State four advantages of a disc plough.(4 marks)Page | 200443/1,443/2 agriculture CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS MOCK JOINT EXAM 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme SECTION A 1.- Little capital- Small parcels of land.(2 x 1/2 = 1 mk)2.Ways in which water is vital to crops.?Solvent for nutrients?Part of planting nutrients?Source of hydrogen for photosynthesis?Taken in by plant coolants and plant cell to keep them turgid.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)3.Factors influencing planning of a crop rotation programs.?Crop nutrient requirement / demand?Crop root depth?Succeptibility of crops to certain pests, diseases and weeds?Soil fertility status?Soil structural conditions.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)4.Insect pests that attack maize.?Stalk borers?Army worms?Aphids?Dusty brown beetle?Weevils?termites(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)5.Qualities of shrubs and trees for agroforestry.?Fast growth?Deep rooted?Nitrogen fixing?Good by-production production(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)6.(i) Bulbils - Sisal(ii) Splits - Pyrethrum, pasture grasses(iii) Crowns - Pineapple(iv) Setts - Sugarcane / potatoes(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)7.?Suffocants?Antifeedants?Contact poisons?Stomach poisons(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)8.Production functions.?Constant return production - Function?Increasing return production - Function?Decreasing return production - Function9.Three sources of soil acidity.?Water logging?Over use of acidic fertilizers?Acidic rain?Plant nutrient uptake(3 x 1/2= 11/2mks)10.Advantages of single stem pruning system in coffee production.?Minimise breakage of branches.?Allow easy spraying.?Economical on chemical spray.?allow easy picking.(3 x 1/2=11/ 2 mks)11.?To increase soil volume.?To remove toxic (poisonous) substances caused by the accumulation of salts.?Reduce soil erosion?Raises soil temperature.Page | 201443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Increase soil aeration.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)12.A cashbook is a book in which all transactions involving receiving and paying of cash are recorded whereas a ledger is theprincipal book of accounts containing all entries as a whole.(mark as a whole) (1 mk)13.Ed = DQ x PD P Q20 - 22 x100/20 = 2/20 x 100/ 20100 - 80= 1/2 ~ 05(2 mks)14.It inhibits bacteria growth which preserves the silage.(1 mk)15.?Moths used to control cactus.?Use of weed eating fish to control aquatic weeds.?Use of livestock e.g goats to feed on weeds to control their growth.(1 mk)16.?To provide enough moisture to a dry land.?A way of controlling weeds through flooding?A way of controlling weeds pests and diseases.?A way to reclaim land.(3 x 1/2= 11/2 mks)17.?Chlorosis?Rosetting?Leaf curling?Malformation(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)18.?The plants developed maintain parental characteristics?Disease tree plants are obtained.?Mass production of planting materials?High yielding clouds are produced.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)SECTION B (20 mks)19.(a)Leaf A is more susceptible to herbicides.(1 x 1= 1 mk)(b)Leaves are more horizontally inclined thus providing room for herbicide to accumulate.(2 x 1= 2 mk)(c)Morphological characteristics that affect selectivity and effectiveness of herbicides.?Stage of growth of plant?Age of plant?Size of the leaves?Nature of the leaf surface?Location of growing points in plants.(1 x 3 = 3 mks)20.(a)Class of fertilizerCompound / complete fertilizer(1 x 1= 1 mk)(b)Fetilizer ratio2 : 2: 1(1 x 1= 1 mk)(c)100 kg of fertilizer- 20 kg P205x kg of fertilizer-100 kg P205x = 100 x 100 ; = 500 kg ;20(4 x 1= 4 mks)21. (a)Disease illustrated - blight / late blight.(1 x 1= 1 mk)(b)Crops infected.?Irish potatoes?Tomatoes?Tobacco?Brinjals?Capsium(3 x 1= 3 mks)(c)Control measure.?Use of appropriate fungicides.?Planting resistant varieties.(2 x 1= 2 mks)(c)Symptoms.Dry patches / necrotic lesion on leaves and fruits.Page | 202443/1,443/2 agriculture Affected fruits appear rotten and falling off prematurely.(2 x 1 = 2 mks)SECTION C (40 MKS)23.(a)Pasture grass establishment.?Plough the land during dry season.?Harrow land to fine tilth.?Form the seedbed using rollers (before or after) planting.?Select the desirable variety of seed grass for the ecological zone of the area.?Plant seeds at the onset of rain or just before the rains / early planting.?Apply phosphatic fertilizer at planting time at appropriate rate of 200 - 300 kg of ssp per ha.?Use certified / healthy seed.?Drill / broadcast the seeds evenly.?Use a recommended seed rate for the variety or 1.5 - 2.0 kg/ha PAS or 15 - 10 kg / ha non - PGS?Drug a twig or gunny bag to cover the seeds lightly / plant at 3 - 5 times the diameter of the seeds.?Control weeds by uprooting or applying a suitable herbicide.?Apply nitrogenous fertilizer 6 weeks after germination in split application.?Cutback / practice light grazing in the initial phase of establishment to encourage lateral growth.?Avoid grazing when pasture is too young.(12 x 1 = 12 mks)(b)?Seed inoculation - application of a suitable inoculant to encourage nitrogen fixation in legumes.?Seed dressing - application of suitable chemicals on seeds to protect them from soil borne pests and diseases.?Seed cleaning - removal of wastes in seeds to improve seed purity.?Breaking seed dormancy - done to enhance uniform germination of planting materials.Mentioning 1/2 x 4 explanation 1/2 x 4 = 4 mks)(c)?Select seeds of the same size age and variety.?Select seeds free from diseases?Plant seeds at the same time.?Prepare seeds for the required uniform tilth.?Plant at the right moisture.?Treat seeds against soil borne pests and diseases.?Treat seeds before planting.(4 x 1 = 4 mks)24.(a)Objectives of land reforms.?Increases agricultural production through proper land use.?Enhance efficient land use.?Enhance commercial production instead of subsistence production.?Put idle land into use.?Settle the landless easing population pressure in some areas.?Enhance conservation and improvement of land and its resources.(6 x 1= 6 mks)(b)Qualities of mother plant.?Should be high yielding.?Should be resistant to diseases. (healthy)?Adaptability to environment.?Pest free.?Fast growth / early maturing.(c)Information contained on an invoice.?Date of transaction.?Discount if any.?Quantity of goods / services applied.?The unit price of goods / services.?Name and address of the seller / buyer.?Signature of the buyer.(4 x 1 = 4 mks)25.(a)Environmental factors.?Poor soil fertility / infertile soil because of failure to apply fertilizer or manure.?Damage by hailstones.?Low rainfall / unreliable rainfall / drought / aridity.?Poor soil type / result in water logging or leaching.?Excessive wind leading to increase of water loss from soil.?Extreme relative humidity (RH)Page | 203443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Topography / some altitudes e.g very high may litim crop growth.(1 x 8 = 8 mks)(b)?Vandalising of piping gadget.?Clogging of pipes.?Cutting down trees / interference with catchment areas.?Inadequate rainfall.?Pollution by industrial effluents.?Siltation due to erosion.?Inadequate water harvesting.(7 x 1 = 7 mks)(c) Factors in spacing of crops.?Height - Shorter crops require narrow spacing.?Planting tiller - Produces suckers will tend to occupy a big space thus wider spacing.?Soil fertility - Fertile soil support more hence narrow spacing that infertile soil.?Purpose of the crop - Maize for silage preparation is spaced narrowly than maize for grains.?Soil moisture - dry areas require wider spacing than wet areas.?Spreading habits - Crops that spread are spaced at wider spacing than crops that do not spread.?Number of seeds per hole - If more seeds are planted wider spacing is required.?Mechanization - Subsequent mechanical operations require crops wider spacing.?Pure stand - requires narrower spacing than intercropped crops.?Disease / pest control - proper spacing minimizes the spread of pests and disease.Mentioning 1/2 x 5, Explanation 1/2 x 5 = 5 mks Page | 204443/1,443/2 agriculture CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS MOCK JOINT EXAM 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Physical characteristics of beef cattle.?Thick muscles / well fleshed.?Blocky / rectangular in conformation?Deep chest and wide heart girth.?Have square rumps.?Short strong legs / lowly set.?Short thick neck.?Small sized udder.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)2.Factors determining nutritional requirements.?Level of production.?Weather conditions.?Body weight.?Phycological / status of the animal.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)3.Reasons for culling breeding sows.?Old-age of sow.?Low fertility / low productivity.?Difficulty in farrowing.?Less milk.?When offering show bad characteristics of the parent e.g umbilical hernia/ atrophictinition.?Prolonged poor healthy / chronic diseases / serious injury.?Poor mothering ability e.g refusing to suckle young ones, lying on young one etc.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)4.Causes of infertility in dairy cattle.?Damage of uterus.?Disease infection e.g vaginitis.?Retained placenta.?Blocked fallopian tubes?Fremationism(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)5.Uses of;(i) Spokeshave - Planing curved / round edges.(1 x 1 = 1 mk)(ii) Plumb bob - Used to determine or to check if a wall of any object is vertical / to determinea point directly above or below another point as in surveying.(1 x 1 = 1 mk)6.Function of queen bee in a colony.?Laying eggs.?Production of phoneme / queen substance which keeps colony together.(2 x 1/2= 1 mk)7.Breed - Group of animals with the same origin and similar characteristics.Type - The primary product for what the animal is reared. (2 mks) NB. Mark as a whole8.Practices carried out on eggs before incubation.?Check for abnomalities e.g meat spot, blood spot, broken shell/double yolk)?Ensure that the eggs are fertilised.?Ensure eggs are clean.?Select eggs of right weight (55 - 60 gms)(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)9.Non- chemical methods of tick control.?Burning infested pasture?Handpicking and killing ticks.?Rotational grazing Accep. Paddocking, tethering etc?Double fencing of pasture land.?Zero grazing / restrict movement of animals.?Ploughing infested pastures.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)10.Advantages of using wood as a construction material.?Easily available / locally available.?Cheaper than most materials?Light to transport.?Requires less skills in preparation.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)Page | 205443/1,443/2 agriculture11. Function of;(i) Collecting yard - for holding animals before dipping.(1 x 1 = 1 mk)12.(a) Bacterial and zoonotic.Anthrax-Brucellosis(b) Viral diseasesNew castleAfrican swine fever13.Function of calcium.?Helps in milk formation.?Helps in formation of bones / skeleton / teeth.?Helps in clotting of blood.?Helps in neve function / control milk fever.(3 x 1/2= 11/2 mks)14.Roles of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy.?Provision of food.?Source of drought power?Provide employment?Social cultural uses?Source of income(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)15.Pre-milking practices.?Putting feeds into the trough.?Assembling the milking equipment.?Putting the cow into the crush.?Putting the restraining the cow.?Washing the cows? udder.?Drying the teats with a towel.?Testing for mastitis using a strip cup.(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)16.Factors affecting digestibility of food in livestock.?Quantity of food already present in the digestive system.?Ratio of energy to protein / chemical composition of the food.?Form in which the food is fed.?Species of the animals.?Age of the animal.?Physiological condition of the animal e.g sickness.(3 x 1/2= 11/2 mks)Section B (20 marks)17. (a) Egg candling.(1 x 1 = 1 mk)(b) Examine internal conditions for abnomalities.(1 x 1 = 1 mk)(c) Should be fertilised;?Medium size?Smooth shells?Oval shaped?Fresh?Not cracked?Clean(4 x 1/2= 2 mks)(d) Disadvantages of natural incubation. ? Small scale farmers can multiply their flock. ? Less laborious. ? Less skill is required. ? Less risks involved.(2 x 1 = 2 mks)18.(a) H - Burdizzo(1 x 1 = 1)(c)- Clean after use.(b) G - Cutting overgrown hooves(2 x 1 = 2 mks)- Oil to prevent rusting.- Proper storage.- Sharpen blunt jaws.(2 x 1 = 2 mks)19.(a)(i)- Gestation period.(1 mk)(c)- Dipping(ii)- Dry period.(1 mk)- Deworming.(2 x 1 = 2 mks)(iii) Lactation period.(1 mk)(b)- Dry cow therapy.(d)30 kg(1 mk)- Steaming up.(2 x 1 = 2 mksPage | 206443/1,443/2 agriculture 20.(a)?Fermentation of food.?Synthesis of vitamin B complex / B1, B2, B6 and vitamin K?Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas.?Breaking down carbohydrates and cellulose to carbon dioxide, volatile fatly acids.?Breaking down proteins to peptides, amino acids and ammonia.(1 x 5 = 5mks)(b)?General methods of disease control.?General farm hygiene - ensure cleanliness of houses, equipment to keep pathogens away.?Drenching / deworming - controls internal parasites.?Vaccination - creates resistance diseases animals.?Control of vectors - reduce disease transmission.?Prophylactic approach / use of drugs - avoid nutritional disorders.?Slaughtering - frequently sick animals or with contiguous diseases are slaughtered to prevent spread of the diseases.?Foot trimming - minimizes occurrence of foot root.?Proper housing - avoids predisposing animals to diseases.?Proper carcass disposal - to destroy pathogens.Stating ?mk (? x 10) = 5mksExplaining 1mk (1 x 10) = 10mks21. (a) Differences between petrol and diesel engine.Petrol Engine1. Uses petrol as fuel.2. Has a carburettor to control ratio ofair-fuel intake.3. Has a spark plug to ignite air fuel mixture.4. Consumption is relatively higher.5. Has a lower compression ratio.6. Produces less smoke as petrol is completelyburnt.7. Relatively weight.8. Air and fuel first meet in the carburettorbefore ignition.9. Ratio of air / fuel is constant (15 : 1)10. A battery is very essential to start theengine.(b)? Lubricate the moving parts.? Maintain correct tyre pressure.? Clean after use.? Keep under shed (NB. not shade)? Tighten loose nuts / bolts.? Paint unpainted metallic parts to avoid rusting.(c)Diesel Engine- Uses diesel as fuel.- Does not have a carburettor but an injector pump.- Does not have a spark plug ignition is due to compress on and high temperature is relatively low. - Fuel consumption is relatively low.- Has a higher compression ratio.- Produces more smoke as diesel is not completely burnt.- Relatively heavier in weight.- Air fuel mixture meet in the cylinder before ignition.- Rationing air / fuel is not constant.- Can operate without the batter.(10 x 1 = 10 mks)(any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) ?Location of the homestead - other structures are sited where a farmer will have good view from the homestead.?Accessibility - where it is easily reached.?Drainage / topography - should be well drained site.?Wind direction - in leeward side to avoid bad smell reaching the homestead.?Soil type - sited on firm soil to provide stability of the farm building.?Proximity - to other social amenities e.g power lines water lines etc.?Farmers tastes and preferences - some farmers prefer certain sites for their own personal reasons.(any 6 x 1 = 6 mks)22.(a)?Eggs on the ground hatch onto larvae.?Larva climbs onto the first host sucks blood, gets engorged and drops to the ground where it moults into nymph.?Nymph attaches onto the second host, sucks blood, gets engorged and drops to the ground.?On the ground, nymph moults onto an adult.?Adult climbs onto the third host where it sucks blood and mates.?Adult female drops to the ground to lay eggs an start the life cycle again.(1 x 6 = 6 mks)(b) Maintenance of fish pond walls.?Regularly check pond walls for any soil erosion.?Plant grass on the walls to help control soil erosion.Pond bottom repair.Page | 207443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Check water seepage problem regularly.?It can be done by introducing an even layer of clay to seal off bottom of the pond properly.Removal of weed.s?Regular removal of all weeds that grow on the walls and around the ponds.Maintainance of appropriate level.?Maintain the same level of water in the pond by use of inlet and outlet.Inspection of the pond.?Regularly check for cracks in the walls and seal immediately.Cleaning the pond.?Once in a while drain out the pond water.?Removal stones, silt or roots that may have settled at the pond bottom.?Lime the water before refilling it with water.Removal of organic material.?Any vegetative matter or food remains should be removed as soon as they are noticed to ensure they?do not decompose.Repair fence around the pond.?Incase of worn-out posts repair / replace immediately.(1 x 10 - 10 mks)Page | 20800443/1,443/2 agriculture MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL FORM 4 EXAM - 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 1.Differentiate between(i) Arable and mixed farming(1mk)(ii) Apicultre and aquaculture(1mk)2.Give three advantages of practising agroforestry(11/2mk)3.Name three biotic factors that affect agriculture negatively(11/2mk)4.State two farming activities that may cause water pollution in the farm(1mk)5.Give two types of water pumps(1mk)6.Give two reasons why staking as a field management practice should be carried out in some crops(1mk)7.What does the term “close season” in crop production mean?(1mk)8.Define the following terms as used in crop production(1mk)(a) Roguing ...(b) Gapping...(1mk)9.Give two advantages of planting cereal crops in rows instead of broadcasting(1mk)10.Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in a tomato nursery(2mks)(i) Pricking out (ii) Hardening off 11. Give four qualities of a mother plant that should be considered when selecting vegetative materials for planting (2mks)12.State any four non-chemical methods of controlling storage pests in a maize granary(2mks)13.State four factors that effect the effectiveness of a pesticide(2mks)14.Give four ways of controlling weeds in a field of maize(2mks)15.Outline four merits of concession or company form of land tenure(2mks)16.Define the term(a) Opportunity cost(1mk)(b) Organic farming(1mk)17.(a) State two precautions that should be observed in harvesting cotton(1mk)(b) List two methods of plucking tea(1mk)18.State four benefits of budgeting to a farm manager(2mks)SECTION B ( 20 MKS)Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provide19.Below is a diagram of a weed. Study the diagram and answer the questions that followa) Identify the weed illustrated above...(1mk)b) Explain why the weed illustrated above is difficult to control(1mk)c) Name two mechanical ways of controlling the weed(2mks)d) What is “Integrated weed management(1mk)20. The diagram below shows a practice carried out on various crops on the farm. Study them carefully and answer the questionsthat follow(a) Identify the farm practice represented by B(1mk)(b) State the importance of the above practice in the following crops(4mks)Page | 20900443/1,443/2 agriculture (i) Maize ... (ii) Irish Potatoes ... (ii) Tobacco... (iv) Groundnuts ... 21. The diagram below shows a set up of an experiment to study an aspect of soil.. The set up was left undisturbed 5 hrs . Study it and answer the questions that follows: (a) What was the aim of the experiment(1mk)(b) State one observation that was made in each of the flasks labelled C and D(2mks)(c) Give a reason for each of your answer in (b) above(2mks)22.The table below shows output of maize at various quantities of D.A.P fertilier application per hectare. Study it and answerthe questions that follows : -FixedVariable inputTotal productAverage product Marginal productInput(DAP in 30kg bag)maize in 90kg(maize in 90kg(maize in 90kg bags)(land)(bags)(bags)102011512141321(a) Fill in the blank spaces in the table above to show the average product (AP) and marginal product (MP) values(b) Give two variable costs that the farmer whose production is illustrated above incurred(2mks)SECTION C (40marks)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after Question 2523(a) Describe the production of beans under the following sub-heading(i) Common varieties in Kenya(2mks)(ii) Selection and preparation of planting materials(3mks)(iii) Planting(3mks)(iv) Weeding(2mks)(b)(i) Explain five advantages of crop rotation(5mks)(ii) Explain five factors that may influence spacing of crops(5mks)24(a) Describe the safety precautions taken when using pestcides on the farm(8mks)(b) Describe the process of silage making using a ground silo.(7mks)(c) Explain five principles that govern the running of co-operative societes(5mks)25(a) Describe the process involved in water treatment using the chemical treatment system(12mks)(b) Explain eight factors that encourage soil erosion(8mks)Page | 21000443/1,443/2 agriculture MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL FORM 4 EXAM - 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 1.Give four reasons why a slasher should be maintained properly(2mks)2.Name the following(i) An exotic breed of dairy goat reared in Kenya that is brown in colour with two white stripe running from the eye to thenose(1mk)(ii) A rabbit that is white with pink eyes(1mk)(iii) .Term given to a young female pig from weaning upto when it gives birth for the first time(1mk)3.State three reasons why jersey breed of cattle is better suited for drier areas of Kenya than Friesian breed(11/2mks)4.Define the following terms as used in livestock health(i) Zoonotic disease(1mk)(ii) Predisposing factors(1mk)5.Give four ways in which livestock diseases are spread amongst animals on a farm(2mks)6.Name two types of roughage fed to livestock(1mk)7.List four differences between ruminant and non-ruminant digestion(2mks)8.State four reasons for livestock breeding(2mks)9.How long is oestrus in cows ?(1mk)10.State three benefits of steaming up in dairy goats(11/2mks)11.Give two conditions which would make it necessary to feed bees(2mks)12.List two roles of ventilation in a calf pen(1mk)13.State three disadvantages of thatch as a construction material(11/2mks)14.Give three ways by which implements are attached to the tractor(11/2mks)15.State three signs to be observed in a carcass of a cow that had died of anthrax .(11/2mks)16.Give two common vices that birds reared under deep litter system show(1mk)17.Name the hormone that stimulates milk-let-down in cows(1mk)18.What is dry cow therapy?(1mk)19.List three posssible effects of overheating of a tractor engine(11/2mk)SECTION B ( 20 MKS) Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided 20. A farmer wants to prepare 100kg of a livestock feed containing 16% Digestible Crude Protein (D.C.P.) Using the pearson?s square method , calculate the quantity of wheat ( 10% D.C.P) and sunflower seed cake (34 % D.C.P) the farmer requires to make the feed(4mks)21 The diagrams below illustrates some farm tools. Study them and answer the questions that follows(a) Identify the tools labeled K and M(2mks)(b) State the use of the tools labelled L and N(2mks)(c) Explain one maintenance practice carried out on the part labelled X in tool L(1mk)Page | 21100443/1,443/2 agriculture 22. The diagram below illustrates a cross-section of a fish pond. Study it and answer the questions that follows:-(a) Identify the parts labelled P and Q(2mks)(b). State the role of the part labelled R(1mk)(c) Expalin two maintenance practices done on the part labelled Q(2mks)23. Below is a diagram illustrating a farm implement , study it and answer the questions that follow(a) Identify the implement.(1mk)(b) State:(i) The role of the part of the implement labelled Y.(1mk)(ii) Two uses of the implement on the farm.(2mks)(c) List two maintenance practices done on the implement.(2mks)SECTION C ( 40 MARKS)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 2624.(a) Describe nine Management practices that a farmer should carry out to improve milk production in a low yielding herd ofdairy cattle.(9mks)(b) State five disadvantages of natural incubation in chicken rearing(5mks)(c) Describe six control measures for tapeworms (Taenia spp) in livestock .(6mks)25.(a) Describe milk fever disorder in dairy cows under the following subheadings(i) Cause(1mk)(ii) Symptoms(7mks)(iii) Control measures(2mks)(b) State and explain five factors that a farmer should consider when siting a beehive(10mks)26(a) Describe the management of a sow ten days before farrowing(8mks)(b) State six advantages of the battery cage system of rearing layers(6mks)(c) Describe six limitations of animal - drawn implements compared to tractor-drawn implements(6mks)Page | 212443/1,443/2 agriculture MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL FORM 4 EXAM - 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.(i) Arable farming involves growing of crops only while mixed farming involves rearing livestock and growingcrops on the same piece of land at the same time( 1 x 1=1mk)(ii) - Apiculture : Rearing of bees in bee hivesAquaculture : Rearing of fish in fish ponds( 1 x 1=1mk) (mark as a whole in each cases)2.?Source of income?Source of wood fuel?Aaesthetic value?Leguminous plants fix nitrogen?Environmental benefits like control erosion?(must give at least an example)?Source of timber/ poles etc?Release nutrients after decomposition?Some trees have a medicinal value3 x 1/2 = (11/2 mk)3.?Parasites?Pests?Pathogens?Predators3 x 1/2 = (11/2 mk)4.?Excessive use of in organic fertilisers?Excessive use of pestcides?Poor cultivation practices eg cultivation along river banks /overgrazing /overcultivation2 x 1/2 = (1mk)5.?Hydram?Semi-rotary?Centrifugal /rotar dynamic?Piston reciprocating pump2 x 1/2 = (1mk)6.?Make cultural practices easy eg spraying?Prevents discolouration of fruits?Prevents fruits from getting dirty?Control soil borne pests/diseases?Maintains quality of the fruits2 x 1/2 = (1mk)7.A period during which a particular crop is not supposed to be grown on a given area so as tocontroldiseases/pests(1 x 1 = 1mk)8.(a) Roguing - Removal and destruction of pest/ disease attacked plant(1 x 1 = 1mk)(b) Gapping - Replacement of dead seedling/seeds that failed to germinate(1 x 1 = 1mk)9?Saves on seeds/economical on seeds?Easy to get correct plant population?Makes subsequent operations easy (Acc. Example)?Possible to mechanise farm operations2 x 1/2 = (1mk)10.