ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Brake assist senses emergency braking by detecting the speed at which the driver presses the brake pedal and immediately applying all available power boosts. Brake Assist can potentially reduce overall stopping distance by eliminating the delay caused by a common human tendency of not braking hard enough or soon enough. Of course, in actual driving situations, braking effectiveness also depends on proper brake system maintenance and tire and road conditions.
The system developed by Mercedes-Benz to shorten emergency stopping distances takes over if a driver applies the brakes quickly but too gently in a critical situation. The system automatically develops maximum brake boost with split-second speed, so reducing the stopping distance by a significant margin.
Tests provide impressive proof of the effectiveness of Brake Assist: on a dry road, most drivers need up to 73 meters for an emergency stop at 100 km/h, since they apply the brakes too gently. With Brake Assist, the car can be brought to a standstill after just 40 meters, a reduction of 45 per cent.
BRAKE ASSIST HISTORY
Mercedes originally invented the brake assist system in the 1990’s. Their tests showed that although many drivers, especially women, reacted quickly in emergency situations, they did not apply enough pressure to the brake pedal to be completely effective. Their results also showed that drivers tend to apply the brake with less force in the initial stages of a potentially dangerous situation, and then increase the pressure as they moved further into that situation. The time spent in making the decision to apply the brakes with full force, even if it was only a delay of a split-second, meant that the car was not able to stop as soon as it would have if full pressure had been applied to the brake pedal immediately. Other studies also made engineers believe that the pulsing experienced when antilock brakes were engaged was mistakenly interpreted as a problem by inexperienced drivers, who then reduced the pressure on the brake pedal too early and inadvertently increased their risk of an accident. Mercedes theorized that if the car could sense when a driver was applying the brakes in a panic stop situation and automatically go to full force, regardless of how hard the driver pushed the pedal, stopping distances could be greatly reduced and many accidents avoided as a result.
Brake Assist
Brake Assist (BA) is a new technology that ensures that the maximum pressure is applied by the brakes to stop a vehicle in an emergency situation. Some manufacturers also refer to the same system as Emergency Brake Assist (EBA).
Working and its advantages
When a driver makes an emergency stop the brake pedal has to be pressed, the more pressure applied to the brake pedal, the greater the pressure through the braking system, which is amplified and provided to the brake.
In some cases a driver might fail to respond to a hazard up ahead as well as possible and fail to depress the brake pedal fully, meaning that the full pressure of the braking system is not being applied to the wheels. Brake Assist detects how quickly the pedal is depressed to judge whether the driver wanted to perform an emergency-braking man oeuvre. If it concludes that the situation is an emergency and the pedal isn’t depressed fully then it will increase the hydraulic pressure in the braking system to make up the gap. If the driver successfully avoids the danger and removes or reduces the force on the pedal then the system will also reduce its involvement.
Brake Assist in a vehicle
The system will not reduce the stopping distance of the car, but it will make sure that the car is stopped in the shortest distance that it potentially could by compensating for any hesitancy in applying the brakes hard in an emergency situation.
Brake Assist is based on the ABS technology of a vehicle and will not be found on a vehicle without ABS. It should not change how drivers respond to an emergency – you should still brake as hard as possible. Like all braking systems on a vehicle, it is safest to never get into an emergency situation where you need to use them. The best way of doing this is to ensure there is at least a two second gap between yourself and the vehicle in-front, and to drive at a speed suitable for the conditions.
Working of Brake assist using diagram
1. Driver does not step forcefully enough on the brake in an emergency. As a result, only a small amount of brake force is generated.
2. The pedal effort of this type of driver might weaken as time passes, causing a reduction of braking force.
3. Based on how quickly the brake pedal is depressed, brake assist assesses the intention of the driver to apply emergency braking and increases the brake force.
4. After the brake assist operation, if the driver intentionally releases the brake pedal, the assist operation reduces the amount of force simultaneously.