(i) Done to enable seedlings to grow vigorously and healthy /avoid overcrowding in the (primary) nursery(1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) Carried out to make seedlings get used to the actual field conditions(1 x 1 = 1mk)11.?High quality?High yielding?Disease resistant?Fast growth/early maturity?Healthy /disease free?Adaptable to the environment where to be planted.Page | 213443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Pest free4 x 1/2 = (2mks)12.?Making the granary vermin proof/use of rat guards?Cleaning the store?Clearing bushes around the store?Timely harvesting?Store grains free from pests?Drying maize to the proper moisture content4 x 1/2 = (2mks)13.?Concentration of pestcide?Timing of application?Weather conditions?Persistence4 x 1/2 = (2mks)14.?Cultivation?Uprooting?Mulching?Application of herbicides?Slashing weeds4 x 1/2 = (2mks)15.?Government benefits from taxes?Employment opportunities are created?Saving on importation which in turn saves on foreign exchange?Good management hence efficiency in production4 x 1/2 = (2mks)16.(a) The returns of value from the best alternative foregone1x 1 = (1mk)(b) Farming without use of any agricultural chemicals1x 1 = (1mk)17.(a)?Should not be done when wet?Pick weekly for maintenance of quality?Avoid using sisal bags?Avoid mixing seed cotton with leaves & twigs?Dry the picked cotton further before dispatch for maintenance of quality2 x 1/2 = (1mk)(b)?Fine plucking /light plucking?Coarse plucking/hard plucking2 x 1/2 = (1mk)18 .?It assists in estimating the resources required for production?It is useful when negotiating for farm credit?It is important in decision making especially when comparing alternative projects?Helps to reduce uncertain?Encourages efficiency in order to meet projected targets?Helps in periodic assessment & analysis of farm business?Assists in estimating future taxes on farm income4 x 1/2 = (2mks)SECTION B - 20 MARKS19(a) Oxalis /sorrel1x 1= (1mk)(b) Presence of underground bulbs which survive weeding /herbicides etc1x 1= (1mk)(c) - Cultivation- Uprooting- Slashing2x 1= (2mks)(d) The use of more than one method at the same time in the control of weeds1x 1= (1mk)20(a) earthing up1x 1= 1mk)(b)(i) Provides support(1x1=1mk)(ii) Enhances tuber formation and expansion(1x1=1mk)(iii) Helps in drainage(1x1=1mk)(iv) Enhances seed formation & expansion(1x1=1mk)21(a) To investigate the presence of living organisms in the soil/show soil has living organisms(1x1=1mk)(b) Flask C- Lime water turns milky(1mk)Page | 21400443/1,443/2 agriculture Flask D - Lime water in D remains clear(1mk)(c) C- Lime water in flask C turns milky because living organisms in that fresh soil exhale carbon (iv) oxide during respiration leading to the formation of a white precipitate leading when carbon (iv) oxide comes into contact with some water D- Lime water in flask D remains clear because the soil doesn?t contain living organisms since they were burned to death 22. (b) ?Cost of maize seeds?Cost of fertilizer?Cost of casual labour?Cost of pestcide?Cost of herbicide(2x1=2mks)SECTION C (40mks)23(a)(i)?Rose coco/ GLPZ?Mwezi moja /GLP 1004?Canadian wonder /GLP24?Wairimu/red haricot?Mexican 142?K74?Mwitemania ( Any 2x1=2mks)(ii)?Select varieties suited to the ecological conditions?Select dry mature seeds?Select round seeds free from physical damage and wrinkles?Dress seeds with appropriate chemicals to control soil borne pests?Obtain seeds from a reputable source/certified seeds(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)(iii)?Make shallow furrows/holes at a depth of 3-5 cm using appropriate tools?Apply phosphatic fertiliser at a rate of 200kg/ha during planting appropriate fertilizer at appropriate rates?Place 2-3 seeds per hole and cover it with soil?Use spacing of 30-50cm by 10-15cm depending on the variety ( Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)(iv)?Shallow cultivation weeding done to avoid root damage?Avoid weeding during flowering stage to prevent knocking down flowers?Weed when dry to avoid spread of diseases when wet?Keep field weed free during early stages of growth(Any 2 x 1= 2mks)b(i)?Inclusion of legumes improves soil fertility?Controls pests and diseases by disrupting their life cycles?Controls weeds which are specific to certain crops eg striga in cereals - cover crops smoother weeds whenalteredwith row crops?Maximum utilisation of soil nutrients ie draw nutrients?from different horizons/ different crops have different nutrient demands?Grass leys help to improve soil structure?Cover crops reduce soil erosion(Any 5 explained point x 1 = 5mks)(ii)?Growth habit ; Tillering, spreading crops require wider spacing?Intended use /purpose of the crop: maize for silage making is planted at a closer spacing than for grain production?Type of machinery to be used; spacing used shouldallow free movement of machinery to be used?Moisture content/amont of rainfall: High moisture content/high rainfall allow closer spacing / low rainfall may necessitatewider spacing?Number of seeds per hole; where more than one seed per hole is planted wider spacing is usedPage | 215443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Soil fertiliy : Fertile soil allows closer spacing compared to infertile soil?Pests and disease control: properly spaced crops make it difficult for pests to move from plant to plant?Inteplanted crops;crops interplanted with others require wider spacing(Any 5 explained points x 1 = 5mks24(a)?Read manufacturer?s instructions?Wear protective clothing?Avoid inhaling the herbicide?Take a bath after handling chemicals?Avoid herbicide drift into unintended crops?Avoid blowing/sucking nozzles?Avoid spilling leftovers on pastures or fodder?Properly dispose off left over and empty?containers?Avoid washing equipments in water sources used by animals and humans?Store herbicides out of reach of children away from food?Thoroughly wash the equipments used(Any 8x1=8mks)(b)?Cut the crop at appropriate stage of growth and wilt to 65-75% moisture content?Crop is chopped and put into silo, compacting every 10-12cm layer.?Silo is filled as rapidly as possible .?Ensiled materials should be checked regularly for temperature .?For higher temperature (than 2.20c) add water and reduce compaction.?For temperature below 32-20c increase compaction and dry materials.?-Ensiled materials should be covered with a polythene sheet/layer of dry grass to protect it from water and air?Silo is covered with a thick layer of soil maintaining the ridge appearance.( 7 x 1= 7mks)(c)?Education : The co-operative society educates its members on relevant information through?journals barazas etc?Loyalty : All members are supposed to be loyal to the activities of their society .?Open membership: Members are allowed to join the co-operative on voluntary basis regardless of race sex status.?Equal rights: The co-operative is run on a one man one vote basis?Share limit: Each member is allowed to own shares upto a maximum limit to prevent dominance by one member?Co -operative principle: Every co-operative should co-operate with others at District, national and international levels?Political and religios stability - Members should be non-partisan religiously or politically?Non-profit motive( service to all members)?Co-operatives are run on non-profit basis(Any 5 Explained point x 1 = 5mks)25(a)?Filtration at water intake water is made to pass through a series of sieves to remove particles;?Softening of water soda ash is added to soften water?Coagulation and sedimentation alum is added in a coagulation and sedimentation tank; sediments settle at the bottom;? Water is stored for 36 hrs to kill bilhazia worms;? The tank is left open to remove bad smell;?Filtration water passes through filtration tank where remaining solid particles are removed;?Chlorination chlorine is added in chlorination tank to kill micro-organisms;?Storage Water is stored in a larger tank before distribution;(b)?High rainfall intensity amount?When heavy rainfall (drops) hit the ground with force it splashes water and soil High volume of water saturate soil within ashort time leading to run-off?Steep slope/topography- the steeper the slope, the higher the speed and erosive power of run-off?Poor soil structure Sandy soil erodes faster as it gets saturated with water quickly?Overstocking - leads to ovegrazing leaving soil bare exposing it to erosion agents trampling of soil by animals has erosiveeffect on soils?Deforestation :Exposes soil to agents of erosion?Burning of vegetation - Exposes land to erosive forces of rain and wind?Clean weeding - Leaves soil unprotected from agents of erosion especially water?Ploughing up and down the slope- helps move soil down the slope?Overcultivation-Leads to overloosening of soil causing increased erodibility?Planting annual crops on steep areas - Enhances loosening of soil hence erosion( Any 8 Explanations x 1= 8mks)Page | 21600443/1,443/2 agriculture GATANGA SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 1.Name four conditions of land which may make it necessary to carry out reclamation practices.(2mks)2.List three physical agents of weathering in soil formation procers.(11/2mks)3.State four factors that are considered when classfying crop pests(2mks)4.Name three examples of leguminous fodder.(11/2mks)5.Give two examples for each of the following types of cost incurred in dairy production .(2mks)(a) Variable cost ...(b) Fixed cost ...6.Give three factors to consider when choosing the type of labour to use in the farm.(11/2mks)7.State four functions of Agriculture Society of Kenya (A.S.K.).( 2mks)8.State three methods of harvesting trees in Agroforestry.(11/2mks)9.Name the part harvested for each of the following.(11/2mks)(a) Tomatoes...(b) Coffee...(c) Irish Potatoes ...10.Name four records that should be kept by a pig farmer.(2mks)11.Give four ways of harvesting water in the farm.(2mks)12.Give four factors that influence the number of secondary cultivation in seedbed preparation.(2mks)13.Differentiate between pomoculture and Olericulture.(1mk)(a) Pomoculture ...(b) Olericulture ...14.State four characteristics of plants used as green manure.(2mks)15.List four roles of calcium in plants .(2mks)16.Give two ways of hardening off vegetables seedlings in a nursery bed.(1mk)17.Mention three ways of crop protection as field management practice .(11/2mks)18.Define the term Economic injury level as used in pest control .(1mk)SECTION B ( 20 MKS)Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided19.Below are crops weeds(i) Identify the weeds labelled .(2mks)(ii) Give one reason why weed J is difficult to control.(1mk)(iii) Classify the above weeds based on plant morphology .(2mks)20. The diagram below shows a method of crop propagation . Study it and answer the questions that follows : -Page | 21700443/1,443/2 agriculture (a) Identify the method of propagation done.(1mk).(b) Name one crop that can be propagated by above method .(1mk)(c) State three disadvantages of the above method in crop propagation.(3mks)21. Below is a set up of an experiment to study an aspect of soil. The set up was left undisturbed for 5 hours.(a) What was the aim of the experiment ?(1mk)(b) State the observation made in each flask I and II.(2mks)(c) Give a reason for each of your answer in (b). Above(2mks)22. The graph below is an illustration of a law in agricuctural economics.(a) Which is the rational zone of production?(1mk)(b) Give the reason for your anser in (a) above(1mk)(i) Explain what would happen in each of the three zones marked I , II & III in relation to fertilizer inputand maize output .(3mks)SECTION C (4OMKS )Answer any two questions in this section23.(a) Describe the properties of nitrogenous fertilizer .(6mks)(b) Describe cultural methods of controlling soil erosion.(8mks)(c) Describe the problems of marketing Agricultural produce .(6mks)24(a) Describe production of dry beans under the following subheadings.(i) Land preparation(3mks)(ii) Planting(3mks)(iii) Disease control(2mks)(iv) Harvesting(2mks)(b) Outline five advantages of land consolidation in Kenya.(5mks)(c) Explain five physical measures used to control pests in the farm(5mks)25. The following is accounts information prepared by Undugu farm in 2016.PurchasesFeeds-2,000/=Seeds-1,000/=Fertilizer-1,300/=Fuel-1,500/=Tools & Equipment-10,000/=During the year, the farm made the following salesWheat - 40,000Cabbage - 35,000Milk -10,000The farm also expects Ksh. 6,000 from a neighbouring farm for firewood delivery .Page | 21800443/1,443/2 agriculture GATANGA SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 1.Give the appropriate term that refer to each of the following .(11/2mks)(a) Mature female sheep ...(b) Castrated chicken ...(c) Mature male goat...2.Name two nutritional diseases in cattle .(1mk)3.State four methods of dehorning livestock .(2mks)4.State four causes of egg eating in a flock layers(2mks)5.Name the strokes in a 4 -stroke cycle engine.(2mks)6.State four signs of mite attack in poultry .(2mks)7.Distinguish between the following terms as used in livestock health.( 4mks)(a) Isolation & quarantine(b) Curative drug & prophylactic drugs.8.State four disadvantage of fold system in poultry rearing(2mks)9.State four practices carried out on fish before preservation(2mks)10.State four structural requirement of a calf pen(2mks)11.State four maintenance practice carried out on a spray race(2mks)12.Name three categories of pig feeds according to the stage of growth(11/2mks)13.List four reasons for treating timber before roofing farm building(2mks)14.Name four bacterial diseases in livestock(2mks)15State the function of the following farm tools and equipment(11/2mks)(a) Wire stainer ... (b) Trocar & Canula ... (c) Soil Auger ... 16.Name the hormone that hinders milk let down( 1/2mks) SECTION B ( 20 MKS)Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided17.The diagrams below illustrates an external parasite of livestocka) Name the parasite(1mk)b) State two harmful effects of the above parasite(2mks)c) State two control measure of the above parasite(2mks)18 A dairy farmer is required to prepare 200 kg of dairy meal containing 20% digestible crude protein (D.C.P.) Using thepearson square method . Calculate the quantity of soya bean 40% D.C.P and rice 16% D.C.P. the farmer requires for thedairy meal(5mks)19. Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follows: -(i) Identify the implements labelled :(1mk)(ii). Outline two advantages of implement B over A(2mks)(iii) State the functions of the parts labelled V and W(2mks)Page | 21900443/1,443/2 agriculture 20. The diagram below illustrates a method of identification in livestock production . Study the diagram and answer the questions that follows. (i) Name the type of identification illustrated above(1mk)(ii) Give identification number of the animal illustrated in the diagram.(1mk)(iii) Using diagrams illustrate how you can identify animals number 24 and number 36 with reference to abovediagram.(2mks)(iv) Other than the method used, name any other method of identification.(1mk)SECTION C ( 40 MARKS)Answer Two questions in this section in the spaces provided21.(a) Discuss Gumboro disease under the following sub heading(i) Animal affected(1mk)(ii) Causal organism(1mk)(iii) Symptoms(6mks)(iv) Control measures(2mks)(b) Outline five factors to consider when culling dairy cattle(5mks)(c) State five advantages of live fence(5mks)22.(a) Describe the difference between diesel and petrol engine(10mks)(b) Outline ten advantages of artificial insemination in livestock breeding(10mks)23.(a) Describe the digestive system of a poultry under the following sub-heading(i) Crop(2mks)(ii) Proventriculus(1mk)(iii) Gizzard(3mks)(iv) Duodenum(3mks)(v) Caecum(1mk)(b) State six characteristics of dairy cattle(6mks)(c) State four reasons for maintaining farm tools $ equipments(4mks)Page | 220443/1,443/2 agriculture GATANGA SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Four conditions of land that necessiate reclamation.?Tsetsefly infestation.?Water logging.?Aridity.?Steep slope.(4x 1/2 = 2mks)2.Listing three physical agents in the soil formation process .?Water .?Temperature .?Moving ice .?Wind.1/2 x 3 = (11/2mks)3.four factors considered while classifying crop pest.?Mode of feeding.?Crop attacked.?Stage of development of the pest.?Stage of growth of the crop attacked.?Scientific classification.?Level of damage.?Habitat.(4x 1/2 = 2mks)4.three examples of leguminous fodder desmodium?Lucern?Clover?- Styro(3x 1/2 = (11/2mks)5.Examples of types of costs in dairy production(a) Variable costs.?Feeds.?Treatment.?Casual labour.1/2 x 2 = (1mk)(b) Fixed cost?Permanent labour .?Milking machine .?Chaff cutter.1/2 x 2 = (1mk)6.Three factors that should be considered when choosing type of labour to use on the farm.?-Skills .?Cost.?Scale of production.1/2 x 3 = (11/2mk)7.Four functions of Agriculture Society of Kenya.?Organises Agriculutral shows & exhibition.?Assist in milk recording scheme.?Organises & runs young farmers clubs.?Publishes the Kenya stud book.?Organises National ploughing contest.?Publishes the Kenya farmer Magazines .4 x 1/2 = (2mks)8.Three methods of harvesting trees in Agroforestry.?Coppicing .?Pollarding .?Pruning .?Lopping.?Thinning.3 x 1/2 = (11/2 mks)9Naming the parts harvested in the following crops.(a) Tomatoes - fruit.(b) Coffee - Berries .(c) Irish potatoes - stem tuber.Page | 221443/1,443/2 agriculture 10. Four reasons kept by a pig farmer -Health records.- Breeding records-Feeding records- Production records-Labour records.11. Four ways of harvesing water in the farm?Ponds.?Wells.?Weir.?Dams.?Rock catchment.?Micro catchment.?Roof catchment.12. Four factors that influence the no of secondary cultivation.?Soil moisture.?Slope of the land /topography.?Size of planting materials.?Condition of the land after primary cultivation.13. Differentiate between pomoculutre and olericuluture.- Pomoculuture- Growing of fruits.- Olericulture- Growing of vegetables.14. Four characterstics of plants used for green manure?Highly vegetative /leafy.?Fast growth rate.?High nitrogen -content /leguminous.?Ability to rot quickly.?Ability to grow in poor soils.15. Four roles of calcium in plants.?Strengthening of plant tissues/cell walls.?Promote the formation- aggregates/improves soil aeration?Help in protein synthesis.?Raises soil PH.16. Two ways of hardening vegetable seedlings in anursery bed.?Gradual removal of shade.?Reduction of the rate of watering.17 . three crop protection ways.?Weed control .?Pest control.?Disease control.18 . Defining the term Economic injury level as used in pest control . Refers to a situation where pest population causes damage beyond tolerance. 1x1 = (1mk) SECTION B - 20 MARKS 19 . Weed identification (i) Weed J - Nut grass/sedge. K- Sodom apple .2x 1= (2mks)(ii) One reason why weed J is difficult to control. Presence of underground nut that propagate vegetatively (1 x 1 = 1mk) (iii) Classification - based on plant morphology. J - Narrow leafed weed. K- Broad leafeds weeds.(1x 2= (2mks)20 . Identify the method of crop propagation.(a) Tissual culture.1x 1= (1mk)(b) Banana, aloevera.1x 1= (1mk(c) Three disadvantages of the above method-Its expensive.-Requires skills .-Labour intesive.-Need special equipment.3x 1= (3mks)21 Aim of the experiment.(i) To show that soil has living organismsobservations made inI- Lime water turns milky/white precipitateII- Lime water remains clear.(1x2=2mks)(ii) Reasons for the above observation .I- living organisms respired giving out co2 that mixes with lime water making it to turn milky.Page | 222443/1,443/2 agriculture II- Heating of the soil kills the soil living organims hence no respiration and no change of lime water. (1x2 =2mks)22(a) Rational zone of production zone II(1mk)(b) Reasons for (a)The output reaches maximum; maximum utilization of input( 1x1=1mk)(c) Relationship between fertilizer input &Maize output Zone I - Additional input of fertlizer leads to increase in Maize output(1mk)Zone II - Additional input of fertlizer results into increase in Maize output at a decreasing rate uptomaximum is reached(1mk)Zone III - Any further addition fertilizer input results into decline/decrease in maize output(1mk)SECTION C23.(a) Describe the properties of nitrogenous fertilizer(6mks)?They are highly soluble in water.?They are easily leached to lower horizons beyond the root zones of most crops .?Short residual effect; hence the need to apply them frequently.?Scorching effect; thus should not come into contact with any part of the plant especially foliage.?Highly volatile; can easily change to gaseous form and escape.?Highly hygroscopic; they absorb moisture from atmosphere thus should be stored under dry conditions.?Highly corrosive, they corrode the epithelial cells lining and palm of the hand; thus should not be handled with bare hand(b) Describe the cultural methods of controlling soil erosion?Grass strips/filter strips - reduce speed of surface run off.?Cover cropping; establishment of a crop that spreads over the surface to prevent movement caused by the impact of raindrops.?Contour farming; tillage and planting is done across the hill to create ridges of earth which hold up water and reduce thespeed of surface run off .?Mulching: covering the soil with either organic matter such as crop residues; it prevents splash erosion , reduce speed ofsurface run-off .?Cropping systems; eg crop rotation; when grass is included it binds soil particles together rotational grazing ; allows soil timeto recover after a period of grazing.?Strip cropping .They control the movement of soil particles and help in controlling soil erosion.?Grassed /vegetated water ways: - Grass is planted to grow in depression preventing further erosion and reduce speed ofsurface run-off .?Afforestation / Re - afforestation ; involves planting of trees where they never existed or planting them where they have beencut; thus helps in binding soil particles together?Agroforestry - Growing of trees help to improve the output of the soil.(c) Problems of marketing agricultural produce?Perishability - Most Agricultural produce go bad easily e.g fruits , vegetables, milk etc?Seasonality - Most agricultural produce are available in certain parts of the year?Bulkiness - Heavy to transport and require large space to store?Storage - Expensive to construct . Some produce require special conditions to store eg refrigiration?Poor transport system - Poor road network from rural areas to urban centres?Changes in market demand - Agricultural produce have elastic demand; change with flactuation of market prices?Lack of market information - hence farmers are exploited by middlemens.Mark any six well explained points 1 x6 (6mks)24 (a) Bean production.(i) Land preparation .3mks?Clear the vegetation .?Plough land using a disc or mould plough .?Plouging before the onset of rains.?Harrow the seed bed to a medium titlth .(1x3 = 3mks)(ii) Planting?Done at the onset of rains.?During long rains , planting is delayed to avoid rotting of crop.?Planting done at a spacing of 30-45 cm x15 cm?Place 2-3 seeds per hole.?Apply DAP at rate of 200kg /ha before planting?The seed rate is 50-60kg /ha.1x3= 3mks(iii) Disease control?Disease includes bean rust, anthracnose, halo blight , mosaic and angular leaf spot?Plant resistant varieties?Fungicide?Crop rotation?RogueingPage | 22300443/1,443/2 agriculture NB- mark any disease mention 1mk Control 1mk Total 2mks (iv) Harvesting. ?Uprooting dry beans.?Uprooting done in the morning when the weather is cool to minimise shattering of pods.?Gasher uprooted plants on sacks?Threshing and winnowing is done.1 x 2 = 2mks(b) Advantage of land consolidation.?Title deed can be used to secure loan.?Land disputes are minimised.?It encourages investment on long term (permanent project) .?The accupant can lease all the land or part of it to get extra income.?Possible to carry out farm mechanisation?Soil and water conservation. Measures can be done1 x 5 = 5mks(c) Physical measures used to control pests.?Use of lethal temperatures: control pink ballworm in cotton.?Proper drying of produce;make it difficult for pests to penetrate.?Flooding ; Drown pests like cutworms and moles.?Suffocation; structures like heometic cyprus bins increase build up of co2 thus suffocating them.?Physical destruction of pests; done through hand picking or trapping followed by killing them.?Use of physical barriers; these prevents pests from reaching the produce e.g. rat guard/metal deflection?that deactivate the enzymes?Use of electromagnetic radiation .(mark any 5 well explained points25. Is a financial statement showing whether the business made profit or loss .( 1x 1 = 1mk)(b) Factors that influence soil formation?Parent materials- Different types of rocks weather at different position determines soil texture.Chemical composition influence chemical properties eg PH. ? Climate - Rainfall provides water that percolates through them making them crack. Temp 0c increase chemical physical processes therefore crack . Wind carries forign materials , that hit against stones accelerating weathering . ?Living organisms/biotic factors.Small animals like moles mix the soil . Wedging of plant roots between rocks . Micro-organisms extracting minerals from soil making it weak. Man?s activities break up rock e.g. mining ?TopographyInfluence movement of weathered material through erosion . Steep slopy areas have younger soil. Flat areas have deeper soils. Affects drainage. ?TimeDifferent types of rocks have efficient times of weathering.Soils that take longer to form are deep & mature.Soils in hilly areas are shallow & young.Page | 224443/1,443/2 agriculture GATANGA SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme1.(a) Mature female sheep(b) Castrated chicken(c) Mature male goatEweCaponbilly/buck1//2.Nutritional diseases .bloat .milk fever.2 x 3 = (11 2 mk)1/ 2 x 2 = (1mk)3.Methods of dehorning in cattle? Use of caustic potash stick .? Use of disbudding iron.? Use of dehorning saw or wire.? Use of rubber ring and elastrator .? -Use of dehorning collodion.4.Cause of egg eating? Lack of calcium .? Presence of broken or soft shelled eggs.? Bright light in the nest.? Idleness.? Inadequate nest/eggs on the floor .5.Strokes of 4 stroke engine .? Induction .? Compression.? Power.? Exhaust .1/1/ 2 x 4= (2mks)1 / 2 x 4 = (2mks) 2 x 4 = (2mks)6.Signs of mite attack.?Irritation .?Loss of health.?Poor feeding leading to emaciation .?Loss of production .?Restlessness .?- Anaemia .1/2 x 4 = (2mks)7.Terms used in : -(a) Isolation and quarintine Isolation : - Separation of sick animals from healthy ones Quantitine : Restriction of the movement of animals or animal products from one region to the other due to notifiable disease outbreak . (b) Curative drug: - Drug used for treatment of sick animals. Prophylactic drug- Drug used for controlling preventing the disease e.g coccidiostats.1x4 = (4mks)8.Disadvantages of fold system in poultry.?Few birds are kept per fold.?Laborious to move fold, from place to place.?Difficult to keep individual egg production record .?Folds don?t last long.1/2 x 4 = (2 mks)9Practices carried out on fish before preservation.?Cleaning the fish to remove mud and any worm?Removing scales.?Opening the fish on the side to remove the gut and instestines (gutting) .?Cleaning the abdominal cavity thoroughly .?Keeping fish in open container .1/2 x 4 = (2 mks)10.Structural requirement of a calf pen.?Concrete floors for easy cleaning.?Adequate space to allow exercise.?Single housing to prevent licking each other .?Proper lighting for synthesis of vitamin D .?Proper drainage to prevent infection .Page | 22500443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Draught free to prevent cold winds that may cause pneumonia .?leak proof roof to avoid wetness.1/2 x 4 = (2 mks)11. Maintenance practice carried out on a spray race?Repair broken rails.?Repair worn out floors.?Regular cleaning.?Unblock blocked nozzles.1/2 x 4 = (2 mks) 12 Categories of pig feeds according to the stage of growth (i) Creep feeds. (ii) Finisher meal. (iii) Sow and weaner meals.1/2 x 3= (11/2 mks)13. Reasons for treating timber?To prevent warping?Prevent attack by pests eg fungi?Prevent rotting due to weather change?Prevent insect attack1/2 x 4 = (2 mks)14.a) Bacterial disease?Anthrax- Calf pneumonia?Black quarter- Foot rot?Brucellosis- Folw typhoid?Mastitis1/2 x 4 = (2 mks)15. (a) Wire strainer - stretching the barbed wire during fencing . (b) Trocar and canula - Relieving bloat (c) Soil auger - Scooping soil samples from a hole / diging a hole . 1/2 x 4 = (1 1/2 mks) 16. Hormone that hinders milk let down - Aldrenaline1/2 x 1 = ( 1/2 mk)SECTION B17.(a) Identity the parasite(1x1= 1mk)Tick(b) Harmful effects of the parasite?Vector of diseases.?Cause anaemia.?Destroy quality of hides and skins.?Cause wounds that are route for secondary injection.(1x2= 2mks)(c) Control measures?Burning infested pastures.?Ploughing pasture land.?Using acaricides.?Fencing off pasture land .?Sterving ticks to death throught rotatonal grazing.?Hand picking and killing(1x2= 2mks)18Rice = 20/24 x 200kg = 166.7 kgs(1mk)Soya beans = 4/24 x 200kg = 33.3 kgs(1mk)19 . (i) A= Mouldboard plough.B= Disc plough .1/2 x 2 = (1 mk)Page | 22600443/1,443/2 agriculture (ii) Advantages of B over A ?Can be used in a field with obstacles due to rolling action of the disc.?Not easily broken by obstacles as it rides over them.?Requires less power to pull when operating.1 x 2= (2mks)(iii) Functions of partsV- Cut furrow slices.W- Stablize implements /balancing.- Adjust depth of ploughing.1 x2 = (2mks)20.(i) Ear notching1x1 = 1mk(ii)401x1 = 1mk(iii)1x1 = mk(iv)?Ear tagging?Tatooing?Neck chain /strap?Branding1x1= 1mkSECTION C40MKS21(a) - Gumbro disease(i) Animals affectedChicken, turkeys, pigeons and ducks mark any 1 (mk)(ii) - Casual organismvirus ( Birna virus)1x1= 1mk(iii) Symptoms?The gland above the vent (Bursa) becomes swollen.?Decrease in egg production.?Birds develop respiratory problems.?Loss of appetite.?Affected birds show low water intake.?Sever immuno - suppression.?High mortality rate due to hot weather.( 1x 6 = (6mks) Mark any 6(iv) Control measures?Vaccination of birds?Use vitamin B12 for manufacture of blood1 x 2 = (2mks)(b) Five factors considered when culling dairy cattle?Old age?Physical defects?Decrease in level of production /poor performance?Poor health?Infertility?Aggressive behaviour?Poor mothering abilityMark any 5 pointsPage | 227443/1,443/2 agriculture ( 1 x 5 = 5mks) (c) Advantages of live fence ?Cheap and eaty to establish since seedlings can easily be raised.?Tall varieties such as ke; apple act as wind breaks.?For an aesthetic value /beauty .?Roots hold the soil firmly thus controling soil erosion.?Species such as Lantana camara acts as livestock feeds.?When trimmed, they are source of fuel, organic matter and fuel.?Some species have medicinal value.?Thorny species are effective in preventing intruders.NB (mark any 5 points.1 x 5 = (5mks)22(a) Differences between diesel and petrol engingPetrol Engine1. Has a carburettor2. Fuel and air are mixed 3. Fuel is ignited by electric 4. Produces little smoke5. Light in Weight6. Suited for light duties 7. Produce less power8. Uses petrolDiesel EngineHas injection pumpFuel &air are mixed within the in the caburettor cylinder Fuel is ignited by compression air & fuel mixture in the cylinder Alot of smokeHeavy in weightSuited for heavy dutiesProduce more powerUses diesel(mark any 5 well differentiated (10mks) (b) Advantages of artificial insemination.?Easy to control inbreeding.?Controls transmission of breeding diseases .?Reduces expenses of keeping & maintaing a bull.?Semen from one bull can be used to serve many cows.?Semen can be stored for a long time even after the death of a bull.?It elimates dangerous & aggressive bull from the farm?Its useful research tool where by offsprings of one bull are studied & their characteristics.?Semen of a good breed can be made available in remote areas.?Infertility or sterility can be easily detected .?Large bulls don?t injure small cow.?Farmers who may not afford to keep a superior bull can use artificial insemination to impact good qualities in the offsprings.23.a) Digestive system of poultry . (i) Crop - Temporary storage of food. Moistening food with water.(1 x 2 = 2mks)(ii) Proventriculus. Production of pepsin enzyme.( 1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) Gizard - Tough muscles that slide.Contain Grit /sand the bird picks from soil .Crush / grind food into paste.( 3 x 1 = 3mks)(iv) Duodenum?Pancreatinc amylase - convert starch to maltose.?Lipase enzyme - Convert lipids to falty acids at glycerol.?Trypsin - Converts proteins to peptones andpeptides3 x 1 =3mksv) Caecum?Microbial digestion of cellulose.?A bsorb water & by-product of micro-bial digestion.(1x1=1mks)(b)Characteristics of dairy cattle(6mks)?Straight topline.?Well developed hindquarters.?Large well developed udder.?Prominent milk veins .?Lean bodies with little flesh / pin bone visible.?Large stomach capacity.?Docile with wild temparament .4 x 1= 4mks(c)Reasons for maintaining farm tools & equipment?Increase durability?Reduce replacement cost?Increase efficiency?Avoid injury to the user?Avoid damage to the toolAny 4x1 = 4mksPage | 22800443/1,443/2 agriculture KIGUMO SUBCOUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 1.Give three ways in which inorganic fertilisers are classified(11/2mks)2.State four advantages of communal land tenure(2mks)3.List four factors that affect the quality of silage(2mks)4.State three advantages of using sleeved tree seedlings(11/2mks)5.Name four details that can be entered in a dairy cattle production record(2mks)6.Give four characteristics of horizon A in a soil profile(1mk)7.State four factors that influence the seed rate in maize production( 2mks)8.Give three desirable characteristic of agroforestry trees and shrubs(11/2mks)9.Identify the most suitable method of irrigation in each of the following cases :(2mks)(a) Growing tomatoes in a green house ...(1/2mks)(e) Growing paddy rice ...(1/2mks)(c) Raising seedlings in nursery bed ...(1/ 2mks)10. List three post harvest practices that may be carried out in French beans(21/2mks)11. State four importance of undertaking primary tillage in crop production(2mks)12. A farmer requests a seed company to supply him with seeds. Name four financial documents that maybe drawn for the transaction(2mks)13. Give two cultural methods of controlling pests in an established field of cabbages(1mk)14. List four ways in which organic manures improve soil fertility(2mks)15. Name three types of capital that a farmer requires in the management of his farm(11/2mks)16. State four government policies that influence Agriculture in Kenya(2mks)17. List four farming practices that encourage soil erosion(2mks)SECTION B ( 20 MKS)Answer all the questions in this section is the spaces provided18. Below is a diagram of a type of soil structure. Study it and answer the questions that follow(a) Identify the soil structure illustrated above(1mk)(b) Give two ways in which the structure illustrated above limit crop yields(2mks)19 A farmer applied 500 kg of compound fertiliser 20-10-10 on his farm(a) Calculate the amont of K2O that he applied(1mk)(b) How much filler material did he apply(2mks)(c) Work out the fertliser ratio of the fertiliser applied(1mk)20. Below are diagrams of planting materials used in crop production. Study them and answer the questions that follow : -(a) Identify the planting materials M, N, O and P(2mks)(b) State one treatment given to material given to material O in preparation for planting(1mk)(c) Name one crop that is propagated using the material labelled N(1mk)Page | 22900443/1,443/2 agriculture 21. The diagrams below represent methods of drainage used on the farm . Study them and answer the questions that follows: a) Identify the drainage methods R and S(1mk)b) Give one advantage of method S over method R(1mk)c) Name two other methods of drainage used on the farms(1mk)22. When the price of eggs per tray dropped from Ksh. 250 to Ksh. 200 eggs sales increased from fifty to sixty trays . Calculateelasticity of demand(3mks)23. Below are diagrams illustrating common weeds. Study them and answer the questions that follow(a) Identify weeds P and Q(1mk)(b) For each of the weeds above give one harmful effects to livestock(2mks)SECTION C ( 40 MARKS)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 2624(a) Ezplain five ways through which soil can lose fertility(10mks)(b) Describe five ways by which a farmer can adjust to risks and uncertainity(5mks)(c) Describe five ways in which temperature influence agriculutre(5mks)25.(a) Describe production of dry beans under the following subheadings(i) Preparation of planting materials(3mks)(ii) Planting(4mks)(iii) Weed control(3mks)(b) State five advantages of minimum tillage in crop production(5mks)(c) Give five marketing functions of Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA)(5mks)26(a) Describe five cultural methods of controlling crop diseases(5mks)(b) Describe seven field management practices carried out in the production of annual crops(7mks)(c) Describe four structural methods of controlling soil erosion(4mks)(d) State four conditions that may encouragae diseases in a vegetable nursery(4mks)Page | 23000443/1,443/2 agriculture KIGUMO SUBCOUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 1.Name the tools used for the following management practices in livestock(a) Ear notching ...( 1/2(mk)(b) Deworming ...( 1/2(mk)2.(a) Define the term starch equivalent( 1/2(mk)(b) State three factors that affect digestibility of animal feeds(1 1/2mk)3.List four equipments used when harvesing honey from a Kenya top bar hive(2mks)4 Name two methods of brooding in poultry(1mk)5.State four livestock management practices carried out in a crutch(2mks)6 State four short term services of a tractor(2mks)(b) Name four bacterial diseases of cattle that are likely to be contracted through wounds(2mks)7.Give two reasons for tooth clipping in pigs(1mk)8.List four categories of produce stores used in the farm(2mks)9.Name(2mks)(a) Two meat sheep breeds ...(1mk)(b) Two methods of grafting ...(1mk)10. State two functions of the queen bee in colony(1mk)11. Name four functions of lipids in livestock feeds(2mks)12. What is the intermediate host of a livestock?(1mk)13 List two materials used in construction of a green house(1mk)14. Give four advantages of feeding a lamp on colostrum(2mks)15. State two advantages of the disc plough brought about by the rotating disc(1mk)16. Name four species of fresh water fish reared in Kenya(2mks)17. State four reasons for clipping the upper beak of a chicken in poultry management(2mks)18. Name two parasites that attack a bee colony(1mk)SECTION B ( 20 MARKS )Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided19. Study the illustrations shown below and answer the questions that follow(i) Name the type of combs shown by the birds(2mks)(ii) State the genetic concepts that can be exploited in order to modify the above trait(1mk)20. Study the illustration of a farming practice shown below(a)(i) Identify the above method of restraining cattle(1mk)(ii) When is the above practice normally carried out?(1mk)21. A bull weighing 1000kg is slaughtered for sale as meat. The total dressed carcas weight was noted to be 800kg(a) Calculate the kill out percentage of the animal . Show your working(2mks)(b) Giving a reason state wheather the breed of the bull was the most appropriate for beef(1mk)Page | 23100443/1,443/2 agriculture 22 Observe the illustration of part of a fence shown below (i) Identify the part of fence(1mk)(ii) Idenfity the parts labelled A and B(2mks)(iii) Identify one way by which the above structure has been reinforced(1mk)(iv) Name two other types of dead fences(2mks)23. Study the diagram of a sick cow?s udder below and answer the questions that follow.(a) Identify the disease that the cow is suffering from(1mk)(b) List three conditions that predispose a cow to the disease in (a) above(3mks)24. Study the diagram of a farm structure below and answer the questions that follows:(i) Identify the farm structure(1mk)(ii) Name the part labelled M and N(1mk)SECTION C ( 40 Marks)Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 27ection25.(a) State five symptoms of liver fluke infestation in livestock(5mks)(b) Describe five ways in which farm structures facilitate improved agricultural production(5mks)(c) Give the functions of any five parts of a mould board plough(10mks)26.(a) Explain five factors to consider when selecting a dairy cattle breeding stock(10mks)(b) Describe brucellosis under the following subheadings(i) Animals effected(2mks)(ii) Symptoms(3mks)(iii) Control(5mks)27.(a) State five advantages of battery cage system of poultry management(5mks)(b) State five diffrences between ruminant and non-ruminant digestion(5mks)(b Describe management of dairy calves from birth to weaning in artificial calf rearing(10mksPage | 232443/1,443/2 agriculture KIGUMO SUBCOUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme1.? Effect on soil PH? Time of application? Mode of application? Nutrients contained2.? No problem of landlessness /solves problem of? landlessness? It allows for free livestock movement? Land disputes are minimised? Land fragmentation does not occur? Land is allowed to rest as pasture requerates3.? Type of fodder used/ species of fodder used? Stage of harvesting? Water contents of ensiled material? Speed of ensiling? Temperature in the silo? Level of compactionRej. Additives4.? Roots are not disturbed during tranplanting? Seedlings can be easily transported without darmage? Seedlinga can be easily stored to await favourable? planting conditions? Seedlings grow faster taking shorter nursery times? Can be packed in a small area for easy management5.? Identify of cow/name of cows? Dates? Time of milking? Amount of milk produced per cow/yield per cow? Total amount of milk produced/yield per lactation period6.? Dark in colour? High humus contents? Rich in nutrients? Well aerated? Many living organisms7.? Germination percentage of seeds? Purity of the seeds? Intended use of the maize? Spacing of the crop12.? Purchase order? Invoice? Delivery note? Receipt13.? Rogueing? Weed control/destruction of alternative hosts? Trap cropping? Timely harvesting14.? Adds nutrients to the soil? Increase water holding capacity of soil? Improve soil structure? Reduce toxicity of plant poisons? Enhance microbial activities like decomposition? It buffers soil PH15.? Fixed capital? Working capital? Liquid capital16.? Conservation of natural resources? Diseases and parasites control? Price control? Provision of subsidised inputs? Regulation of importation of agricultural products? Zero taxation of agricultural machinery? Teaching of agriculture in schools? Regulation of exportation of agricultural product17 .? Overstocking? Clean weeding? Clearing bushes by burning? Planting annual crops on steep slopes? Ploughing up and down the slope? Cultivating along river banksSECTION B18. (a) Platy structure/platy soil structure(b)? Inhibit root penetration in the soil? Inhibit/impends drainage? Encourage soil erosion by encouraging runoff duringrains2x1 = (2mks)19 . (a) Amount of K 0 = 10 x 500 = 50kg ?Number of seeds planted per hole28.100?Fast growth(b)100-Total mass of nutrients x Amount of fertliser?Nitrogen fixation100?Deep rooted= 60 x 500 = 300kgMax = 2mks?Efficient by-product production1009(c) Fertiliser ratio:?Drip irrigation2:1:1 ( 1x1=1mk)?Basin irrigation20 a) M= Bulbil rej. Bulb?Overhead irrigationN= Vine10.O- Stem tuber (rej tuber)?Sorting and gradingP- Stem cutting (rej cutting )?Cleaningb) Chitting/sprouting1x1 = 1mk?Processingc) Sweet potatoes?Packaging21. a) R- Open ditch11S- French drain?Remove weedsb) It does not interrupt operations like planting?Loosen soil facilitating water infiltrationNo space is lost for growing crops?Makes planting easyc)?Destroy soil borne pests by exposing them predators?Cambered beds?To Burry organic matter enhancing decomposition?Pumping?Make subsequent operations easier?Planting treesPage | 23300443/1,443/2 agriculture22 Elasticity of demand = % change in quantity% change in price= (60-50) 10050(250-200 ) 100250= 1023 a) P - Doubble thorn /oxygonium sinuatumQ - Thorn apple/Datura /Datura stramoniumb) P- Irritating to livestock1x1 = 1mkQ- Poisonous to livestock 1x1=1mkSECTION C24 a)? Leaching -nutrients washed down beyond reach of plant roots? Soil erosion - fertile top soil carried away by water wind andother agents? Salination - Salts accumlate in the soil intefering with growthprocesses like germination , nutrient absorption etc? Continous cropping leading to depletion of crop nutrients in thesoil? Burning vegetation - causing accumulation of some nutrients totoxic levels at the site of burning, and loss of nutrients in gaseous forms.? Change in PH- nutrients become unavailable under extreme PHconditions crops grow well within certain PH ranges? Monocropping - results in accumulation of pests and diseases ;depletes soil of the nutrients required by the particular crop leading to low yiedsb)? Diversification to avoid overeliance on one enterprise? Selecting more certain enterprises? Insurance against risks? Input rationing to reduce loss in case of failure? Flexibility in production to make change easy? Contracting to secure/guarantee market? Adopting modern farming methodsc)? Temperature influence crop distribution /livestock distribution? Influence quality of some crop products? Influence crop growth rate? Soil temperature influence seed germination? Influence disease and pests prevalence25(a)? Remove pest infested /damaged seeds? Remove broken, wrinkled seeds? Dress the seeds with appropriate chemicals against soil bornepests? Inoculate seeds with right strain of rhizobium bacteriaii)? Plant beans at the onset of rains except in long rainy seasonswhen crop may rot? Place seeds in shallow furrows /holes? Place 2 to 3 seeds per hole? Plant at a spacing of 30-45 cm x 15cm? Use a seed rate of 50-60 kg/hectare? Apply 200kg of DAP per hectare at time of planting(ii) Weeds are controlled by hand weeding? Maintain the field weed free? Avoid knocking off flowers during weeding? Weed when field is dry to avoid spreading of diseases(b)? Reduce soil disturbance, thus preserving soil structure? Minimise roof distrubance? Reduce soil water loss through evaporation? Reduce cost of production? Help control soil erosion? Avoid exposure of soil organic mat to adverse effect by thesum 5 x 1 = 5mks(c)? Buying and assembling tea? Transportation of tea? Processing of tea? Storage of processed tea? Grading and standardisation? Financing marketing process? Selling of processed tea? Collecting and analysing market information /market research5 x 1 = 5mks26(a)? Using healthy planting materials to ensure healthy crop? Growing disease resistant varieties? Field hygiene to minimise infection/transmission? Control of vectors/control of pests to avoid spread? Proper drying of cereals before storage to avoid aplatoxins? Practicing crop rotation to break disease cycles? Proper spacing of crops during planting to reduce building ofdisease causing organisms micro climates? Heat treatment of planting materials eg sugarcane setts toeradicate causual organisms? Contorl of weeds to eliminate alternate hosts of causalorganisms5 x 1 = 5mksc)? Use of cut off drains to divert excess water from crop land? Stone line/trash line to trap soil in run off /slow down waterrun off? Terrracing to reduce speed/erosion power of run off /enhance? Porous dams/gabions to filter back soil? Use of bunds to trap soil from run offd)? Overcrowding of seedlings? Over shading? Pest attack/vectors? Related previous crop? Excessive watering of nursery? Planting disease infected seeds Page | 234443/1,443/2 agriculture KIGUMO SUBCOUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme1.a Ear notcherb Drenching gun? Bolus gun? Capsule carrier2.(a) Amount of energy produced by a given amount of feed as compared to the energy produced by the sameamount of starch(b)? Chemical compositio of feeds? Species of the animal? Quntity of feed already in the animals digestive system? Ratio of protein to energy in the feed? Form in which food is taken3.? Protective gear/ clothing? Honey container/bucket? Hive tool? Bee brush? Smoker4? Natural brooding/use of a broody hen? Artificial brooding/use of a brooder5? Vaccination? Spraying against parasites? Identification of the animal? Treating sick animals /administering drugs? Dehorning? Pregnancy test? Artificial insemination? Taking body temperature? Hoof trimming? Milking6(a)? Check and adjust engine oil level/level of oil in the oilsump? Fuel level check and adjustment? Check and adjust water level in radiator? Check and adjust level of electrolyte in battery? Check and nuts and bolts? Remove large sediments from sediment bowl? Check and adjust tyre pressure? Check and adjust tension of fan belt? Check and oil shaft bearing? Grease nipplesb? Mastitis? Anthrax? Black quarter? Foot rot7.? To reduce incidences of injuries between piglets /toprevent injuring mothers teats? To facilitate proper feeding8.? Silos? Traditional granary? Modern granary? Cyprus bins9(a)? Dorper? Blackhead persian? Red Maasai(b)? Whip/tongue grafting? Side grafting10? Lays eggs for procreation? Produce pheromones to keep colony / together controlthe colony11? Constituent of body cells /part of body cell? Carry soluble vitamins A, D, E & K? Insulate body/prevent body heat loss? Provide energy when stored in reserves12Water snail /muds nail13? Metal/wooden frames? Translucent materials/polythene sheets14? Its highly digestible? Highly nutritious /contains vitamins? Highly palatable? Cleans the bowel/laxative effect? Has antibiotics for building disease resistance15? Able to roll over obstacles minimising damages? Rotating disc; reduces traction power? Rotating disc; inverts the furrow slice? Able to work on trashy fields efficiently16? Trout? Nile perch? Tilapia? Cat fish/ mud fish17 .? Avoid cannibalism? Avoid egg eating? Avoid toe pecking? Avoid feather plucking? Controls fighting among chicken18.? Ants? Wax moth? Bee louse? Honey badger Page | 235443/1,443/2 agricultureSECTION B ( 20 MKS )19(a)(i)A- Single combB- Walnut combC- Rose combD-Pea comb(ii) EpistasisGene dominance and recessiveness20(a)(i) Casting(ii) When preparing the animal for body observation/examination Immobilise animal for routine practices21(a) Killout percentage = Dressed weight x 100 x1/2Live weight= 800 x 1000 x11000= 80%x1(b) Its a good beef breed because its kill out percentage is above 60%22(i) Wood gate1 x 1 = 1mk(ii) ABarbed wire rej. wire only onlyBCorner post1 x 1 = 1mk(iii) Have a strut to reinforce the corner post 1x1mk(iv)? Wall fence? Wooden fence? Trench fences23(a) Mastitis1mk(b)? Incomplete milking? Poor udder attachment? Early lactation? Poor sanitationc )? Poor milking techniques? Mechanical injuries? Age3 x 1 = 3mks24(a) Kenya Top bar hive ( rej. Hive )(b) M- wire loop rej. wire onlyN- EntranceSECTION25(a)? Swollen and painful abdomen? Pot - belly? Anaemia? Dullness / animal is depressed? Emaciation/loss of weight /loss of condition? Animal suffer indigestion? Damage to the liver and haemorrhage? Swollen lower jaw5 x 1 = 5mks(b)? Facilitate handling of animals eg crutch? Help modify growing conditions for crops eg greenhouse? Protect livestock from predation eg livestock houses? Provide security to the farm eg fences? Facilitate keeping of livestock under artificialconditions e.g bee hive and fish ponds? Protect agricultural produce from damage by weathereg granary? Facilitate control of parasites and diseases in livestockeg cattle dips/spray races? Facilitate mixed farming eg fences to separatepastureland from crop land5 x 1 =5mks Beam- Add to the weight of the plough for better penetration- Provide attachment for other plough partsDisc coulter- Cut furrow slices vertically separating them from unploughed landShare- Cut furrow slices horizontally- Contribute to turning of furrow slicesMouldboard - Turn furrow slices/invert furrow slicesLandside- Counteracts side thrust exerted on plough by turning furrow slices to stabilise ploughDepth wheel - Used to control depth of ploughingCross shaft- Used to attach plough to tractorTop link attachment - Provide attachment to tractor Skim counter - Remove soil from disc counter26(a) Factors selecting dairy cattle breeding stock?Age - Select young animals; more fertile, longer , production period?Health - Good health ; more fertility, more healthy off springs?Level of milk production high producers better ; give more yield?Physical appearance - Physical confirmation must suit the dairy animals?Physcial fitness - strong; fit; to enable mating and take foetal weight?Temperament: - Animal should be easy to handle, not hostile/ docile animals are choosen?Adpatability to local enviroment ; Suit to existing climatic constrains?Quality of milk; Higher milk quality producers are better stocksB(i)?Sheep?Cattle?Goats?Pigs(ii)?Spontaneous abortion / premature birthPage | 236443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Yellow / brown sunny odourless discharge from vulva after abortion?Low libido in bulls?Barreness /infertility?Retained after birth in case of late abortion(iii)?Practice artificial insemination?Culling affected animals?Maintain cleanliness in animal houses?Attendant should carefully handle after births to avoid contact?Vaccination of young animals against brucellosis27(a)?Higher egg production?Egg eating and cannibalism are controlled?Clean eggs are produced?Birds do not contaminate feed and water?Easy handling of layers?Many birds are kept in a small space?Low labour requirements?Broodiness is discouraged?Accurate eggs production records can be kept?System is easily mechanisedb) RuminantNon -ruminant- Have four chambered- Have one chamberedstomachstomach- Chew cud- Dont chew cud- Have no ptyalin in saliva- Have ptyalin in saliva- Most digestion and absorption- Most digestion andtake place in the rumenabsorption take place inthe small instestines- Regurgitate food- Do not regurgitate food- Produce alkaline saliva- Produce neutral saliva- Can digest cellulose- Can not digest cellulose(c)?Ensure calf starts breathing immediately after birth /administer artificial respiration?Remove mucus as soon as the calf in born/allow cow lick the calf dry .?Cut and disinfect umbilical cord?Ensure calf feed on colostrum within eight hours .?Feed calf on colostrum for the first four days?Introduce whole milk or milk replacer after the fourth day.?Feed calf on milk equivalent to a tenth of its body weight per day.?Feed the milk in two or three splits?Feed calf on warm milk/feed calf on milk at body temperature?Provide adequate clean water?Weigh calves regularly?Identify calves?Put calf in clean dry pen?Control external parasites?Drench /deworm/control internal parasites?Vaccinate against diseases?Castrate male calves that are not meant for breeding?Remove extra teats?Debud /dehorn?Introduce solid food from third week?Remove milk gradually towards weaning?Wean calf at 8 weeks in early weaning or 16 weeks in late weaning.Any 10x1=10mksPage | 23700443/1,443/2 agriculture MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 1.State two ways in which agriculture contributes directly to the development of industries.(1 mark)2.State three reasons for processing farm produce before selling.(1? marks)3.State four disadvantages of using organic manure in crop production.(2 marks)4.State four ways in which land reform is being implemented in Kenya.(2 marks)5.Name six agricultural statutory boards in Kenya.(3 marks)6.State three features considered when choosing water pipes.(1? marks)7.State four methods used for harvesting water in a farm.(2 marks)8.State four reasons for controlling weeds in a pasture.(2 marks)9.List three characteristics of intensive farming system.(1? marks)10.Give two roles of microorganisms in the soil that are beneficial to crops.(1 mark)11.State two factors that favour surface irrigation.(1 mark)12.Explain how each of the following leads to loss of soil fertility.(1 mark)a) Leachingb) Monocroping.(1 mark)13.For each of the following micro-element stated below, give one function in plant.(1 mark)a) Zincb) Boron14.State any four problems a dairy farmer may face in marketing of milk.(2 marks)15.State three functions of 4-K clubs in Kenya.(1? marks)16.Name two types of labour records.(1 mark)17.Name four methods of drainage that can be used to reclaim a marshy area.(2 marks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer ALL the questions in this section.18.The diagram below illustrates methods of tree harvesting.ABa) Identify the methods of tree harvesting illustrated above.(2 marks)b) Name three products the farmer can get after carrying out the practise illustrated above.(3 marks)19. The diagram below show an important operation carried out during land preparation.Ridge Furrow a) Identify the field operation illustrates above.(1 mark)b) State four reasons for carrying out the practice named in (a) above.(4 marks)20. The diagram below shows a set up of an experiment to study an aspect of soil. The set up was left undisturbed for five hours. Study it and answer the questions that follows; Rubber cork StringFresh gardensoil in muslinbagstongly heatedLimegarden soilin muslin bagwaterConical flask Page | 238443/1,443/2 agriculture i)What was the aim of the experiment.(1 mark)ii) State one observation that was made in each of the flasks labelled C and D.(2 marks)iii) Give reasons for each of your observation in (ii) above.(2 marks)21.a) The following information was extracted from Mr. Mambo?s farm records for the year ending 30th June 2015. Study itand prepare a profit and loss account for the farm.(4 marks)KshRent received10,000Egg sales60,000Repair of tractor30,000Interest on bank loan20,000Opening valuation80,000Tax paid40,000Closing valuation90,000Purchases of farm inputs90,000Debts received from farmer?scooperative society100,000Maize sale55,000b)Did the farm make a profit or loss?(1 mark)SECTION C : (40 MARKS )Answer ANY two questions from this section.22.a) Explain the factors that should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise.(15 marks)b) Explain five roles of farm manager in agricultural production.(5 marks)23.Describe the establishment of kales under the following subheadings;a) Nursery establishment(7 marks)b) Nursery management(5 marks)c) Transplanting of seedlings(8 marks)24.a) Explain five factors that determines the correct spacing of crops.(10 marks)b) Discuss cultural methods of controlling crop diseases.(5 marks)c) Explain the role of trees in soil and water conservation.(5 marks)Page | 23900443/1,443/2 agriculture MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A ( 30 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided 1.Name a vitamin deficiency that is responsible for curled toes paralysis in chicks.(1 mark)2.List down four behaviouristic activities which would indicate that the chicks in a brooder are under stress.(2 marks)3.State two advantages of timber as a construction material of farm buildings.(2 marks)4.List down two appropriate hand tools needed to finish off the handle of a fork jembe.(1 mark)5.Put down four qualities of good beef.(2 marks)6.State one way by which balanced feed ration contributes to diseases control in livestock.(1 mark)7.Give one reason why a cow suffering from milk fever should never be given medicine ovally.(1 mark)8.Outline four factors that would accelerate depreciation of farm tools.(2 marks)9.a) What is a notifiable disease?(1 mark)b) List four notifiable disease in Kenya.(2 marks)10.Outline three factors that lower the quality of concrete.(1? marks)11.When is it recommended to carry out the following livestock feeding practices?(2 marks)a) Flushingb) Steaming up12.Name two dual-purpose breeds of cattle.(1 mark)13.Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock production.(1? marks)a) Pulletb) Giltc) Steer14.Give the use of each of the following equipment used by dairy farmers.(1? marks)a) Milk strainerb) Milk churnc) Strip cup15.State four signs of broodiness in a hen.(2 marks)16.Name the livestock disease/disease condition caused by each of the following organisms;(2 marks)a) Salmonella gallinarum b) Ascaris lumbricoides 17.Explain the following as applied in tractor engines.(1? marks)a) Firing order b) Compression ratio c) Compression ignition engine 18.State two human factors that influence the quality of honey.(2 marks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer all the questions in this section19.The diagram below shows a type of livestock identification method.321201530455040a) Give the method of identification indicated by the diagram above.(? mark)b) Which is the most appropriate method of identification for animals with light skins.(? marks)c) State the tool used in the method in the diagram shown above.(? mark)d) Write down three importance of livestock identifications.(1? marks)e) Give one reason why a programmed administration of antihelminitics is cattle is vital.(1 mark)f) Other than a dosing gun name two other tools used to administer antihelminitics.(1 mark)Page | 24000443/1,443/2 agriculture 20. The diagrams below show a variety of garden tools used for nursery bed preparation. A B C D a) Identify the tools labelled A, B, C and D.(2 marks)b) Name another tool that can be used in place of tool B.(? mark)c) State three maintenance practices on tool C.(1? marks)d) Give the best ratio of cement, sand and gravel for marking deep foundations of farm buildings.(2 marks)21. A student is in the process of determining quantities of ingredients to make a livestock ration using the feed computation method illustrated below.Cerealb ran20% DCPECotton seedcake 50%DCP15F a) Name the feed computation method illustrated above.(1 mark)b) Determine the values of E and F.(2 marks)c) What will be the percentage of digestible crude protein (DCP) in the feed that the student intends to make? (1 mark) d) Except the method of feed computation illustrated above name one other feed computation method. (1 mark) 22. The illustration below shows an ox-drawn mouldboard plough. Study it and answer the questions that follow. M Handle bars BracesLKGFrogU boltLand slideHDraftroda) Name the parts labelled G, H, J and K.b) State the use of the parts labelled L and M.c) Give two uses of the plough illustrated above.SECTION C (40 MARKS)Answer any TWO questions from the section.23. Explain the management .of broilers in a deep litter system. 24. a) Describe the importance of keeping farm animals healthy.HakeJLand wheel(2 marks)(2 marks)(1 mark)(20 marks)(10 marks) b) How does the digestion of food in pigs differ from that of ruminants.(10 marks)25. a) Explain five care and maintenance practices carried out on a tractor battery.(10 marks)b) Name five components /parts of a plunge dip and state the use of each.(10 marks)Page | 241443/1,443/2 agriculture MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Two ways agriculture contributes to development of industries??supply raw materials to industries?acts as a consumer / market for industrial goods?provides capital to set up industries2 x ? = 1mk2.Three reasons for processing farm produce before selling?increase market value?make packaging / storage / handling / transportation easy?change into a more utilisable form / to meet taste and preference of consumers?reduce bulkiness3 x ? = 1?mks3.Four disadvantages of using organic manure in crop production?low nutritive value?loss of nutrients if poorly stored?difficult to quantify the amount of nutrients?bulky / difficult to store, apply and transport?likelihood of spread of diseases, pests and weeds 4 x ? = 2mks4.Four ways land reform is being implemented in Kenya?land consolidation?land redistribution?land settlement and resettlement?tenancy reforms?subdivision?improved land legislation?land adjudication and registration / issue of title deed4 x ? = 2mks5.Six agricultural statutory boards in Kenya?Kenya tea development agency / authority?national cereals and produce board?coffee board of Kenya?pyrethrum board of Kenya?horticultural crop development authority?Kenya sisal board?cotton board of Kenya?Kenya sugar board?National irrigation board?Agricultural finance cooperation?Agricultural development cooperation?Kenya meat commission?Kenya cooperative creameries6 x ? = 3mks6.Three features considered when choosing water pipes?durability?strength / ability to withstand pressure / thickness of the pipe wall?diameter / size of the pipe?workability / manoeuvrability of the pipe?colour3 x ? = 1?mks7.Four methods of harvesting water in a farm?pond / water pans?dams / weirs?roof catchment?rock catchment?retention ditches / level terraces4 x ? = 2mks8.Four reasons for controlling weeds in a pasture?higher quality?higher quantity of forage?avoid / minimise poisonous weeds?minimise competition?minimise spread of diseases?reduce cost of production4 x ? = 2mks9.Three characteristics of intensive farming system?intensive uses of labourPage | 242443/1,443/2 agriculture ?higher capital investment?requires high level of management skills?uses modern farming technologies?gives high returns per unit area?high stocking rate in livestock rearing e.g. zero grazing unit3 x ? = 1?mks10.Two roles of micro-organisms in soil that are beneficial to crops?help to decompose organic matter / residue / release nutrients from organic matter?some produce toxic substances that may kill some soil borne pathogen?some micro-organisms fix atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates2 x ? = 1mk11.Two factors favouring surface irrigation?relatively flat areas / topography?soil with high water holding capacity and high capillarity?source of water / large water supply / amount of water available2 x ? = 1mk12.a) Leaching-nutrients are carried away by infiltrating water deep into the lower horizons / layers far from reach by plant roots1 x ? = ?mkb) Monocroppingnutrients are absorbed by crops and some get exhausted1 x ? = 1mk13.Functions for each of elementa) Zinc formation of some growth hormones used in reproduction process1 x ? = 1mkb) Boron- used in absorption of water- sugar translocation in plant1 x ? = ?mk14.Four problems faced by dairy farmer when marketing milk?lack of market information?price fluctuation?delayed payments?special containers are required to handle milk e.g. milk can / churn some of which are very expensive?poor / lack of proper transportation e.g. lack of vehicles, poor roads and high transportation expenses?needs a storage facility which the farmer may not afford due to milk perishability4 x ? = 2mks15. Three functions of 4K clubs in Kenya?exposing the youth to existing and improved agriculture technologies?carrying out agricultural projects to show that agriculture can be a profitable profession?developing and enhancing leadership qualities among the youth?participating in field trips to places of agricultural interest?using the youth as agents of change by taking part in competitive show3 x ═ = 1?mks16.Name two types of labour recordsmaster rolllabour utilisation analysis2 x ? = 1mk17.Four methods of drainage used to reclaim marshy areas?use of open ditches?use of French drains?use of cambered beds?use of underground drain pipes?planting trees (water lovers)?pumping4 x ? = 2mksSECTION B :18.a) Methods of harvesting treesA - pollardingB - coppicing2 x 1 = 2mksb) Three products a farmer may get after harvesting trees?fodder?wood fuel?timber?post / poles3 x 1 = 3mks19.a) Identity of field operationridging1 x 1 = 1mkb) Four reasons for carrying out the above named operation?encourage expansion of tubers?facilitates harvesting of root crops?control soil erosionPage | 243443/1,443/2 agriculture ?help to conserve moisture4 x 1 = 4mks20.i)To show the presence of living organism in the soil1 x 1 = 1mkii) C - lime water formed white precipitate / turned milky D - lime water remained clear1 x 1 = 1mkiii) Reasons for observations in (ii) above C - living organisms in fresh garden soil in flask produced carbon IV oxide during respiration which turned lime water milky / formed white precipitate1 x 1 = 1mkD - lime water in flask D remained clear because living organisms had been killed hence no respiration occurredNo carbon IV oxide was released1 x 1 = 1mk21.Profit and loss account of Mr. Mambo?s farm for the year ending 30th June 2015Purchases and expensesSales and receiptsshsctsshsctsOpening valuation80,00000Rent received10,00000Purchases and farm input90,00000Egg sales60,00000Tax paid40,00000Debt receivable100,00000Interest on bank loan20,00000Maize sale55,00000Repair of tractor30,00000Closing valuation90,00000Total260,00000Net profit55,00000315,00000315,00000SECTION C :22.a)The factors considered when selecting a farm enterprise?the period / time the enterprise will take to mature?availability of market for the produce?the size of land available for the enterprise?the current government policy relating to the enterprise?the common pest / parasites and diseases that may hinder the enterprise implementation?technical skills required to manage the enterprise / availability?profit margin in relation to the price fluctuation at different times of the season / year?availability of infrastructure to allow good communication?availability of proper security for the enterprise?availability of enough capital / money?availability of inputs?suitability of soil to the enterprise?land tenure system?social cultural factors / religious beliefs and customs?land topography / drainage?taste and preferences of the farmer15 x 1 = 15mksb) Five roles of farm manager in agricultural production?making short term plans which involves making quick decision to avoid losses e.g. parasite, disease or pest control incase ofoutbreak?making long term plans which involves making decisions that relates to future on the farm e.g. construction of zero grazingunit?gathering information related to farm enterprise e.g. price trends and labour trends?comparing standards of the farm enterprise with the set standards?detecting weakness and constrains in the farm and finding appropriate solutions?keeping upto date farm records and accounts?bearing responsibilities for the plans and decisions made in the farm?implementing farm decisions and plans5 x 1 = 5mks23.a) Nursery establishment?clear the site if bushy?dig / prepare the site to a fine tilth / desirable tilth?remove roots and stones from the site?prepare nursery bed at 1-1.5m wide by any convenient length?prepare raised / sunken bed depending on soil moisture content?level the nursery bed?make shallow drills 10-15cm apartPage | 244443/1,443/2 agriculture ?apply phosphatic fertilizer in the drills and mix it well with soil?drill / place seeds evenly along the drills?apply a thin layer of mulch?water the nursery thoroughly7 x 1 = 7mksb)Nursery management?remove the mulch as soon as seedlings emerge and erect a shade?water the nursery twice a day / regularly / morning and evening?remove weeds as they come?thin young seedlings if they are overcrowded?control diseases by applying appropriate chemicals?control pests by appropriate pesticides?harden off seedlings / remove shade and reduce watering interval gradually5 x 1 = 5mksc)Transplanting of seedlings?water nursery bed thoroughly before transplanting?dig planting holes at the appropriate depth of 10cm and correct spacing of 60-90cm by 60cm?select healthy and vigorously growing seedlings?uproot seedlings carefully with a ball of soil around the roots to avoid root damage and ensure quick establishment / use ofgarden trowel?transplant on a cloudy day / late in the afternoon?transplant seedling carefully to the field using suitable means?place phosphatic fertilizer / manure in the planting holes and mix it thoroughly?place insecticide in planting holes to prevent pest / soil borne pest?place seedlings in the planting holes at the same depth as they were in the nursery bed?apply mulch or erect a shade?water the seedlings thoroughly8 x 1 = 8mks24.a)Five factors determining correct spacing of crops?type of machinery used - wide spacing should be used where machinery are to be used to allow them to pass?growth habit of the crop - spreading and tillering crops requires wider spacing?pest / disease control - proper spacing discourages movement of pest and disease causing organisms from one plant to another?use / purpose of crop - crops for fodder production are spaced closer than those for grain production?moisture availability - closer spacing is recommended in areas receiving high rainfall?size of the plant - tall varieties requires wider spacing than dwarf varieties?soil fertility - closer spacing is recommended in more fertile soils because they can support high plant populationb)Cultural methods of controlling crop diseases?planting healthy materials?planting disease resistant varieties?proper seedbed preparation?practising field hygiene?proper spacing of crops?proper drying of cereals and pulses to prevent mould in store?heat treatment e.g. controlling ratoon stanting diseases in sugarcane5 x 1 = 5mksc)Roles of trees in soil and water conservation?roots binds the soil particles together improving soil structure?trees reduces loss of soil moisture through evaporation?trees acts as windbreakers?trees reduces the speed of runoff?their leaves decay increasing organic matter / humus in the soil?leguminous trees fix nitrogen in the soil5 x 1 = 5mksPage | 245443/1,443/2 agriculture MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme SECTION A : 1.Vitamin responsible for curled toe / paralysis in chicksvitamin B2 (Riboflavin)1 x 1 = 1mk2.Behaviouristic activities in chicks which would indicate stress?fighting?cannibalism?moving away or close to the heat source?gasping for air?extending wings?characteristic sound? x 4 = 2mks3.Advantages of timber as a construction material?its very cheap?its attractive / creates beauty?easy to work with?is mostly locally available1 x 2 = 2mks4.Hand tools to finish off handle of a fork jembe?crosscut saw / tenon saw?back saw?spokeshave / circular plane? x 2 = 1mk5.Qualities of good beaf?tender?desirable / good flavour?juicy?lean / well marbled?cherry red1 x 2 = 2mks6.Ways in which balanced ration control diseasesit prevents deficiency diseasesit gives animal ability to resist diseases1 x 1 = 1mk7.Reason for not giving medicine to a cow suffering from milk fevercannot be able to swallow the medicinethe medicine may get into the lungs thereby promoting lung fever which would speed up death1 x 1 = 1mk8.Factors that would accelerate depreciation of farm tools?wrong use of the tool?lack of proper maintenance?faster changes in technology (absolescence)?quality of the tool? x 4 = 4mks9.a) Notifiable diseaseits a disease whose outbreak must be reported to government authorities1 x 1 = 1mkb) Notifiable cattle diseases in Kenya?rinderpest?foot and mouth?anthrax?lumpy skin disease?rabies? x 4 = 2mks10.Factors that lower quality of concrete?impurities?wrong mixing ratios?quick / premature drying?large size of aggregates? x 3 = 1?mks11.a) Flushingshort period before and after matingb) Steaming uplast weeks of gestation1 x 2 = 2mks12.Dual purpose breeds of cattle?Sahiwal?Brownish swiss?Red poll?milk shorthorn? x 2 = 1mk13.Meaning of the following termsPage | 246443/1,443/2 agriculture a) Pullet young female bird - 8 weeks to point of lay b) Gilt young female pig from weaning up to the first farrowing c) Steer young castrated male of cattle? x 3 = 1?mks14.Dairy equipmenta) Milk strainer - filter milk to remove solid impurities like sediments and hairs b) Milk churn - holds milk in storage and on transit c) Strip cup - checks whether a cow has mastitis? x 3 = 1?mks15.Signs of broodiness in poultry?prolonged moulting?tendency to sit on eggs?reduced laying?plucking of feathers?produces characteristic sound?aggressiveness? x 4 = 2mks16.Disease / condition caused bya) Salmonella gallinaru- fowl typhoidb) Ascaris lumbricoides- Ascariasis1 x 2 = 2mks17.Tractor enginesa) Firing order order in which power stroke occurs in the cylinders b) Compression ration ratio of air volume the cylinder can hold to volume of air when compressed c) Compression ignition engine diesel engine one that ignites by heat produced by compression? x 3 = 1?mks18.Human factors that influence quality of honey?contamination during harvesting and processing?state of ripening (maturity) when honey is harvested?over smoking during harvesting1 x 2 = 2mksSECTION B :19.a) Method of identification- ear notching? x 1 = ?mkb) Method of identification of animals with light skins - tatooing? x 1 = ?mkc) Tool used in ear notching- ear notcher / notching machine? x 1 = ?mkd) Importance of livestock identification?to facilitate selection and breeding?to facilitate culling?to enable disease control and treatment?to enhance proper record keeping? x 3 = 1?mkse) Reasons for programmed administration of antihelmintics drugs?because if the farmer waits for symptoms to appear the damage is already done?to enhance elimination of internal parasites in the farm1 x 1 = 1mkf) Tools used to administer antihelmintics-bolus gun-narrow necked bottle20.a) Nursery preparation toolsA - manure fork B - garden fork C - fork jembe D - rake? x 4 = 2mksb) Tool used in place of tool Bgarden trowel? x 1 = ?mkc) Maintenance practice on fork jembePage | 247443/1,443/2 agriculture ?clean after days work?replace broken handle?weld the broken tines?store it under shed?smear the metal part with old engine oil or grease when storing for long3 x ? = 1?mksd)Best ratio of cement, sand and gravel in deep foundations= 1 : 3 : 61 x 1 = 1mk21.a)Computation method illustrated- Pearson?s square1 x 1 = 1mkb)Values of E and FE = 50 - 15 = 35F = 20 - 35 = 151 x 2 = 2mksc)Percentage digestible crude protein in the feed= 351 x 1 = 1mkd)Other methods of feed computationtrial and errorlinear programming1 x 1 = 1mk22.a)Parts labelled G H J KG - mould boardH - shareJ - landwheelK - beam? x 4 = 2mksb)Use of the parts labelled L and ML - fastening the plough to the yoke by means of a chainM - used by operator to guide / steer the plough along the desired ploughing course1 x 2 = 2mksc)Uses of plough?ploughing?weeding?making planting furrows?harvesting root crops? x 2 = 1mk23.Management of broilers in a deep litter system?rear chicks in a brooder for the first eight weeks?the brooder should have enough waterers, feeders and heaters?provide litter on the floor?provide enough warmth in the brooder?provide dim light in the brooder all the time?feeder chicks on broiler starter marsh for the first five weeks?feed chicks on the floor for the first two days by placing feeds on newspapers spread on the floor?ensure sufficient ventilation?provide enough feeds and water?check chicks for weakness and treat any chick that is sick?give weak chicks glucose solution?ensure chicks are feeding?protect the heat source by providing a heat guard?give preventive medicines where necessary?introduce broiler finisher marsh in the sixth week?provide enough waterers and feeders?withdraw heat after four weeks?provide source of vitamin and grit?control external parasites?isolate sick birds?vaccinate against prevalent diseases?cull birds with incurable disease?weigh birds and keep records24.a)Importance of keeping farm animals healthy?healthy animals grow well and fast enough to reach maturity quickly?good health gives animals a longer economic and productive life?healthy animals gives maximum production?healthy animals produce high quality products with high market value?healthy animals do not spread diseases to either man or other animals?healthy animals are economical and easy to keep. The farmer spends less money on treatment5 x 2 = 10mksb)How digestion in pigs differ from those of ruminants?ruminants chew cud while pigs do notPage | 248443/1,443/2 agriculture ?ruminants have four stomach chambers (polygastrics) while pigs have one stomach chamber (monogastrics)?ruminants regurgitates food once swallowed?ruminants can digest cellulose by using micro-organisms in the rumen while pigs cannot digest cellulose because of lack ofmicro-organisms?ruminants do not digest food chemically in the mouth as they lack enough enzyme ptyalin which in pigs, digestion ofcarbohydrates starts in the mouth?ruminants have alkaline saliva due to presence of ammonia while pigs have saliva which is neutral?in ruminants most digestion and absorption take place in the rumen while in pigs most digestion and absorption take place inthe small intestines2 x 5 = 10mks25.a)Care and maintenance on tractor battery?ensure electrolyte is always above the plates?scrap / clean corroded terminals and smear with grease?tightly fix the battery in a box to avoid damage or spillage?battery should be correctly fitted on the tractor?should be regularly charged / maintained range of charge?empty the battery for long storage and keep it upside down2 x 5 = 10mksb)Components of a plunge dip?collecting yard - holding animals before dipping?footbath - wash hooves free of mud?control foot rot disease?the jump - allows for maximum immersion of animals / enables dip wash splash to return to the dip?dip tank - contain the acaricide solution?where animals are immersed?lead out stairs - enables animals walk out of dip tank?drainage race - for recovery of excess dipwash back to the dip tank?silt trap outlet - trap mud and dung in the dip wash flowing back to the tank?roof - reduce evaporation?reduce dilution of dip wash by rain water?may be used to trap rain water for use in the dip?soaking pit - dump sediments from the dipping tank / to control pollution of the environment?drying yard - animals dry and prevent pasture contamination?water tank - storing water for dipping purposes1 x 10 = 10mksPage | 24900443/1,443/2 agriculture KANDARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A 30 MARKS Answer all the questions in the spaces provided 1.List four agricultural activities that make agriculture a science(2 mks)2.State three problems associated with the use of farm yard manure(1 ? mks)3.Name two types of labour records(1 mk)4.Name the vegetative propagation material for each of the following crops;(2 mks)i)Sisalii) Bananasiii) Pyrethrumiv) Tea5.Give a reason why the width of the nursery bed is limited to 1 - 1.5 m?(1 mk)6.State three effects of nematodes in crops(1 ? mks)7.Give four reasons why it is difficult to control Sodom apple (Solanum incanum) in pastures(2 mks)8.State four factors causing fragmentation and sub-division of land in Kenya(2 mks)9.State three reasons for early seedbed preparation(1 ? mks)10.Give two reasons for tying a union during budding and grafting using a transparent polythene strip(1 mk)11.Distinguish between a pasture and a fodder crop.(2 mks)12.Name four types of micro catchments(2 mks)13.List three methods of harvesting agroforesty trees(1 ? mks)14.Outline four factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds(2 mks)15.State four factors that determine the stage of harvesting a particular crop(2 mks)16.Give three sources of underground water(1 ? mks)17.State four effects of early defoliation on forage crops(2 mks)18.State three factors considered when classifying crop pests(1 ? mks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided19.Below is a graphical representation of a law in agricultural economics. Study the graph carefully andanswer the questionsthat follow;1400 1200 1000 Phase 1PhaseIIPhaseIII800 600 400 200 0 20406080100Fertilizer input (50 Kg bags)a) Identify the law identified by the graph(1 mk)b) Explain how each additional unit of fertilizer input relates to the total outputof maize in phases II and IIIPhase II(1 mk)Phase III(1 mk)c) State the importance of the law identified in (a) above to the maize farmer(1 mk)Page | 25000443/1,443/2 agriculture 20. The diagram below illustrates a feature observed after digging the soil several metres deep. Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow; A B C a) Identify the feature that the diagram above represents in the study of soil(1 mk)b) Name the parts of the diagram labelled A, B and C(3 mks)c) State one way in which the knowledge of the above feature would be of benefit to a farmer(1 mk)21. The diagram below illustrates a maize crop plant and its produce. Study the diagram carefullyand answer the questions that follow D }E}F}GGround LevelHa) Name one disease that attacks the part of the plant labelled D in the diagram(1 mk)b) From which section of the produce labelled E, F and G should seeds for plantingbe obtained?( ? mk)c) Give one reason for the answer given in (b) above(1 mk)d) State two functions of the part labelled H in the diagram(1 mk)e) A plot measuring 4 m x 3 m was prepared for planting cabbages at a spacing of60 cm x 60 cm. Calculate the plant population in the plot. Show your working(1 ? mks)Page | 251443/1,443/2 agriculture 22. The table below shows PH values of different soil samples. Study it and answer the questions that follow Soil samplepH valueA3B4C5D6E7F8G9H10i)Which soil sample has the lowest acidity?(1 mk)ii) State two ways in which PH value of soil sample H can be lowered(2 mks)iii) Which of the soil samples is suitable for coffee production?(1 mk)iv) Give two effects of soil PH on crop growth and production(2 mks)SECTION C (40 MARKS)Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25.23.State and explain;a) Four advantages of crop rotation(8 mks)b) Factors which may influence the spacing of crops(8 mks)c) Describe four measures which should be taken to minimise water pollution on the farm(4 mks)24.a) Describe the growing of the bulb onions under the following;i)Field management practices(4 mks)ii) Harvesting(3 mks)b) Describe the production of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) under the following sub-headingsi)Selection and preparation of planting materials(3 mks)ii) Planting and weeding(5 mks)c) Describe five roles of agricultural based women groups in farming(5 mks)25.a) The table below gives information on the supply and demand schedules for oranges on a market.Table 1: Prices and quantities of oranges supply Oranges (kg)Price per kg (Kshs)14015.0012013.2011512.8010212.009611.707510.80409.60329.40209.20159.10Page | 252443/1,443/2 agriculture Table 2: Prices and quantities of oranges demanded Oranges (kg)Price per kg (Kshs)7017.007715.709114.5010913.1012512.2014511.4016110.8017510.3018110.101959.80i)Using the above data plot supply and demand curres on the same axes(7 mks)ii) Determine the price at which 110 kg of oranges were supplied on the market(1 mk)iii) How many kilogrammes of oranges were bought at a market price of Kshs. 12.00?(1 mk)iv) What was the equilibrium price of oranges in market?(1 mk)b)Kamau farm bought the following on credit from Thika farmers Agro-vet on 5/01/201515 bags of chick mash 70 kg each @ 250020 bags of maize germ 50 kg each @ 120017 bags of DAP fertilizer, 50 kg each@ 3,00040 bags of wheat seeds, 3 kg each @ 500i)Prepare a purchase order that Kamau's farm made to Thika farmers agro-vet(6 mks)ii) Calculate the value of each item purchased and the total value of the order(4 mks)Page | 25300443/1,443/2 agriculture KANDARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided 1.State four ways of controlling lice in poultry(2mks)2.State three signs of heat observed in rabbits(1 ? mks)3.Give three uses of a jackplane(1 ? mks)4.Name three methods of extracting honey from honey combs(1 ? mks)5.State three signs of broodiness in a hen(1 ? mk6.Name four parts of a building that can be reinforced using concrete(2 mks)7.Give four methods of docking in sheep rearing(2 mks)8.State four limitations of biogas as a source of power(2 mks)9.Give two reasons why a farmer prefer single housing for his calves(1 mk)10.Name two hormones responsible for milk letdown(1 mk)11.Mention three types of vaccine(1 ? mks)12.State three physiological body processes considered when assessing an animals health(1 ? mks)13.Name three insect pests that are parasites to livestock(1 ? mks)14.a) Define the term outcrossing(1 mk)b) State the two benefits of outcrossing(1 mk)15.Outline four structures used to control livestock parasites(2 mks)16.Name four notifiable diseases in livestock(2 mks)17.Give five factors considered when siting an apiary(2 ? mks)SECTION B (20 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided 18. The diagram below is an illustration of a certain structure A CBD a) Name the structure illustrated aboveTeat(1 mk)b) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C(3 mks)c) Give one function of the part labelled D(1 mk)d) Give one way in which the teat can be injured(1 mk)19. a) Below are diagrams of fences C and D. Study them carefully and illustrate on diagram C how diagonal wire braces and on diagram D how horizontal wooden braces are used to reinforce the fencing posts(2 mks)Diagram C Wire Fencing post Ground level Diagram D Fencing post Wire Ground level Page | 25400443/1,443/2 agriculture b) The diagram below shows a set of equipment used in livestock management. Study them and answer the questions that follow. EFi)Identify the equipment labelled E and F(1 mk)ii) State the appropriate use of the set of equipment illustrated above(? mk)iii) Describe the appropriate procedure followed when using the equipment(2 mks)20. a) A farmer wanted to prepare a 200 kg of calf rearing ration containing 20% DCP. Using the pearsons square method,calculate the amount of maize containing 10% DCP and sunflower containing 35% DCP the farmer wood need to preparethe ration(show your work)(4 mks)b) Define the term digestible crude protein (DCP)(1 mk)21. The diagram below illustrates the general shape of a cattle breed. Study it carefully and answer the questions that followHead Tail enda) Identify the type of breed illustrated by the above shape(1 mk)b) Give an example of a breed in (a) above(1 mk)c) State four physical characteristics of the shape of breed identified in (a) above(2 mks)SECTION C (40 MARKS)Answer any two questions from this sections in the spaces after question 2422. a) Describe the artificial rearing of day old layer chicks to the end of brooding(10 mks)b) Explain factors that influence the quality of milk(6 mks)c) Give four structural requirements of a good calf pen(4 mks)23. a) Describe how the following tractor components are used to attach implements to the tractori)Three (3) point linkage / hitch(6 mks)ii) Power take off shaft (P.T.O.)(4 mks)b) Describe the life cycle of a two host tick(6 mks)c) State four factors that affect digestibility of a feed(4 mks)24. a) Discuss blackquarters disease under the following subheadingsi)Animals attacked(1 mk)ii) Causal organism(1 mk)iii) Symptoms of attack(4 mks)iv) Control and treatment(2 mks)b) Outline the advantages of artificial insemination(6 mks)c) Explain three breeding practices carried out on livestock(6 mks)Page | 255443/1,443/2 agriculture KANDARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Activities that make agriculture a science?Crop pathology?Entomology?Genetics?Soil science?Agricultural engineering4 x 1? = 2 mks2.Problems associated with use of farm yard manure?Bulkiness?May introduce crop pests in the field?May introduce weed seeds in the field?May cause tainting of pastures?May be a source of livestock parasites when used in pastures(? x 3 = 1 ? )3.Types of labour records-Muster roll-Labour utilisation analysis(2 x ? = 1 mk)4.Vegetative materials used ini)Sisal - bulbilsii) Bananas - suckersiii) Pyrethrum - splitsiv) Tea- stem cuttings4 x 1? = 2 mks5.Reason why width of nursery bed is limited to 1-1.5 m-To carry out management practices easily(1 mk)i)Effects of nematodes-Inject toxic substances into the plant tissues which stimulate abnormal growth.-Some feed on plant roots causing root stunting which limits water and mineral uptake by plants-They cause wound tissues through which secondary infection may take place.-They cause water stress that stop photosynthesis partially or completely.(? x 3 = 1 ? )7.Reasons why it is difficult to control sodom apple (solanum incanum) in pastures-It has a thorny stem-Produces many seeds-It is deep rooted-Regenerates/ re growth after cutting4 x 1? = 2 mks8.Factors causing fragmentation and sub-division of land-Shifting cultivation-Traditional system e.g. inheritance-Population pressure on a limited area of land-Accumulation of land holdings by money lenders from debt defaulters4 x 1? = 2 mks9.Reasons for early seedbed preparation-Facilitates timely subsequent operations-Allows soil aeration-Allows water infiltration-Allows time for weeds to die-Minimises competition for labour-Allows pests and diseases causing organisms to starve and die(? x 3 = 1 ? )10.Reasons for tying a union during budding and grafting using a transparent polythene strip-To allow light penetration-To prevent entrance of rain water-To hold root stock and scion together11.Pasture - this is a forage crop that is defoliated by allowing the livestock to graze directly while fodder is a forage crop that isdefoliated by either uprooting or cutting and then taking to animals (mark as a whole)12.Types of micro catchments-Trapezoidal bunds-Semicircular-Contour stone-Contour bench-Mound catchment-Run off strips4 x 1? = 2 mks13.Methods of harvesting agroforestry practices-Lopping-Coppicing-Pollarding(? x 3 = 1 ? )14.Factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds-Ability to produce large quantities of seeds-Weed seeds remain viable in the soil for long awaiting conducive germination conditionsPage | 256443/1,443/2 agriculture -Weeds are easily dispersed-Weeds have the ability to propagate vegetatively.-Some have a short life cycle-Some weeds have elaborate root system-Some weeds have the ability to survive where nutrient supply is limited.4 x 1? = 2 mks15.Factors that determine the stage of harvesting a particular crop-Concentration of required chemicals-market demand of the particular crop.-Prevailing weather conditions-Incidence of pest and diseases attack4 x 1? = 2 mks16.Sources of underground water-Springs-Bore holes-Wells17.Effects of early defoliation in forage crops-Forage has very high moisture content-Forage has high protein content-Has low Dm content hence low Dm yield-Has low crude protein yield-Has high digestibility but low digestible nutrients4 x 1? = 2 mks18.Factors considered when classifying crop pests-Crop parts they attack-Mode of feeding-Stage of crop growth when they attack-Place of attackSECTION B 19.a) Law of diminishing returns(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) Phase II Each additional unit of fertilizer input leads to a lower increase in total output of maize than the previous unit of fertilizer input (OWTTE)(1 x 1 = 1 mk)Phase III Each additional unit of fertilizer input leads to a decrease in total output of maize (1 x 1 = 1 mk) c) Helps the farmer to identify the level of optimum fertilizer application in the production of maize determine the highest level of maize production .(1 x 1 = 1 mk)20. Identity of the feature a) Soil profile(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) A - Topsoil / Horizon A c) B - Subsoil/ Horizon B D- weathered rock/Horizon C/substratum c) i) Helps to determine the type of crop(s) to grow ii) Determines nutrient availability iii) Determines both aeration and drainageAny one (1 x 1 = 1 mk)21. a) Disease that attack part labelled DMaize smut/ maize head smut/smut(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) Seeds for planting should be obtained from F(? mk)c) Reasons for the answer in (b) above-More mature-Uniform in sizeany one (1 x 1 = 1 mk)d) Function of H-To support/ anchorage plants firmly in the soile) Plant population=Area of landspacingü?=400 x 300 =100 = 33 1/3 plants60 x 603Ans= 33 plants22. i) Lowest acidity : Dii) How PH value of soil sample H can be lowered-Application of sulphur-Use of acidic fertilizer like sulphate of ammoniaiii) Soil PH suitable for coffee productionis 5-6(1 mk)iv) Effects of soil PH on crop production-Availability of nutrients for plant use.-Type of crop to be grown-Determine the level of microbial activity(Any 2) (1 x 2 = 2 mks)Page | 257443/1,443/2 agriculture SECTION C (40 MARKS)23.Advantages of crop rotationi)Maximum utilisation of nutrientsDifferent crops vary in their nutrient requirement in terms of type of nutrient and depth of absorption. Alternation of crops ensure that nutrients from different layers are well utilisedii) Control of soil borne pests and diseases crop rotation breaks the lifecycle of pests and diseases especially those with specific hostsiii) Control soil erosionThis is done by growing crops with good ground cover iv) Control of weedsSome weeds are associated with specific crops e.g. striga spp. hence can be controlled by planting a non-grass cropv) Improves soil fertilityDone by introduction of leguminous crops this helps fix nitrogen in the soilvi) Improvement of soil structureDone by establishment of a grass ley at theend ofa rotation programmeb)Factors which influence spacingi)Purpose for which the crop is plantedCrops grown for fodder are closely spaced than those whose products are intended to be sold in the market ii) Fertility of the soilClose spacing is good for fertile soilsiii) Pest and disease incidenceWide spacing helps to control pests like aphids and groundnuts rossette virus diseaseiv) MechanizationMechanized farm require wider spacing to allow movement of machinesv) Seedrate / number of seeds per holeMany seeds per hole require wider spacingvi) Method of plantingRow planting gives a wider spacing than broadcastingvii) Growth habit of a cropCrops that spread require wider spacing than those that do not spread.viii) Moisture contentIn areas with adequate moisture, spacing can be narrow Measures taken to minimise water pollution in the farm ? Avoid cultivating along riverbanks to prevent soilerosion? bathing and washing clothes in water bodies? Controlling soil erosion through terracing, afforestationand other conservation methods? Safe disposal of chemical containers in the farm byburying them deep in the soil away from the water sources? Avoid application of heart fertilizer doses that remainunused by plants? Avoid watering animals directly from water sources? Fencing off water sources to keep off pollutantsany four (4 x 1 - 4 mks)24.a)Production of bulb onions underi)Field management practices? Apply lime where the soil is acidic? Apply CAN a month after transplanting? Ensure that the field is weed-free throughout thegrowing period.? Observe shallow weeding as deep weeding would affectthe bulb? In early stages, ensure a continuous supply of waterthrough irrigation? Control pests like onion thrips using suitable insecticide? Control diseases like purple blotch by spraying with asuitable fungicide? Remove the soil so that the bulb is exposed once itstarts forming (carry out hardening)(any 4 x 1 = 4mks)ii) Harvesting-Harvesting starts 4-5 months after transplanting-Break the tops when the leaves start drying-Dig out the bulbs/ lift the bulbs-Dry the bulbs by leaving them under a shade that allowsfree circulation of air(any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)b)Production of dry beans under the followingsubheadingsi)selection and preparation of planting materials-Select varieties suited to the ecological conditions-Select dry and mature seed.-Select sound seeds that are free from physical damageand wrinkles-Dress the seeds with appropriate chemicals to controlsoil borne pests and diseases-Obtain seeds from a reputable /certified seeds-Seeds should be inoculated with right strain or bacteriaif necessary(any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)ii) Planting and weeding-Plant at the beginning of rains-Make shallow furrows/ holes at a depth 3.5 cm usingappropriate tool-Apply phosphatic fertilisers-Place 2.4 seeds per hole and cover it up with the soil-Spacing is 30- 50 cm by 10-15 cm depending on thevariety-Shallow weeding is done to avoid root damage-Weeding should be avoided during flowering to preventknocking off theflowers-Weeding should be done when the field is dry to avoidspread of diseases whenconditions are wet-Keep the field weed free during early stages of growth-Apply fertilizer at the rate of 300 kg/ha of ssp or150kg/ha of Dsp or 200kg/ha of DAP(any 5 x 1 = 5mks) Page | 258443/1,443/2 agriculture Kamau?s FarmPurchase OrderP.O. Box 739No. 5691ThikaDate: 5/01/2015To: Thika Agrovet P.O. Box 40 Thika Please supply us with the following Item NoParticularsQuantity170 kg chickmash bags15250 kg maize germ bags20350 kg DAP fertilizer bags1743 kg wheat seed bags40Ordered by ...Signature ...Authorized by ...Signature ...c)Roles of agricultural based women groups in farming-Acting as an agent of change in the community-Loaning members to finance their farming activities-Assists in marketing of agricultural produce-Buying farm inputs in bulk and selling to members at low prices.-Assisting members collectively in their farming operations.-Acting as guarantors to members loans-Gathering information on targeted projects-Establishing income generating projects-Enlightening members on modern farming methods25.Kamau?s FarmPurchase OrderP.O. Box 739No. 5691ThikaDate: 5/01/2015To: Thika Agrovet P.O. Box 40 Thika Please supply us with the following Item NoParticularsQuantity170 kg chickmash bags15250 kg maize germ bags20350 kg DAP fertilizer bags1743 kg wheat seed bags40Ordered by ...Signature ...Authorized by ...Signature ...ii) Price at which 110 kg of orange were supplied Kshs. 12.40 + 10 cts (12.30 - 12.50) Ans. 1 x 1 = 1 mk iii) How many kilograms of oranges were bought at Kshs. 12:00 130 kg + 1 (129 - 131 kg(1 x 1 = 1 mk)iv) What was the equilibrium price for tomatoes on the market?Kshs. 12.80 + 10 cts (12.70 - 12.90)(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) Purchase order from Kamau?s farm toThika agrovetb) Chick mash = 150 x 1200 = 18000 Maize germ = 20 x 800 = 16000 Fertilizer = 17 x 1400 = 23,800 Wheat seeds = 40 x 300 = 12000 Total cost 69,800 Page | 259443/1,443/2 agriculture KANDARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1.Control of lice-Dusting the birds with appropriate inseticide-Observing good hygiene-Picking and killing-Fumigation(4 x ? = 2 mks)2.Signs of heat observed in rabbits-Frequent urination-Doe becomes restless-Doe rubs itself against the wall-Vulva turns red and swells-Peeping/ contacting other rabbits in the adjacent hutch(3 x ? = 1 ? )3.Uses of a jackplane-Smoothening timber-Cleaning timber-Reducing the size of timber.(3 x ? = 1 ? )4.Methods of honey extraction-Crushing and straining/ squeezing-Heating method-Use of centrifugal extractor(3 x ? = 1 ? )5.Signs of broodines in hen-Hen stops laying eggs-Hen sits on eggs for long periods-Hen plucks off feather to make a nest-Hen are aggressive when approached(3 x ? = 1 ? )6.Parts of a building reinforced using concrete-Foundation-Lintel-Pillars-Walls-Floor slab(4 x ? = 2 mks)7.Methods of docking-Use of sharp knife-Use of burdizzo & knife-Use of hot iron-Use of rubbering & elastrator(4 x ? = 2 mks)8.Limitations of using Biogas-Labour intensive-High initial capital required to install the digester-Installation requires high level of technology-Biogas can only be used with a few farm operations(4 x ? = 2 mks)9.Reason for single housing of calvesi)To avoid licking each other furii) To avoid transmission of parasites(2 x ? = 1 mk)10.Hormones responsible for milk letdown-Oxytocin-Adrenaline(2 x ? = 1 mk)11.Types of vaccines-Live rirulent-Live attenuated-Toxoids-Killed/dead vaccines(3 x ? = 1 ? )12.Physiological body processes considered when assessing an animals health-Body temperature-Pulse/heartbeat rate-Respiratory rate-Level of production-Urination and urine-Defecation and faeces(3 x ? = 1 ? )13.Three insects pestsPage | 26000443/1,443/2 agriculture -keds-tsetse flies-Fleas-Lice-Mosquitoes(3 x ? = 1 ? )14.a) Outcrossing - practice of mating two unrelated animals but of the same breed(1 mk)b) Benefits of outcrossing-Help to maintain the characteristic of a pure breed-Help to overcome the problem of inbreeding-Introduces new genes into the herd or family(2 x 1 = 2 mks)15.Structures used to control livestock parasites-Dips-Crushes-Pit latrines-Spray races-Fences-Animal houses(4 x ? = 2 mks )16.Notifibale diseases in livestock?Anthrax?Rinderpest?Rabies?Newcastle?Foot & mouth(4 x ? = 2 mks )17.Factors considered when siting an apiary?Availability of water?Availability of flowers?Sheltered place?Away from noise & disturbances?Away from human beings & livestock(5 x ? = 2 ? )SECTION B (20 MARKS)18.a) Name of the structureThe udder(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) Identify of partsA- AlveolusB- LobeC- Gland cistern(3 x 1 = 3 mks)c) Function of part labelled D-Temporary storage of milk(1 x 1 = 1 mk)d) Ways in which teat can be injured(1 mk)i)Poor hand milking techniqueii) Sharp objects in grazing areasiii) Washing with very hot water19. a) Illustration how diagonal wire braces areused to reinforce fencing posts on diagramused to reinforce the fencing posts on diagram D(2 mks)DiagonalDiagonalC and how wooden braces are Diagram CwirebracewirebraceHorizontal wooden bracesDiagram Db) i) Identify of the equipmentE - canullaPage | 26100443/1,443/2 agriculture F - Trocar(2 x ? = 1 mk)ii) Use of the equipment Used to relieve bloat in animals/accumulation of gases in rumen. (1 x ? = ? ) iii) Procedure followed; Trocar is inserted into the canula as shown in the figure below Tracar Cannula Tip of trocar ?Both equipment are inserted at the apex of the enlarged area of the left side of the animal/plate/slubble region?The trocar is then withdrawn while holding the canular until the bulk of the gas escapes?Remove the canula thereafter(4 x ? = 2 mks )(Procedure to be followed)20. a)Maize 1 0 % D C P20 % DCPSunflower 3 5 % D C PAmount of maize 15/25 x 200 = 120 kg??Amount of sunflower 10/25 x 200 = 80 kg ??35 -2 0 = 1 5 parts of m aize20 -1 0 =1 0 parts of sunflower(8 x ? = 4 mks) b) Definition of the term digestible crude protein (DCP) -The term used to express the amount of the crude protein absorbed by an animals body from a feed. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 21. a) Type of breed illustrated Dairy breed(1 x 1 = 1 mk)b) An example of a breed in (a) aboveFriesian / Jersey/ Guernsey/Ayrshire(1 x 1 = 1 mk)c) Physical characteristics of the type of breed identified in (a) above?Wedge / triangular shaped?Straight topline?Large and well developed udders and teats?Prominent milk veins?Lean bodies/thinnly fleshed bodies?Large stomach?Small head and long neck?Visible/ prominent pin bones?Long thin legs?Well set wide hind quarters22.a) Rearing of day old layer chicks to the end of brooding?Prepare the brooder 2-3 days before the chicks arrive.?Count the chicks on arrival?Remove and dispose off any dead chick.?All equipment should be functioning well?Spread newspapers on the floor of the brooder to prevent chicks from eating litter.?Spread some feeds on the newspaper and place some in the feeders.?Clean and disinfect the brooder house and brooder equipment?Mix the drinking water with agricultural treacle or glucose and give to chicks thatappear weak on arrival.?Feed chicks on chick mash for eight weeks?Provide chicks with clean water and feedPage | 262443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Vaccinate chicks against gumboro after 2 weeks?Newcastle at 3-4 weeks and fowl typhoid at 7 weeks?Dust chicks with appropriate insecticides to control external parasites.(10 x 1 = 10 mks)b)Factors that influence the quality of milk-Age of the animal-Butter fat content decreases with increase in age.-Jersey has the highest butter fat content while Friesian has the lowest-Animals that have been on more roughage produce milk with high lactose, minerals fat and protein content-An emaciated animal will have less mineral and butter fat content-Milk has a higher butter fat content in the morning that in the evening because during the night the cow is resting-Mastitis attack reduces lactose content in milk-Butter fat content decreases during the cold season due to fat being used in formation of adipose tissue-At the initial stage of lactation, milk nutrient content is low because nutrient reserves are utilized by the mother and thedeveloping foetus during pregnancy.(6 x 1 = 6 mks)c)Structural requirements of a good calf pen-Well rentilated-Draught free-Slatted floor/well drained-Well lit-Spacious-Leak proof roof(4 x 1 = 4 mks)23.a)How the following tractor components are used to attach implements to the tractorsi)Three (3) point linkage /hitch-The 3-point hitch language are used to attach the trailed or mounted implement on to the tractor.-The lower links which are not adjustable are hitched to the lower links of the implement while top one which is adjustable isattached to the top link ofthe implement.-The top adjustable link of the tractor is used to lift the implement through the hydraulic power system when in operation orwhen transporting an implement-The two lower not adjustable links are used to hold the implement in place and provide stability-The check chains on the lower links are used to prevent the implement from getting into contact with the tractor tyres whenthe tractor is moving(1 x 6 = 6 mks)ii)PTO shaft - is used to transmit power to operate various mounted and stationary implements/ the short splined shaft/ the tubshaft of the PTO at the rear of the tractor transmits power from the tractor to the implement-The extension shaft of the PTO connect to the PTO shaft to the implement shaft.-The extension shaft has a universal joints at both ends which are used for adjusting the distance between the tractor and theimplement-The short splined shaft at the rear of the tractor is also used for attaching/couplingto the implement. (1 x 4 = 4 mks)b)Life cycle of a two host tick-Eggs hatch on the ground into larvae-Larvae climbs on the first host, sucks blood gets engorged and moults into a nymph.-Nymph on the same host sucks blood gets engorged and falls on to the ground.-On the ground nymph moults into an adult.-Adult climbs onto the second host.-On the second host, the adult sucks blood, gets engorged and mates.-Adult female drops to the ground where it lays eggs, to start the lifecycle again.c)Factors that can affect digestibility-Ratio of energy to proteins-Form in which the food is given-Quantity of food already in the stomach-Food chemical composition-Animal species in relation to the type of food given.(1 x 4 = 4 mks)24.Black quarter underi)Animals attacked - cattle, sheep, goats (any one)ii) Causal organism - Bacteria / clostridiumchauvoeiiii) Symptoms of attack-Teeth grinding and grunting-Lameness-Body temperature rises-Affected body parts become swollen immediately-Animal becomes dull and goes off feed-Animal stop chewing uid-Sick animals breathes heavily and fastPage | 263443/1,443/2 agriculture -Sudden death occurs(any four)iv) Control and treatment-Affected animals may be treated with antibiotics-Animals are vaccinated against blackquarter-Carcass should be buried deep or burnt completely(any 2)b) Advantages of artificial insemination-Easy to control breeding-Easy to control inbreeding-Semen can be stored for a long time-Semen of one superior bull can be used to serve many cows.-Controls transmission of breeding diseases and parasites-Prevents large bulls from injuring small cows.-It reduces the expenses of keeping a bull.-A small scale famer can have the cows served at a very low cost.(Any 6)c) Breeding practices carried out on livetsock-Tupping and serving-Tupping - mating in goats and sheep-Serving - mating in cattle and pigs-RaddlingPractice of fitting the rams with breeding chutes which are painted in different colours Crutching and ringing -Crutching is the practice of cutting wool around the external reproductive organs of a female sheep to facilitate mating and prevent infection ringing is the practice of trimming wool around the sheath of the penis to facilitate mating. Page | 264443/1,443/2 agriculture NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided 1.(a) Give two reasons why minimum tillage is encouraged in crop production.(2mks)(b) State two precautions by which minimum tillage can be achieved in crop production.(1mk)2.State three benefits of a land title deed to a farmer.(1?mks)3.State three farming practices that can be carried out to increase amount of light harnessed by crops.(1?mks)4.Explain the meaning of the following terms in crop production.(1?mks)(i) Close Season:……………………………………………………………………………………………(ii) Trap Cropping:……………………………………………………………………………………………..(iii) Integrated Pest Management (IPM):…………………………………………………………………..5.Differentiate between the pricking out and thinning as used in nursery management practices.(1mk)6.(a) Define the term Working Capital.(? mk)(b) Give three examples of Working Capital employed by a farmer in the production of maize.7.(a) State three reasons why forage crops used for making silage should be harvested just before flowering stage.(1?mks)(b) Outline three roles of additives in making silage.(1?mks)8.Name the form in which the plant absorbs the following nutrients.(1?mks)(i) Nitrogen:…………………………………………………………………………………………………….(ii) Phosphorus:………………………………………………………………………………………………..(iii) Calcium:…………………………………………………………………………………………………….9.Explain how do the temperature as an environmental factor influence the effectiveness of herbicides.(1mk)10.Give three reasons why seeds may fail to germinate after planting.(1?mks)11.State two advantages of undersowing in pasture establishment.(1mk)12.State four characteristics of an ideal green manure crop.(2mks)13.Outline three conditions which necessitate the use of flood irrigation.(1?mks)14.State three agro-forestry practices.(1?mks)15.State one condition in which each of the following documents are used.(1mk)(i) Invoice:…………………………………………………………………………………………………..(ii) Delivery note:……………………………………………………………………………………………16.Outline four functions of Horticultural crops development authority (HCDA)(2mks)17.State three ways in which the government can help farmers to adjust to risk and uncertainties(1?mks)18.State four types of terraces.(2mks)19.State two factors which determine the soil colour.(1mk)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this section20.The diagrams below illustrate both a nursery and a field practice.,(i) Identify the practices:(2mks)(ii) State one effect of failing to carry out the above named practices in L and M.(2mks)(iii) Give two benefits of roguering in crop production.(2mks)21.Below is a diagram showing a crop disease.(i) Identify the crop disease.(1mk)(ii) Name the category in which the crop disease is classified.(1mk)(iii) Name the causal organism of the above named crop disease.(1mk)(ii) State one control measure of the above disease.(1mk)(iii) State two harmful effects of crop diseases.(2mks)22.A farmer wishes to change her enterprise from vegetable production to dairy cattle rearing. The costs she incurs in thegrowing of vegetable are as follows:-WeedingShs.400PruningShs.600HarvestingShs.700ChemicalsShs. 1,200When she changes her enterprise to dairy cattle rearing, she incurs the following costs:Cost of buying cattleShs. 20,000Disease controlShs.200Salary of milk personShs.3,000FencingShs.1,000The revenue she gets when growing tomatoes is Sh. 16,000. In dairy cattle production, the revenue she gets from milk sale issh. 25,000 and manure sale sh. 3,000.Draw up a partial budget and advise the farmer accordingly.(3mks)23.The Diagrams below show some common weeds. Study them and answer the questions that follow.Page | 265443/1,443/2 agriculture (i) Identify the weeds E and K.(1mk)(ii) State two economic importance of weed E.(2mks)(iii) State one problem associated with the use of herbicide in the environment.(1mk)SECTION CAnswer any two questions in the spaces provided24.(a) Describe the field production of beans under the following sub-headings:(i) Ecological requirements(2mks)(ii) Planting(3mks)(iii) Diseases and their control.(6mks)(b) Describe various factors affecting spacing in crops.(9mks)25.(a) State five qualities of a good manager.(5mks)(b) State and explain five functions of a manager in a farm.(5mks)(c) Explain ten factors influencing the supply of a commodity.(10mks)26.(a) Describe five ways through which soil looses fertility.(10mks)(b) Explain five factors considered in choosing seed rates.(5mks)(c) Explain five reasons why seedlings are raised in a nursery.(5mks)Page | 26600443/1,443/2 agriculture NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided 1.State four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling.(2mks) …2.(a) Name the causative organism of Gumboro disease.( ? mk)(b) State two symptoms of coccidiosis infection in poultry.(2mks)3.State four observations on the behaviour of chicks under excess heat in the brooder.(2mks)4.Give three conditions necessary for artificial incubation of poultry production.(1?mks)5.State three ways used to improve production of indigenous cattle.(1?mks)6.Differentiate between the following breed terms:(2mks)(i) Bull and Bullock(ii) Billy and Nanny7.State two differences between the Dromedary and Bactrian breed of camels.(2mks)8.Below is a photo micrograph of a livestock breed. Study it and answer the questions that follow.(i) Name the livestock breed.(1mk)(ii) Classify the cattle.(1mk)(iii) Give three reasons for your answer in (b) above.(1?mks)9.State four factors that determine the amount of water taken by a dairy animal.(2mks)10.Give four reasons why feeding of colostrums is important in rearing of piglets.(2mks)11.Give four functions of proteins in the body of an animal.(2mks)12.Give the mineral whose deficiency in livestock animals results to the following disease condition.(2mks)(i) Head retraction in chicks:…………………………………………………………………………. (ii) Sway back in lambs:……………………………………………………………………………….. (iii) Curled toe paralysis:………………………………………………………………………………… (iv) Soft shelled eggs:…………………………………………………………………………………… 13.Give four reasons why breeding boar may be culled.(2mks)14.State four methods of identification in livestock production.(2mks)15.Explain the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health.(i) A notifiable disease:………………………………………………………………………………….. (ii) Prophylactics:………………………………………………………………………………………… 16.List four factors considered when formulating a livestock ration.(2mks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this section17.The illustration below shows a dairy cow suffering from a disease. Three days after calving the cow went down with its headturned back and unable to walk.(i) What disease did the cow suffer from?(1mk)(ii) State two causes of the dairy cattle disease you have identified in (a) above.(2mks)(iii) State two methods of preventing the disease you have identified in (a) above.(1mk)18.The diagram below is equipment used in livestock production.(i) Identify the equipment.(1mk)(ii) State the use of the above equipment.(1mk)(iii) State two maintenance practices carried out on the equipment.(2mks)(iv) What value does the equipment add in livestock feeding?(2mks)19.Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.(i) Name the parts labeled A, B and C.(1?mks)Page | 267443/1,443/2 agriculture (ii) Give one function for the parts labeled D, E and F.(1?mks(iii) State two maintenance practices of a diesel engine.(2mks)20. The diagram below represents part of a fence.(i) Name the parts labeled P, R, S and T.(2mks)(ii) State two advantages of using plain wire fence over barbed wire fence.(2mks.(iii) State the use of the following tools during fencing:-(i) Ramming rod:…………………………………………………………………………………. (ii) Claw bar:……………………………………………………………………………………….. SECTION C Answer any two questions in the spaces provided 21.(a) Describe the management of sheep from preparation for mating up to birth.(15mks)(b) Give five signs of infestation by internal parasites in sheep.(5mks)22.(a) Describe scours (infections diarrhea) under the following sub-headings:-(i) Animals affected(2mks)(ii) Predisposing factors(4mks)(iii) Symptoms(4mks)(b) Explain five maintenance practices of an ox-drawn plough.(5mks)(c) Give the advantage of animal drawn implements over tractor drawn implements.(5mks)23.(a) Explain five precautions observed when handling bees.(5mks)(b) Distinguish between cropping and harvesting as used in fish farming.(2mks)(c) Describe the maintenance and management practices that would ensure maximum fish harvest from a fish pond.(9mks)(d) Using the Pearson?s square method, compute a 300kg ration with 25% DCP from wheat which contains 15% DCP andsunflower seedcake containing 30% DCP.(4mks)Page | 26800443/1,443/2 agriculture NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme1.????????2.???3.????4.5.6.????7.?????????(a)Maintain soil structureMaintain soil moistureSaves timeReduces operation cost.(2 x ? = 1mk)(b)Use of mulch to prevent weed growth.Slashing or uprooting of weeds.Use of herbicides to kill weeds.Planting cover crops.(2 x ? = 1mk)Use as security to get loans.Minimize land disputes with neighbours.Security to a farmer to carry out long term investment on the farm.(2 x ? = 1mk)PruningThinningWeedingWider spacing(3x?=1?mks)(i) Close seasons - This is a period during which a particular crop is deliberately not grown in given area into control disease and pest build up.(ii) Trap crop - These are crops grown with the aim of attracting pest hence diverting them from main crop. (iii) IPM - It involves combination of several or both chemical and cultural pest-control methods to control a persistent pest.(3x?=1?mks)Pricking out - is where overcrowded seedlings are removed and planted in a second nursery bed while thinning the uprooting / removal of the excessive seedlings to allow spaces for the remaining seedlings.(1 x 1 = 1mk) Mark as a whole. (a) Raw materials used in the process production. (1 x ? = ?mk)(b)Maize seedsFertilizersFuelPesticides / herbicides(3x?=1?mks)(a)It has high leaf - stem ratio.It has high crude protein content / more nutrients / optimum plants nutrients.It has high amount of soluble carbohydrates for fermentation.It is easily digestible.It is succulent.(3x?=1?mks)(b)Increases nutrients value of silage / quality of silage.Prevent growth of undesirable micro-organisms in the silage.Increase the palatability of silage.Increase carbohydrates supply for proper fermentation.? ? 8.(i) Nitrate ions /NO/NH/Ammonia ions34(ii) Phosphrous pentaoxide P2O5(iii) Calcium ions / Ca2+9.Temperature increases translocation hence absorption of more herbicides and therefore death of weed.10.?Pest and disease attack?Deep / shallow placement?Long storage of seed?Inadequate moisture in the soil.(4x?=2mks)11.?Intensive land use?Control soil erosion?Reduce cost of production?Proper utilization of soil resources.(2x ? = 1mk)12.?Should be highly vegetative / leafyPage | 269443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Should have a fast growth rate?Should have high nitrogen content / leguminous plat are preferred.?The plant should be hardly / capable of growing in poor conditions(4x? = 2mks)13.?Where land is relatively flat?Where soil can hold water for long periods?For crops that require large quantities of water throughout their growing periods.(3x? = 1?mk)14.?Alley cropping?Woodlots?Multistorey cropping(3x? = 1?mk)15.(i) When goods are brought on credit.(?x 1 = ?mk)(ii) When goods are physically delivered by the seller to the buyer.(?x 1 = ?mk)16.?Offering advisory services to farmers through extension agents.?Collecting produce from farmers?Sorting and grading the produce?Marketing the produce both locally and abroad.(4x ? = 2mks)17.?Information on weather forecasting?Research and extension services?Subsidization of input prices.?Marketing regulation.(3x?=1?mks)18.?Bench terraces?Broad-base terraces?Bench terraces?Narrow-base terraces?Fanya Juu terraces(4x ? = 2mks)19. Humus content Parent rock material(2 x ? = 1mk)SECTION B (20 MARKS)20.(a) L - Root pruningM - Propping(b) M - Breakages of the stem due to the heavy weight.L - Lifting of seedling becomes difficult when transplanting.- Increases chance of damages to the seedling.(1 x 1 = 1mk)(c)- It helps to control the spread of pests and diseases.It controls the multiplication of crops with undesirable traits.(2 x 1 = 2mks)21.(a)(i) Late blight(1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) Fungal / Fungal disease (iii) Phytophthora infestan (b) Use appropriate fungicide. (c) ?Lower crop yield?Production of poor quality products.?Cause food poisoning.22.Partial budget for a farmerDebit (-)Kshs.Ct.CreditKshs.Ct.Extra Cost for DairyExtra Revenue DairyCost of cattle20,00000Milk sales2,50000Disease control20000Manure sales3,00000Salary of milk person3,00000Sub-Total28,00000Fencing1,00000Subtotal24,20000Cost savedRevenue forgoneWeeding40000Tomatoes16,00000Pruning60000Harvesting70000Chemical1,20000Sub-total2,90000TOTAL40,20000TOTAL30,90000Page | 270443/1,443/2 agriculture Naming column s(2 x ? = 1mk)Totals(2 x 1 = 2mks)Correct difference between debit and credit.(1mk)Correct advice(1mk)TOTAL(5mks)(Extra Revenue + Cost saved)-(Extra cost + revenue forgone)=30,900 - 40, 200=- 9,300-It is not worthwhile;-The farmer should not replace tomatoes with dairy.23.(a) E - Double thorn / Oxygonium sinuatum(?mk)K - Thorn apple / Datura stramonium.(?mk)(b)?Lower quality and palatability of pasture.?Cause injury to livestock when feeding.?It pricks and irritate form workers / reducing the efficiency.(2x1 = 2mks)(c)?It can result in environmental degradation as some herbicide have long residual effect.?Excessive herbicides are harmful to beneficial soil microbes.(1x1 = 1mk)SECTION C24.(a)(i) Ecological requirements?Do well in well drained loam soils which are rich in organic matter.?Require moist soil throughout the growing period / Do well in moderate rainfall.?Grows best between 600 - 700m a.s.l.(2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) Planting?Planting at the beginning of rains / timely planting / when the soil has enough moisture.?Apply phosphotic fertilizer / DSP, SSP, DAP, MAP / manure during planting.?Make shallow furrows / holes at a depth of 3-5cm using appropriate tool.?Place 2 - 4 seeds per hole and cover with soil / seed rate of 50 - 60kg per ha.?Spacing is 30 - 50cm x 10 - 15cm depending on variety.(3 x 1 = 3mks)(iii) Diseases and their control?Haloblight / Bacterial blightControl-Planting healthy seeds / certified seeds.-Rogueing / uprooting and destroying infected plants.-Crop rotation.-spraying with appropriate chemicals / copper oxychoride.?AnthrachoseControl-Grow resistant variets / K74 / Wairimu.-Use clean / certified seeds.-Spraying using benomyl, copper fungicide, mancogels / spray with appropriate chemicals.?Bean rustControl-Planting health / certified seeds.-Rogueing-Crop rotation-Spraying with appropriate chemicals.Name of disease - 1mk, Control - 2mks. (Max. 2 diseases)(b)?Type of machinery to be used - the space between the rows should allow for passage of machinery which can be used.?Soil fertility - fertile soil requires closed spacing than infertile soil.?Size of the plant - tall varieties requires wider spacing while short varieties requires closer spacing.?Availability of moisture - soil with a lot of water tend to require closer spacing than the one with low moisture.?Purpose of the crop - crops grown purposely for silage will require closer spacing than the one grown for grain production.?Pest and disease control - when crops are properly spaced, pests find it difficult to move from one place to another.?Growth habit of the crops - spreading crop varieties requires wider spacing than erect type.?Number of seeds per hole - spacing is wider when more seeds are planted per hole.?Crop stand - wider spacing when crops are inter-planted.?Tillering / suckering - plants that tiller or produce suckers require wider spacing.25.(a) Qualities of a good manager?The manager should have knowledge about specific agricultural principles marketing and accounting..?A good manager should be hardworking and time conscious.Page | 271443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Should have practiced farming skills.?Should be responsible / dynamic / prudent / competent / ambitious.?Should be flexible in decision making in order to adjust to the ever-changing social and economic trends in the society.(b) Role of a manager?Short-term planning - making quite decision regarding any emergency on the farm e.g. outbreak of a disease.?Long term planning - making decision linked to future plans and operations on the farm.?Information gathering - should collect information related to enterprises.?Comparing the standards of one enterprise with the set standards.?Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them.?Keeping farm records up to date and using them in day to day running of the farm.?Implementing farm decisions and taking responsibility.(first 5 x 1 = 5mks)(c) Factors influencing supply of a commodity?Number of sellers in the market - increase in seller in the market increases the supply of a given commodity in that market.?Price of related goods - if the price of other related products increases, the demand for other product (related) increases henceincreasing their supply. (Examples must be in Agric.)?Price expectation - the supply of a commodity will be low if the future price of the same commodity is expected to increase.?Technology - modern techniques of production leads to increased production of goods and subsequently increased in supply.?Weather - favourable weather conditions leads to increased production, which means more goods available for sale.?Government policy - If the government increases tax on a particular commodity the price of that commodity increased hencedecrease in supply of that commodity.?Changes in prices - increase in the price of a commodity increases the supply of that commodity.?Cost of production - lower cost of production increases the production output hence increase in supply.?Increase in supply of associated goods - increase in the supply of an associated commodity increases the supply of the other.?Transportation system - improve and efficient means of transport enables goods to be delivered to market on time henceincreases their supply. (State ?, Explain ?)(10 x 1 = 10mks)26.(a) Various ways through which soil losses fertility.?Leaching - As water infiltrates into the soil it moves together with dissolved soluble minerals to lower horizon beyond thereach of many plant roots.?Soil erosion - carrying away of top soil rich in nutrients by its agents - the fertile soil will be deposited elsewhere.?Monocropping - growing of one type of crop on a piece of land over a long period of time - the crop grown will use the samenutrients till exhausted leaving out other nutrients remain unused.?Continuous cropping - continuous growing of crops on the same piece of land over a long period of time exhaust all nutrientsin the soil leaving the soil deficient of these plant nutrients.?Burning of vegetation - burning destroy organic matter leading to destruction of soil structure - burning also exposes the soilto its agents of erosion.?Accumulation of salts - express salts in the soil leads to salinity. This changes the soil PH thus leading to loss of soil fertility.?Change in soil PH - increase or decrease in soil PH as a result of use of different fertilizers affects the activity of soil micro-organism as well as availability of soil nutrients.(first 5 ways 5x2 = 10mks)(State ?, Explain ?)(b) Factors considered when choosing seed rate.?Seed purity - pure seed have high germination percentage therefore less seed required.?Germination percentage - less seed is used when its germination is higher. Seed of lower germination percentage is requiredin large amounts.?Spacing - at closer spacing, more seeds are used than at wider spacing.?Number of seeds per hole - when two or more seeds are planted per hole, higher seed rate is required than when only oneseed is planted per hole.?Purpose of the crop - a crop to be used for silage making is spaced more closely than one meant for grain productiontherefore increasing the seed rate.(5x1 = 5mks)(c) Reasons for raising seedlings in a nursery bed?It facilitates production of many seedlings in a small area.?Routine management practices are easily and timely carried out in the nursery bed than seedbed.?It makes it possible to provide the best conditions for growth.?It facilitates the planting of small seeds which develop into strong seedlings that are easily transplanted.?It ensures transplanting of only healthy seedlings and vigorously growing.?It facilitates transplanting of seedlings that are already established thus reducing the period taken in the field.?Excess seedlings from the nursery may be sold - source of income.(any 5x1 = 5mks)Page | 272443/1,443/2 agriculture NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE Marking scheme 1. ?Absence of yolk;?Double / triple yolk;?Airspace in wrong position;?Excessively large airspace;?Cracks on egg shell;?Blood / meat spots(4 x ? = 2mks)2.(a) Birna Virus( ? mk)(b) Sudden death;?Diarrhoea;?Dysentery / blood in faeces;?Emaciation;?Ruffled feathers;?Dullness with drooping wings;(4 x ? = 2mks)3.?Chicks make abnormal noise;?Chicks move away from heat source;?Parting / opening beaks wide;?Opening / spreading of wings;?Drinking water excessively;?Chicks lie flat on their bellies.(4 x ? = 2mks)4.?Temperature of between 37.50C - 39.40C; Acc. within the range.?Fresh air / ventilation;?Relative humidity of about 60%;?Egg turning;(3 x ? = 1?mks)5.Selection and breeding;?Pasture improvement;?Control of parasites;?Provision of clean water;?Proper housing;?Restrict long distance movement;(3 x ? = 1?mks)6.(i) Bull and Bullock?Bull - mature male cattle;?Bullock - mature castrated male;(1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) Billy and Nanny?Billy - mature male goat;?Nanny - mature female goat;(1 x 1 = 1mk)7.omedaryBactrian(i) Single / one humped1. Double humped(ii) Larger - less hair2. Smaller - more hairy8.(a) Hereford;(1 x 1 = 1mk)(b) Beef cattle breed;(1 x 1 = 1mk)(c)?Blocky / rectangular in conformation;?Have thick muscles / well fleshed;?Deep chest and wide heart girth;?Have square rumps;?Short strong legs / lowly set;(3 x ? = 1? mks)9.Type of feed taken by the animal;?Species of the animal;?Level of production;?Ambient temperature;?Physiological state of the animal;(4 x ? = 2mks)10.?Colostrums is highly nutritious / rich in protein, vitamins, fats and minerals;?Contains antibodies which provides immunity to piglets;?Acts as a laxative and helps to clear the digestive tract;Page | 273443/1,443/2 agriculture ?Highly digestive;?Highly palatable;(4 x ? = 2mks)11.?Growth, repair and replacement of worn out tissues;?Production of antibodies;?Productive of digestive enzymes;?Production of certain hormones;?Production of such products like meat, milk, eggs and wool;(4 x ? = 2mks)12. (i) Head retraction in chicks - Manganese (Mn); (ii) Sway back in lambs - Copper (Cn); (iii) Curled toe paralysis - Calcium / Phosphorus (Ca, P) (iv) Soft shelled eggs - Calcium;(4 x ? = 2mks)13.?Old age;?Poor health;?Infertility / low libido;?To stop inbreeding;?Hind leg weakness / when too fat or too lazy;?Bad temperament / aggressiveness;?Poor performance of offspring;(4 x ? = 2mks)14.?Branding;?Ear tagging;?Ear notching;?Tattooing;?Neck strap or chain;(4 x ? = 2mks)15.(i) A Notifiable diseaseA disease whose occurrence must be reported to the nearest veterinary office or government agency to institute quarantine.(1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) ProphylacticsThe administration of drugs to prevent an infection;(1 x 1 = 1mk)16.Four factors considered when formulating a livestock ration.?Body size / live weight / breed o the animal;?Physiological condition of the animal;?Age of the animal;?Level of production / purpose for which the animal is kept;?Previous feeds already eaten by the animal;(4 x ? = 2mks)SECTION B (20 MARKS)17.(a) Milk fever / Parturient paresis;(1 x 1 = 1mk)(b) Low calcium levels in blood;(1 x 1 = 1mk)Complete milking immediately after birth;(c) Partial milking of animals with past incidences of the disease;High yielding cows are given rations containing high phosphorus and calcium;18.(i) Chaff cutter(1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) Chopping livestock feed / forage into small pieces;(1 x 1 = 1mk)(iii)?Oiling / Greasing / Lubricate?Replace broken handle?Sharpen blade if blunt?Smear cutting parts with oil before long storage;?Repair the worn out parts;(iv) Increase digestibility of livestock feed.(1 x 1 = 1mk)19.(a) A - Fuel tankB - InjectorC - Fuel filter(3 x ? = 1? mks)(ii) D / Tank filter - filters fuelE / Sediment bowl - allows dirt in the fuel to settle down.F / Air cleaner - cleans air it enters the fuel system.(3 x ? = 1? mks)(iii)?Replace filters;?Bleeding to remove entrapped air in the engine;?Sediment bowl to be cleaned;(2 x 1 = 2mks)20. (a) Parts labeled P, R, S and T.Page | 274443/1,443/2 agriculture P - Droppers R - Anchor post / King post S - Strut T - Brace post / Standard post (b) Do not cause injury to livestock. It is cheap to maintain Easy to handle during fencing (c)(i) Ramming rod - Use for firming fencing posts;(ii) Claw bar -Removing staples / nails;SECTION C21.(a)?Dip / spray to control external parasites.?Treating sick sheep.?Flushing starts 3 weeks before mating and continues 9 weeks after mating.?Raddling of rams before mating.?Use different colours for raddling if more than one ram is used.?Keep up to date proper records.?The sheep are given high quality feeds shortly before and after mating / flushing; in order to enhance number of ova to beshed and increase prolificacy;?Steaming up is done; for fast growth of foetus and development so that is born healthy and strong;?Vaccinations are administered to prevent disease infection e.g. Foot and Mouth diease.?Deworming is done to control internal parasite infection;?Hoof trimming is done to prevent difficulty in walking; and so as to avoid foot rot disease;?Crutching; 1 - 2 weeks before mating to facilitate easy mating;?Mating is timed to coincide with rainfall season; a ram is released to run with the ewe;?The ram is ringed / wool clipping around penis sheath to facilitate smooth mating with ewe;?Refer to records to ascertain the expected date of lambing;?Place the ewe in lambing pen / nurse paddock;?Tie, cut and disinfect navel cord;?Weigh the lamb and record birth weight;?Provide a lot of clean water to the ewe after lambing;?Give laxative feeds;(15 x 1 = 15mks)(b) Digestive upsets due to blocking of bile duct;?Swollen abdomen;?Emaciation;?Anaemia;?Oedema in jaws?Rough coat;?Egg segments / proglottids in the faeces;?Retarded growth;?Scours;(5 x 1 = 5mks)22.(a)(i) Calves, piglets, lambs and kids.(2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) Predisposing factors-Unhygienic conditions in the houses of young ones;-Overfeeding young ones on milk - feeding young ones on cold milk;-Feeding at irregular intervals;(4 x 1 = 4mks)(iii) Symptoms-In calves, there is white or yellowish diarhoea;-The faeces of affected animals have a pungent smell;-Fever in animals body;-Loss of appetite;-Sunken eyes;-Undigested milk and mucus with blood spots are observed in faeces;-Sudden death if no treatment is given;-The recovered animals remain generally weak;(4 x 1 = 4mks)(b)-The land wheel bearing should be lubricated to make it efficient;-Worn out shares should be replaced to make it efficient.-Blunt shares should be sharpened by hammering for efficiency;-Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened; to reduce maintenance costs;-Coat surface with old engine oil before long storage to last long;Page | 275443/1,443/2 agriculture -The implement should be kept in a shed for longer durability;(6 x 1 = 6mks)(c) Two advantages of animal-drawn implements over tractor-drawn implements.?The initial cost of purchasing is low;?Requires less training to operate them;?Require less skill to repair and maintain;?Can be used where land is steep;(4 x 1 = 4mks)23. (a)?Bees should not be frightened as doing so makes them wild and sting;?Beehives should not be approached from the front;?A smoker must be used properly;?Bees should not be crushed during handling;?Movement towards the hive should be made quietly to avoid alerting them;?If stung, the beekeeper should not run away or throw the combs down;?A bee sting should not be rubbed, a sharp nail / razor blade should be used to scrape it off;?In handling bees; always wear protective clothing;(5 x 1 = 5mks)(b)-Cropping is the removal of market size fish from the pond;-Harvesting is the removal of all fish from the pond;(2 x 1 = 2mks)(c)?Repairing the dyke or any structure on it.?Cleaning the pond and removing all foreign materials.?Planting grass on wall tops to prevent soil erosion.?Removing undesirable vegetation / seeds;?Removing silt;?Proper fencing should be maintained around the pond by replacing damaged posts and wires;?Maintaining good level of water in the pond;?Give fish just enough food, as excess food can rot and pollute the pond;?Add manure / fertilizers to encourage the growth of planktons;?Control stocking rates?Control of water pollution;?Aerate the water by ensuring constant / inflow and outflow of water;?Control of predators;?Harvest fish at lowest maturity stage;(1 x 9 = 9mks)(d)Wheat 15% DCP5 parts of Wheat; (?mk)(?mk)25% (?mk)DCPSunflowwer seed10 parts of Sunflower seed cake; (?mk)Cake 30% DCPTotal15 (?mk)5 x 300kg=100kg of wheat; (?mk)1510 x 300kg=200kg of sunflower seed cake. (?mk)(8 x ? = 4mks)15Page | 27600443/1,443/2 agriculture KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE FORM IV JULY/AUG 2016 TIME: 2 HOURS 1.List two disadvantages of nomadic pastoralism(1mk)2.Name four macro-nutrients that are useful in crop nutrition .(2mks)3.State four agents of soil erosion(2mks)4.Outline three types of production functions as used in agriculture(11/2mk)5.State four effects of HIV /AIDS in agricultural production(2mks)6.Outline four methods of fertilizers application(2mks)7.State three methods of conserving forage(11/2mk)8.Give four qualities of a good farm manager( 2mks)9.Name two types of water pumps(1mk)10. A farmer intends to supply 60 kg Nitrogen /Ha . The fertilizer available to him is C.A.N (21 % N)Calculate how much of the fertilizer calcium Ammonium Nitrate the farmer would require to supply on his 2 Ha of land(show your working)(2mks)11. State four disadvantages of chemical pest control(2mks)12. Give four sources of power commonly used on the farm(2mks)13. Mention four farming practices that help achieve minimum tillage(2mks)14. Name two fresh market varieties of tomatoes(1mk)15. Differentiate between land tenure and land reform(2mks)16. List four types of product - product relationship in economics(2mks)17. Give two factors to consider while sitting a nursery bed(1mk)18. State two advantages of drip irrigation(1mk)SECTION B ( 20 MKS)Answer all questions in this Section19. Study the diagrams below and answer the questions(i) Identify the crop production structure illustrated above(1mk)(b) What is the role of the part labelled X on the structure ?(1mk)(c) A part from the role played by X above, name three other routine practices carried out on the crop in the structure above20. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follows: -(a) Identify the the method of water harvesting illustrated above(1mk)Page | 27700443/1,443/2 agriculture (b) Identify the parts labelledX ,Y ,Z(3mks)(c) A part from the method illustrated above, name one other water harvesting method(1mk)21. The following diagrams illustrate some common weeds found in crop fields, study, the diagrams carefully and answer thequestions that follows : -(a) Identify the weeds labelled K and L above(2 mks)(b) Give one economic importance of weed L to a livestock farmer(1mk)(c) Classify the above weeds according to: -(i) Growth cycle(1mk)(ii) Plant morphology(1mk)22. Below is the graph illustrate the economic law of diminishing returns . Study the graph and answer the questions that follows(a) Explain what would happen in each of the three zones marked I, II and III in relation to fertilizers input to beans output (3mks)(b) Specify the rational zone of production among the three zones and give a reason(2mks)SECTION C ( 40 MARKS)(Answer only two questions from this section)23.(a) Discuss various cultural methods of disease contron in crop production(10mks)(b) State the various benefits of agro-forestry to a farmer(5mks)(c) Describe the importance of farm records to a farmer(5mks)24.(a) Describe production of onions under the following sub-headings(10mks)(i) Field preparation(4mks)(ii) Planting(5mks)(b) Describe how farmers can improve labour productivity(6mks)(c) Outline the various factors that should be considered when setting up an irrigation system(5mks)25.(a) Discuss the advantages of land consolidation and registration(6mks)(b) Discuss the safety precautions taken while handling pestcides on a farm(10mks)(c) State four factors that influence quality of farm yard manure(4mks)Page | 27800443/1,443/2 agriculture KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 443/2 AGRICULTURE FORM IV JULY/AUG 2016 TIME: 2 HOURS 1.Name a breed of camel with two humps(1/2mks)2.State two types of roughages as used in livestock nutrition(1mk)3.Give two reasons why it is advisable to dehorn cattle(1mk)4.State three properties of clean milk(11/2mk)5.Name the tool or equipment used to carry our the following routine livestock practices(a) Castration(b) Vaccination6 What is the role of iron in livestock nutrition?(1mk)7.List two importance of fish farming in Kenya?(1mk)8.Name two hormones that influence milk let-down in dairy cattle(1mk)9.Name two exotic breeds of dairy goats reared in Kenya(1mk)10. What is the role of a crop in the digestion system of poultry(2mks)11. Name two zoonotic diseases of livestock(1mk)12. Give four routine practices carried out during calf rearing(2mks)13. State two factors that determine the amount of water required by an animal(2mks)14. List three methods of outbreeding as used in livestock nutrition(11/2mk)15. Outline four conditions necessary for artificial incubation ...(2mks)16. List three sources of lipids in livestock diet(11/2mk)17. Name two parasites of bees(1mk)18. State four qualities of an ideal calf pen(2mks)19. Give four reasons why stones are good as construction materials(2mks)20 . Name a disease transmitted by the following vectors(a) Tsetse fly(1/2mks)(b) Brown ear tick(1/ 2mks)21. List four requirements in a deep litter house(2mks)22. Give two causes of soft shells in eggs(2mks)SECTION B ( 20 MARKS ) Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided 23 Study the diagrams and answer the questions that follow :-(a) Identify the condition or deficiency disease as illustrated in J and K above(2 marks)(b) Name the cause of the deficiency condition in J,K ( 2marks)(c) Give one remedy to control condition K in lactating cows(1mk)24. The diagram below illustrates a common system used in livestock grazing. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-Page | 27900443/1,443/2 agriculture (a) Identify the system illustrated above:( 1mk)(b)State four advantages of the grazing system illustrated above(4mks)25 The diagram below illustrates a farm structure used in parasite control livestock(i) Identify the structure illustrated above(1mk)(ii) List four advantages of using the structure illustrated above(4mks)Page | 280443/1,443/2 agriculture KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE FORM IV JULY/AUG 2016 TIME: 2 HOURS 1.- Leads to soil erosion- No controlled breeding - No permanent development of the land - Low production because animals move for long distances in search of food and water - Conflicts among pastoral communities 2.- Nitrogen- Phosphorus - Potassium - Calcium - Magnesium - Sulphur - Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen 3.- Wind- Water - Animals - Moving ice 4. - Increasing returns production function - Decreasing returns production function - Constant returns production function 5. - Alot of time is spent taking care of the sick - Shortage of labour - Low food supply and poverty thus increasing criminal activities - Low living standards leading to despondency hopelessness and lack of motivation to invest in Agriculuture - Increased cost of living amongst AIDS patients and their relatives - A lot of resources are allocated to take care of the patient at the expense of agriculture production 6.- Broadcasting- Placement method - Side dressing - Drip application - Foliar spraying 7.- Hay- Sillage- Standing forage8.- The manager should have knowledge about specific , agricultural principles, marketing and accounting- Hardworking and time conscious- Should have practical farming skills- Should be flexible in decision making- Should be responsible, dynamic, prudent, competent and ambitious9.- Centrifugal- Hydram- Piston- Semirotary10.100kgCAN21kgs NX?60Kgs N100 x 60=285.7 kgs21CAN /Ha285.7 x 2 Ha = 571.4 KgsC.A.N /2 Ha(2mks)11.-Pestcides are expensive-Most pestcides are non-selective thus killing useful insects such as pollinators and pest predators-Some pests easily develop resistance to some pestcides hence difficult to controlPage | 281443/1,443/2 agriculture -Pestcides pollute the environment12. - Human power- Animal power - Wind power - Water power - Biomass - Biogas - Electrical power - Fossils fuel 13- Mulching- Use of herbicides to kill weeds - Up rooting weeds - Restricted cultivation around the crop base - Burning of vegetation - Timely cultivation 14.- Hundred folds - Money maker - Bee eater - Hotset - Ailsa Craig - Super marmande - Ponderosa - Marglobe 15. Land tenure is the possession of right to use land Land reform refer to any organized action designed to improve the structure of land tenure and land use 16. - Joint products - Complimentary products - Supplimentary products - Competitive products 17 . - Soil fertility - Well sheltered place - Topography - Previous cropping - Drainage - Security - Direction of the prevailing wind18 .- Saves on water- Discourages fungal diseases - Discourages weed growth - Water under low pressure can be used as long as it can flow along the pipe - Reduce soil erosion SECTION B 19 .(a) - A nursery bed(ii) - Protecting seedlings from direct sun?s heat (c) - Watering - Weed control - Mulching - Pest and disease control - Hardening off -Pricking out 20. (a) Roof catchment (b) X- RoofY= Gutter(C) Z- Tank (c) - Rock catchment - Weirs - Dam and reservoir - Ponds (21) (a) K - Chinese lantern L- Thorn apple (b) It is poisonous to livestock (c) (i) Annual weeds (ii) Broad - leaved weed Page | 282443/1,443/2 agriculture 22 Zone I - An increase of fertilizer result to an increased output in beans produced Zone II - An increase in input of fertilizer result in a decrease in the output of beans till it reaches maximum ie decreased output reaches zero Zone III - Any further increase in fertilizer result in a negative output of beans i.e (b) Zone II Because the output reaches maximum SECTION C 23. (a) (i)Crop rotation : This helps to break life cycle of pathogens that cause crop diseases (ii) Rogueing : - Aims at uprooting and destroying crops that harbour crop diseases (iii) Field hygiene- Destruction of crop residues that carry disease pathogens in a crop field using fire and use of sterile tools when prunning (iv) Using clean planting materials - This helps to prevent introduction of diseases in a crop field (v) Planting resistant crop varieties eg coffee Ruiru II is resistant to coffee leaf rust (vi) Proper spacing : This prevents overcrowding of crops and hence build up of disease pathogens like fungi (vii) Proper seedbed preparation i.e removing wood stumps to control armilaria root rot in tea and coffee (b) (i) Some tree species have medicinal properties ( rej : trees are medicines) (ii) Leguminous tree species help to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil (iii) Tree roots bind soil particles together thus reducing soil erosion iv) Trees have canopy that covers the soil reducing splash /rain / drop erosion and evaporation of water from the soil v) Trees are a source of humus which adds soil fertility , conserves moisture and modifies soil temperature vi) Trees serve as windbreaks thus reducing soil erosion and crop lodging vii) Aesthetic value: Trees beautify the environment viii) Trees are a source of food to man and livestock ix) Trees create habitat for arboreal animals i.e birds, monkeys5x1 = (5 mks)(c) (i) They help a farmer to calculate profits and losses in his entreprises (ii) They help a farmer in planning and budgeting (iii) They help to settle disputes (iv) Records help a farmer to pay fair income tax (v) In case farmers are in partnership, they help a farmer in sharing of profit (vi) They tell historoy of the farm (vii) They show assets and liabilities of a farm (ix) They help a farmer to acquire credit (x) They help a farmer to detect theft on the farm5x1 = (5 mks)24(a). - Prepare seedbed early i.e before - Deep ploughing in primary cultivation - Prepare to proper tilth in secondary cutlivation - Rotavation to acquire fine tilth - Prepare ridges to get planting furrows(4x1 = 4 mks)(ii). - Done at onset of rains - Water nursery bed thoroughly before lifting seedlings to prevent root damage - Plant seedlings in prepared seedbed at a spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm - Apply farm yard manure and DSP fertilizers - Firm the soil around the base of the crop to increase soil -root contact(5x 1 = 5mks)(b). (i) Supervision of the operations to guide on how best the operations can be done (ii) Training the workers to improve on the skills to do the operations (iii) Providing incentive ie housing, protective gear/wear, medical care iv) Proper remuneration i.e paying good salaries and wages v) Guidance and counselling of the workers to relieve social stress and make them more productive vi) Mechanizing farm operations to increase efficiency( 6 x 1 = 6mks )(c)- Topography of the land- Type of soil - Type of crop to be grown - Availability of water - Availability of capital( 5x 1 = 5mks )25.- Easy provision of extension services - Sound farm planning and budgeting - Proper supervision of land operations - Effective soil and water conservation - Better pest and disease control programmes - Settlement and re-settlement of people to ease population pressure on land - Economic use of time and reducing cost of transport from one place to the other Page | 283443/1,443/2 agriculture - Permanent development of the farm i.e. onstruction of farm structures , irrigation network, soil and water conservation - Assurance of a land title deed that guarantee land ownership( 6 x 1 = 6mks)(b) i) Read manufacturers instructions and follow them (ii) Wear protective clothing /gear i.e helmet, goggles, gloves, boots, overall (rej: any answer that only specifies type of protective gear eg : wear gloves, boots etc) (iii) Do not eat, drink or smoke while handling pestcides (iv) Bathe immediately after using pestcides (v) Do not blow or suck nozzles that are blocked (vi) Avoid spilling pestcides in water sources and the soil to minimise pollution (vii) Dispose empty containers responsibility by burying them into the soil (viii) Keep pestcides away from children (ix) Avoid inhaling the pestcide fumes directly (x) Clean the spraying equipment thoroughly with detergents before storing (xi) Avoid drift to the pastures, animal feeds and feeding structures or equipment10 x 1 = 10mks(c)- Type of animal used- Type of litter or bedding material used- Period of storage- Method of storage4 x 1 = 4mksPage | 284443/1,443/2 agriculture KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 443/1 AGRICULTURE FORM IV JULY/AUG 2016 TIME: 2 HOURS 1.Bactrian2.Succulent roughages2 x 1/2 = (1mks)Dry roughages3. - Dehorned animals use less space- For easy handling of animals (make animaldocile )- To prevent injury to the farmer and other animals- Prevent destruction of farm structures2 x 1/2 = (1mks)4.- Free from pathogens- No hair, dirt or dust - Has good flavour - Its chemical composition is within the expected standards - It is of high keeping quality3 x 1/2 = (1 1/2 mks)5. a) Burdizzo , rubber ring and elastrator , scapel( 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk)b) Hypodermic needle and syringe( 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mk)6. Formation of haemoglobin in blood(1mk)7.- Source of income to the farmer- Source of food- Source of employment- Source of raw materiasl to industries2 x 1/2 = (1mks)8.- Oxytocin- Adrenaline -Alpine2 x 1/2 = (1mk)9. - Saanen - Toggenburg - Alphine2 x 1/2 = (1mk)10. - Moisten the food - Temporary storage of food( 2 x 1 = (2mks)11. - Brucellosis - Rabies - Tuberclosis2 x 1/2 = (1mk)- Anthrax 12.- Feeding - Pest control - Disease control - Castration4x 1/2 = (2mks)- Removal of extra teat - Identification 13. - Ambient temperatures - Type of food eaten by animal - Level of production - Amount of work done by an animal - Weight /body size of an animal - Species of an animal2 x1= (2mks)14. - Outcrossing- Upgrading3 x 1/2 = (11/2 mks)- Cross breedingPage | 285443/1,443/2 agriculture 15. Temperature must be maintained at 37.50c - 39.40c - There should be enough a fresh air circulation - Relative humidity must be maintained at 60% - Egg turning4 x 1/2 = (2mks)16.- Oil seed by products e.g cotton seed cake , - Animal products and by - products eg milk , bone meal - Pasture foliage3 x 1/2 = (1 1/2mks)17. - Wax moth - Ants - Honey badger2 x 1/2 = (1mk)- Bee louse 18. - Well ventillated - The roof should be leak proof - Draught free - Proper lighting - Single housing4 x 1/2 = (2mks)19. - Fire resistant - Durable - Strong - Resistant to insect damage4 x 1/2 = (2mks)- Resistant to weathering 20. a) Trypanosomiasis /nagana rej: sleeping sickness b) East coast fever(1/ 2 mk)21. - Litter - Feed troughs - Water troughs - Roosts or perches4 x 1/2 = (2mks)- Nests-Laying nests22. - Deficiency of calcium- Deficiency of vitamin D(2mks)- Marek?s diseaseSECTION B23. a ) J- Curled toe paralysis1mkK- Milk fever1mkb) J - Deficiency of vitamin B21mkK- Deficiency of calcium1mkc)- Treatment using calcium borogluconate solutionintravenously- Providing feed rich in calcium1mk24. a) Paddocking1mkb)- Maximum use of pasture- Reduce build up parasites and diseases- Even distribution of animal waste in all fields or paddocks- Excess pasture can be harevested for conservation- Pasture area is given time to regrow before it is grazed on again( 4 x 1 = 4mks)25. (i) Spray race1mk(ii)- It is suitable for pregnant and sick animals- No wastage of acaricide since it is recyled - Animals cannot swallow the acaricide - Less labour is required - Spraying is faster( 4 x 1 = 4mks)26. (a) Egg candlingb)- Double yolked egg- Blood spots in eggs- Cracks in shell- Broken egg shellPage | 286443/1,443/2 agriculture - Whether the egg is very porous(4 x 1 = 4mks)SECTION C 27 (a) Causes (i) Imbalanced diet : A diet deficient in nutrients leads to the birds practicing cannibalism (ii) Overcrowding makes birds easily detect moving organims on each other (iii) Too bright light in the poultry house (iv) Introduction of new birds in the flock (v) Prolapse of the cloaca in laying birds (vi) Idleness of birds (vii) Presence of external parasites on the birds eg poultry lice( 5x1 = 5mks)Control : (i) Provide adequate floor space for the birds (ii) Feed birds on a balanced ration (iii) Keep birds according to age groups (iv) Cull perpetual cannibals (v) Isolate and treat injured birds (vi) Debeaking aggressive cannibals (vii) Hanging green edible vegetables to keep birds busy( 5 x 1 = 5mks)b) - Routine deworming using suitable drugs - Proper disposal of human waste - Practicing rotational grazing - Proper meat inspection - Ploughing pasture land to kill cysts( 5 x 1 = 5mks)c) - Promote production of high quality colostrum in the next lactation - Ensure rapid growth and development of foetus to ensure healthy and strong calf at birth - Build up enough body reserves for the cow before the next parturation - Build up energy for nutrition - Increases and maintains high milk yield after birth - Promote good health of the mother( 5x 1 = 5mk)28 (a)- Tools should be left in a safe place after use- Use the correct tool for the correct purpose - Maintain tools and service them to remain in good working condition and last longer - Tools should be handled correctly when in use to avoid damage to the tool and injury to the uses - use safety devices i.e fire extinguishers and first aid kits in the workshop to reduce accidents - All tools should be stored properly in tool cabinets or in tool racks to prevent injuries Maize 12 x 100 = 60 kg of maize 20 Simsim seed cake 8 x 100 = 40 kgs( = 5mks)20 c) - Spraying livestock against external parasites - Identifying animals by use of such methods like branding, eartagging, ear notching - Vaccination - Adminstering prophylactic drugs - Treating sick animals - Dehorning - Pregnancy test - Artificial insemination - Taking body temperatures - Hoof trimming - Milking( 10 x 1 = 10mks)29 a) Petrol engineDiesel Engine(i) Has carburettor- Has an injection pump(ii) Fuel and air art- Fuel and air are mixedmixed into the carburettor the(iii) Fuel is ignited by anelectric spark(iv) It produces less smokebecause petrol is fully burnt(v) Petrol engine is lightwithin cylinder before getting into the engine cylinder- Fuel is ignited bycompression of air and and fuel mixture in the cylinder - Produces alot of smokebecause diesel is partially burnt- Diesel engine is Page | 287443/1,443/2 agriculture in weight and suited forrelatively heavy andlight dutiessuited for heavy duties( 5 x 2 = 10mks)(rej: any answer that does not give a comparative response ) b) - They have a hump that stores fat - Highly tolerant to high temperatures - High resistance to tropical diseases - They can walk for long distances in search of food and water - They have long calving intervals of more than one year - They have low production of both meat and milk - They have slow growth rate leading to late maturity( 5 x 1 = 5mks)c)- Vaccination-Disinfection and use of antiseptics-Proper nutrition-Proper hygiene-Quarantine-Proper housing-Isolation and treatment of sick animals-Prophylaxis-Proper breeding and selection( 5 x 1 = 5mks)Page | 28800443/1,443/2 agriculture REVISION EXERCISES NYERI COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT ASSESSMENT 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A : (30 MARKS) Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1.What is nomadic pastoralism ?(1 mark)2.List two contributions of agriculture to industrial development in Kenya.(1 mark)3.State four effects of pathogens in crop production.(2 marks)4.Outline four characteristics of sub-soil.(2 marks)5.Give four disadvantages of minimum tillage.(2 marks)6.Name two tertiary operations carried out during land preparation.(1 mark)7.Give three surface water sources for use in a farm.(1? marks)8.List four properties of safe and clean water.(2 marks)9.a) Give the meaning of the term scarcity as used in agricultural economics.(1 mark)b) State four importances of feeding records to a livestock farmer.(2 marks)10.Name two macronutrients which are classified as :a) Liming elements.(1 mark)b) Fertilizer elements(1 mark)c) What do you understand by the term micro-nutrient as used in crop production.(1 mark)11.Give four importance of vegetables production.(2 marks)12.Give four factors that enable a farmer to grade tomatoes for fresh market.(2 marks)13.Name four species of legume pastures grown in medium altitude areas.(2 marks)14.State three methods of rotational grazing.(1? marks)15.Differentiate between monopoly and monopsony types of market.(1 mark)16.List four ways by which trees contribute to soil and water conservation.(2 marks)17.Give two reasons why use of organic manures is discouraged in carrot production.(1 mark)18.Name the routine field practice done by :a) Removal of extra suckers in a banana stool.(? mark)b) Removal of old stems down to the level of top foliage in pyrethrum.(? mark)c) Removal of suckers from coffee bushes.(? mark)d) Removal and destruction of infected plants and plant parts.(? marks)SECTION B : (20 MARKS)Answer all the questions from this section.19.a) State three advantages of using crop propagation method shown in diagram B over A.(3 marks)b) List two materials used to prepare the rooting medium in diagram B above.(2 marks)c) Which practice is carried out two weeks before transplanting seedlings in diagram A.(1 mark)20. R ain w ater J K w ater tap a) Identify the method of water harvesting shown in the diagram above.(1 mark)b) Name the parts labelled J and K(2 marks)Page | 28900443/1,443/2 agriculture c) List four materials used in construction of the part labelled J.(2 marks)21. The diagram below represent a method of manure preparation. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.E F a) Identify the type of manure being prepared.(1 mark)b) Name the parts labelled E and F(2 marks)22. Shown in the diagram below is a method of prunning coffee. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.a) Name the method of prunning illustrated above.(1 mark)b) Give another form of prunning coffee.(1 mark)c) State two advantages of the method shown in the diagram over the method in (b) above.(2 marks)SECTION C : (40 MARKS)Answer two questions from this section.23. a) Explain three soil properties that are influenced by soil texture.(6 marks)b) Explain four factors that should be considered while choosing seed rate in crop production.(8 marks)c) Describe six cultural methods of controlling weeds in crop production.(6 marks)24. a) Discuss production of dry beans under the following sub-headings :i)Planting(4 marks)ii) Disease control(4 marks)iii) Harvesting(4 marks)b) i) Outline the steps followed during land adjudication.(4 marks)ii) List four pieces of information contained in a title deed.(4 marks)25. a) Describe the steps farmers should follow when planning a farm enterprise.(6 marks)b) Outline four importances of farm accounts.(4 marks)c) Outline four factors which influence the supply of a commodity.(4 marks)d) Outline six methods of controlling nematodes in crop production.(6 marks)Page | 29000443/1,443/2 agriculture NYERI COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT ASSESSMENT 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A : (30 MARKS) Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. 1.a) Give two dual purpose breeds of sheep.(1 mark)b) Name the pig breed which is white in colour, straight snout, ears drop over the face.(1 mark)2.State two maintenance activities of a green house for growing of horticultural crops.(1 mark)3.a) Name two recognised hatcheries where farmers can source chicks.(1 mark)b) Give the function of the drones in a bee colony.(? mark)4.Mention four benefits realised by adopting battery cage poultry rearing system.(2 marks)5.Outline any two characteristics of succulent roughages required by a farm animal.(1 mark)6.Give two enzymes produced by the pancrease for the digestion of food materials in the duodenum of a dairy cow.(1 mark)7.Differentiate between raddling and ringing in sheep rearing.(1 mark)8.State one sign of kindling.(? mark)9.Name two common structures for the preparation and storage of silage in the farm for beef rearing.(1 mark)10.State four methods of administering vaccines to livestock.(2 marks)11.a) State two limitations of tractor hire services.(1 mark)b) Name two practices that ensures efficient spraying using tractor boomers.(1 mark)12.Describe the following terms used in selection and breeding.(1 mark)i)Epistasisii) Upgrading13.Explain the importance of the following requirements in artificial incubation.(2 marks)a) Proper ventilationb) Maintaining relative humidity at 60oC14.List two effects of cannibalism and stress in poultry keeping.(1 mark)15.a) Mention two notifiable viral diseases in mammals.(1 mark)b) Study the table and fill in the blank spaces. ParasiteDisease transmittedAnimals affectedFasciolasisBrown ear tickc) Name one parasite under each of the following classifications.(1 mark)Insecta ...Arachnida ...16.Briefly describe the following terms as used in livestock health.(1 mark)i)Incubation periodii) Mortality rate17.Describe two physical conditions that will predispose a cow to mastitis attack.(1 mark)18.Outline the importance of ensuring there is adequate litter in the brooder.(1 mark)19.Give two reasons for tailing practice in sheep production.(1 mark)20.State four non-pathogenic causes of diseases in livestock.(2 marks)SECTION B : (20 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 21. The diagram below shows the power transmission system of a tractor. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow. Differential Gear leverLNPistonKi)Identify the parts shown as K(1 mark)ii) Give two functions of part N.(2 marks)iii) Mention two activities on part L that enables to increase traction of the tractor.(2 marks)Page | 29100443/1,443/2 agriculture 22. Study the diagram below showing an operation in livestock production. i)Identify the operation.(1 mark)ii) Outline the procedure for the operation shown above.(4 marks)23. The diagram below shows a practice in poultry rearing. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow. Observer Egg Light rays Source of light a) Identify the practice.(1 mark)b) State the ideal features observed on the egg if the practice was conducted oni)A day before incubation(3 marks)ii) On the 18th day of incubation.(1 mark)24. The diagram below represents a livestock parasite. Study it and answer the questions below. Hooks Sucker youngest Proglottid a) Name the intermediate host of the parasite.(1 mark)b) List two signs observed on livestock under attack.(2 marks)c) Give two control measures of the parasite.(2 marks)SECTION C : (40 MARKS)Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided.25. a) Describe five ideal features of a deep litter poultry house.(5 marks)b) Outline the management activities that should be carried out on a sow during farrowing period.(7 marks)c) Explain the use of any four tools / equipment used in the establishment of an irrigation.(8 marks)26. a) Describe six importances of various nutrients in a livestock feed.(6 marks)b) State four problems associated with artificial methods of service in cattle production.(4 marks)c) Describe the factors to consider when selecting fencing materials.(10 marks)27. a) Give six factors that affects productivity of draught animals.(6 marks)b) State the importance of identification in livestock management.(4 marks)c) Discuss Anthrax disease under the following sub-headings :i)Animals affected(1 mark)ii) Causal organism(1 mark)iii) Symptoms observed in affected animals(4 marks)iv) Control measures(4 marks)Page | 29200443/1,443/2 agriculture MAARA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section on the spaces provided. 1.What are problems associated with the use of herbicides in crop production.(2 marks)2.State any four farming practices which help to improve soil structure.(2 marks)3.Give two ways by which overheating can be avoided in the process of making silage.(2 marks)4.What is the advantage of tenancy system in farming.(2 marks)5.Name the vegetative part of each of the following crops which is propagated.(2 marks)Sweet potatoes... Cassava ... Bananas ... Oranges ... 6.Give four factors that would determine the number of tillage of operations when preparing a seedbed.(2 marks)7.Give two reasons why it is important to keep breeding records in livestock productions.(2 marks)8.State four factors that would determine the demand for oranges by a household.(2 marks)9.Name four sources from which a farmer can obtain capital.(2 marks)10. State four reasons why a farmer would diversify his farming enterprise.(2 marks)11. Give four methods of seed treatment before planting in agroforestry.(2 marks)12. State four observable indicators of economic development of a nation.(2 marks)13. List four examples of joint products in livestock production.(2 marks)14. State four factors influencing seedrate in crop production.(2 marks)15. Give three precautionary measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting coffee(2 marks)SECTION B (20 marks) Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided. 16. Study the diagrams below of crop propagation and answer the questions that follow. Shoot Peg Ground surface Roots develop here a) Identify the propagation method.(1 mark)b) State two factors which encourage root formation in the above method of propagation.(2 marks)c) Name two crops that can be propagated using the above method.(2 marks)17. The following is a supply and demand curve of eggs to teachers in a school. Price 35 30 25 20 15 0 12Quantity34Page | 29300443/1,443/2 agriculture a) What is the name given to the point where the curves intersect.(1 mark)b) i) What is the price of eggs per tray at the point of intersection.(1 mark)ii) What is the supply and demand of eggs at the point of intersection.(1 mark)c) What marketing assumptions can you make from the data given on the sale of eggs with respect to demand. (2 marks) 18. The diagram below is an illustration of a modern grain store. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. A B Removable Ladder a) Identify the parts A and B.(1 mark)b) State the functions of the parts A and B.(2 marks)c) State any four qualities of a good grain store.(2 marks)19.Explain the steps followed in land adjudication.(5 marks)SECTION C Answer any TWO questions. 20. A farmer has 160 hectares of arable land, 60 hac. of which is under wheat 32 hac under maize, 12 ha under fodder crops and the rest under pasture. He wishes to know whether replacing 12 hac of maize with Irish potatoes the following year would be worthwhile. The fertilizer rate would have to be increased from 5 bags per hac. for maize to 7 bags per hac. for Irish potatoes. An extra 100 mandays of casual labour per hac. will be necessary as a result of the change. The average yield of maize and Irish potatoes is 45 and 115 bags per ha respectively. The prices are 1400/= per bag for Irish potatoes seed costs are 2,500/= per ha for maize and 30,000/= per ha for Irish potatoes, fertilizer costs are 1,300/= per bag , labour is paid at 150/= per manday. a) Draw a partial budge and indicate the effect of the change.(12 marks)b) under what conditions is partial budget an appropriate tool for planning.(4 marks)c) State four questions a farm manager formulates in preparing a partial budget.(4 marks)21.a) Explain how agricultural contributes to national development.(10 marks)b) Explain the importance of early planting in crop production.(10 marks)22.a) Explain the benefits of weeds to a farmer.(7 marks)b) Describe the physical or structural methods of controlling soil erosion.(7 marks)c) Outline the importance of draining farm land.(6 marks)Page | 29400443/1,443/2 agriculture MAARA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section on the spaces provided. 1.List four importance of livestock to the people of Kenya.(2 marks)2.List down three main parts of a farm building.(1? marks)3.Outline three harmful effects of ticks in cattle.(1? marks)4.Name two pure breeds of poultry kept by farmers in Kenya.(1 mark)5.Give two conditions which would necessitate to feed bees.(1 mark)6.State four qualities of clean milk.(2 marks)7.State four maintenance of a jackplane.(2 marks)8.Name two tractor drawn implements that are attached to the drawbar.(1 mark)9.Outline any four methods of controlling coccidiosis in poultry.(2 marks)10. Name three methods that are used in selection of cattle for breeding(1? marks)11. The table below shows a page plucked from a farm record.S. No.8975DateDisease Symptoms Animal affectedCost of treatmentRemarksa) Name the type of farm record shown.(? mark)b) State two ways in which this record is important to the farmers.(1 mark)c) State two pieces of information that may be recorded in the remarks column.(2 marks)12. State one use of each of the following livestock tools.(1? marks)i)Burdizzo pliers ...ii) Strip cupiii) Lactometer ...13. Outline three factors that will lead to low hatchability of incubated eggs.(1? marks)14. a) Define dry cow therapy.(? mark)b) State the importance of dry-cow therapy.(4 marks)15. Outline four disadvantages of artificial insemination.(2 marks)16. Why is drenching alone not effective in the control of internal parasites.(1? marks)SECTION B (20 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided. 17. Study the diagram of an ox-drawn plough shown below and answer the questions that follow. J G KHa) Name the parts labelled G, H, J and K.(2 marks)b) State one maintenance practice that should be carried out on each of the parts labelled J and K.(2 marks)c) State the functions of the part labelled H and J.(1 mark)d) What adjustment should be carried out on the improvement so as to reduce the depth of ploughing.(1 mark)18. a) Give four factors that determine digestibility of a feed in livestock.(4 marks)b) A cow was given 120kg of roughage feed out of that 40kgs was lost as faeces, 10kgs as urine and 5kgs as gases.Calculate the digestibility of the feed.(3 marks)(Show your working.)Page | 29500443/1,443/2 agriculture 19. The diagram below shows the digestive system of poultry. Study it and answer the questions that follow.ACBEa) Name the parts labelled A - F.b) How is part C adapted to perform its functions? c) State the function of the part labelled C and F.SECTION B (40 marks)Answer two questions from this sectionDF(3 marks)(2 marks)(2 marks) 20. a) Give the merits of using tractor hire services o nth farm.(4 marks)b) State the advantages of animal power over tractor power in seedbed preparation.(6 marks)c) Compare the use of an ox-drawn mouldboard plough with a tractor drawn mouldboard plough.(10 marks)21. a) Name two species of camel(2 marks)b) Give six reasons why camel are suited to arid areas.(6 marks)c) Give three reasons why goats are suited to drier areas in Kenya.(3 marks)d) Explain the problems that face dairy farming in Kenya.(9 marks)22. a) Outline six structural requirements of a calf pen.(6 marks)b) Describe the factors considered when siting farm buildings and structures.(14 marks)Page | 29600443/1,443/2 agriculture GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET) 443/1 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section on the spaces provided. 1.Mention four practices that should be carried out to maintain grass pasture.(2 marks)2.State two benefits of conserving forage crops.(2 marks)3.Mention four management practices that are carried out on agro forestry trees from transplanting to maturity.(2m arks)4.Give four possible causes of seed dormancy.(2 marks)5.Give four farming practices that may help in achieving minimum tillage.(2 marks)6.State four advantages of adding organic manure to sandy soil.(2 marks)7.Give four functions of young farmers clubs in Kenyan secondary schools.(2 marks)8.List four reasons for treating water for use on the farm.(2 marks)9.State five characteristics of a large scale farming system.(2? marks)10.State four ways in which burning of vegetation may lead to lose of soil fertility.(2 marks)11.Give two forms in which nitrogen is absorbed from the soil by plants.(2 marks)12.Why is it necessary to allow freshly cut sorghum (Columbus grass) to wilt before feeding it to livestock.(1 mark)13.Give three reasons for growing crops under optimum temperature conditions.(1? marks)14.Give two ways in which cover crops help to conserve water in the soil.(1 mark)15.Give a reason for carrying out each of the following management practices on a tree nursery.i)Pricking out.(1 mark)ii) Root trimming.(1 mark)16.Give two conditions in Agricultural production under which opportunity cost is zero.(1 mark)SECTION B (20 marks)Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.17.The diagram below shows a practice in crop production.a) i) Give the identity of the field management practice illustrated above.(? mark)ii) Give two reasons for carrying out the above field management practise.(2 marks)b) A plot measuring 4m × 3m was prepared for planting cabbages at a spacing of 60cm × 60cm. Calculate the plantpopulation in the plot show your working.(1? marks)18. a) What is silage?(1 mark)b) Outline any 5 qualities of good silage.(5 marks)19. The illustration below indicates types of soil erosion that take place on cultivated farm land. Study and answer the questions that follow. BCDA Page | 29700443/1,443/2 agriculture Identify the type of erosion represented by each of the illustrations above.(2 marks)20. The diagram below shows a maize stalk infested by a certain pest. Study it and answer questions that follow.a) Identify the pest(1 mark)b) Give two damages caused to crops by the above pest.(2 marks)21. Identify the illustration P and Q which are materials used in propagation of sugarcane.PQP.(? mark) Q ...(? mark)b) Giving reasons which of the above is more suitable as a planting material in sugar cane.(2 marks)c) Outline two precaution taken when harvesting sugarcane.(2 marks)SECTION C : (40 marks)Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided.22.Describe the establishment of kales under the following sub-heading.a) Nursery preparation(4 marks)b) Establishment in the nursery.(3 marks)c) Management of seedling in the nursery.(5 marks)d) Transplanting of seedling.(8 marks)23.Study the information provided carefully and use it to prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Kemboi's farm for the yearending 2014. His purchases and expenses were as follows.Goat4,000Poultry15,000Diary meal25,000Pasture seeds50,000Transportation of farm produces15,000Casual worker12,000Ox-plough10,000Opening valuation150,000His sales and receiptsMohair75,000Rabbits36,000Pigs70,000Ground nuts100,000Orange20,000Eggs15,000Closing valuation200,000a) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Kemboi's farm as at 31-12-2014.(7 marks)b) From the calculations in (a) above, state whether Mr. Kemboi made a profit or a loss.(1 mark)c) State the use of each of the following documents.i)Cash receiptii) Purchase orderiii) Delivery note(3 marks)d) Name two types of inventories in farm accounts.(2 marks)e) Explain how farmers overcome risks and uncertainties.(7 marks)24.a) Describe five factors considered before choosing the type of irrigation system to use in the farm.b) Describe the importance of farm records in the farm.(10 marks)Page | 29800443/1,443/2 agriculture GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET) 443/2 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section on the spaces provided. 1.Mention any two example of meat goat kept in Kenya.(1 mark)2.Give four functions of a worker bee in a colony.(2 marks)3.State two qualities of colostrum which make it suitable for feeding newly born calf.(1 mark)4.Give four reasons for castration in goats.(2 marks)5.Differentiate between outcrossing and crossbreeding.(2 marks)6.State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service.(1 mark)7.List two abnormalities that can be seen in egg candling.(1 mark)8.List two factors associated with the animal that determine the amount of feed that an animal consumes.(2 marks)9.Mention any four structures that are necessary for handling dairy animals.(2 marks)10.a) Give one functional differences between each of the following pairs of tools and equipment.i)Garden trowel and masonry trowel.(1 mark)ii) Ball pein hammer and claw hammer.(1 mark)b) Explain two maintenance practices carried out on a pruning saw.(1 mark)11.State two methods of treating timber for construction.(1 mark)12.Give four causes of infertility in cattle.(2 marks)13.Give four requirement of a good grain store.(2 marks)14.State four effects of protein deficiency in livestock production.(2 marks)15.a) Name two hormones responsible for milk let-down(1 mark)b) Give four ways of stimulating milk let-down in a dairy cow.(2 marks)16.Give two methods of harnessing tractor power.(1 mark)17.a) State two reasons for raddling in sheep management.(1 mark)b) Give two causes of soft shell in eggs.(1 mark)SECTION B (20 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided. 18. The diagram below shows the petrol fuel system of a tractor engine. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow. Exhaust pipe PrimaryEngine blockfilter Fuel tank Throtile valve ADCB a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.(2 marks)b) State the functions of the parts labelled A, C and D.(3 marks)19.Below are illustrations of farm tools.E FGH a) Identify the farm tools labelled E, F, G and H.(2 marks)Page | 29900443/1,443/2 agriculture b) State the use of tools labelled E, F and G.(2 marks)c) Give one maintenance practice of the tool labelled F.(1 mark)20. Below is a diagram of a cow suffering from a deficiency disease. Study it and answer the questions that follow.a) Identify the disease the above animal in suffering from(1 mark)b) Give a condition that may make the animal to be prone to such a disease.(1 mark)c) List three symptoms of the above disease.(3 marks)21. Below is a diagram of farm equipment. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow.a) Identify the equipment.(1 mark)b) State one function o the toothed notches.(1 mark)c) State two ways in increasing the depth of penetration of the equipment.(2 marks)d) State two maintenance practices carried out on the equipment shown above.(1 mark)SECTION C (40 marks)Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 24.22. a) Describe Anthrax under the following sub-heading.i)Causal organism(1 mark)ii) Animals affected.(2 marks)iii) Symptoms of attack(5 marks)iv) Control measures.(3 marks)b) Describe the procedure of hand milking in dairy cow.(9 marks)23. a) Describe the preparation done before farrowing in pigs.(10 marks)b) Explain five functions of water in livestock nutrition.(5 marks)c) Outline five advantages of artificial insemination in cattle management.(5 marks)24. a) Describe ten components of a plunge dip for cattle management(10 marks)b) State five reasons why bees swarm from a bee hive.(5 marks)c) Describe the use of various hand tools required for the construction of a wooden fence.(5 marks)Page | 300 ................
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