Basically, a brake assist system monitors the driver’s use of the brake pedal, automatically sensing an attempt to stop the car as a result of panic. It then generates very high braking power, even when the driver is only pressing lightly on the brake pedal. When this is used together with anti-lock braking systems, it results in faster and safer braking. Depending on the driver, statistics for emergency stops in cars using this technology range from a 20% - 45% reduction in stopping distances, a potentially significant difference in critical situations. Some road tests show that a driver needs up to 240 feet (73 meters) to stop a car going approximately 60 mph (100 km/h). In the same scenario, cars with brake assist were able to come to a complete stop in as little as 130 feet (40 meters). Since it only takes one-fifth of a second to travel a car length at highway speeds, the superior speed with which the brake assist is able to react also accounts for its improved safety results over traditional braking systems.
ABS and Brake Assist
Active Safety Systems that ensure vehicle movement stability under extreme circumstances This is a brake system that prevents slippage due to tire lock when applying the brake under conditions like sudden braking and slippery road surfaces, ensuring stable vehicle orientation and obstacle avoidance with steering wheel inputs.
ABS is standard equipment on all our regular-sized and small-sized passenger vehicles. ABS is optional on all our mini-sized vehicle models. Plans to provide ABS as standard equipment on all vehicles are in place.
|[pic] |[Vehicles not Equipped with ABS] |
|ABS Effectiveness(Illustration) |Tires lock under sudden braking, vehicle body orientation becomes |
| |unstable, and steering wheel inputs cannot control the vehicle. |
| |[Vehicles Equipped with ABS] |
| |Tires do not lock under sudden braking, vehicle body orientation |
| |is as stable as possible, and steering wheel inputs can help avoid|
| |an obstacle. |
Cars having Brake Assist system
Brake assist systems were originally only found on high-end luxury cars. However, as the technology has become a little older, it is now more widely available. Once only offered on cars from manufacturers such as Mercedes, Lexus, and Audi, brake assist is now available from more accessible makes such as Citroen, Honda, Toyota, and Ford.
Cars that come standard with antilock brake systems will now typically also include brake assist systems. The list of cars equipped with the system grows by the day
In Europe, even the little Nissan Micra comes with brake assist standard. The even smaller Daihatsu Cuore -one of the cheapest cars on market- offers brake assist as an option. The safety ratings on many cars include information about whether brake assist is an option for that model, so you can check their availability when making purchasing decisions.
[pic]
Brake Assist Systems
Brake assist systems are an important aid in emergency braking situations - such as when the driver applies the brake fast, but not with sufficient pressure, which leads to dangerously long braking distances. The brake assist recognizes the brake application speed to detect this type of panic situation and activates the brake booster or the EBS hydraulic unit, so that even with moderate pedal forces maximum deceleration is achieved. We offer different technologies for this purpose
[pic]
Types of Brake assists
➢ Electronic Brake Assist
➢ Mechanical Brake Assist
➢ Hydraulic Brake Assist
|[pic] |[pi|Electronic Brake Assist BA |
| |c] |Vacuum brake booster with electronic brake assist |
| | |function and standard ABS-TMc interface. This type of |
| | |active brake booster is also used to increase the |
| | |response dynamics of ESC* systems (Electronic Stability |
| | |Control) and to realize the comfortable electronically |
| | |controlled application of the brakes for an Adaptive |
| | |Cruise Control system (ACC). |
|Mechanical Brake Assist MBA |[pi|[pic] |
|The MBA replaces the sensor required in the electronically |c] | |
|controlled system to detect pedal velocity utilizing the inertial | | |
|effect of an intelligent mechanism. At high pedal speeds, this | | |
|mechanism triggers the BA function. | | |
|[pic] |[pi|Hydraulic Brake Assist HBA |
| |c] |This latest solution is based on existing components in the Electronic Stability Control |
| | |(ESC)*. The BA function is triggered through extension of the ESC software and requires |
| | |inputs e.g. from the pressure sensor in the tandem master cylinder. |
:
Brake Assist PLUS: Radar sensors for early accident detection
[pic]
• Situation-related braking assistance when an accident threatens
• Accident rate reduced from 44 to 11 percent in simulator tests
It was in 1992 that Mercedes engineers conducting tests in the driving simulator found that while the majority of male and female drivers operate the brake pedal rapidly in an emergency situation, they often do not do so with sufficient force. The braking performance is therefore not used to the full, and the braking distance is considerably increased. These findings led to the development of Brake Assist, which first entered series production in 1996 and has been standard equipment in all Mercedes cars since 1997. The technology interprets a certain speed with which the brake pedal is depressed as an emergency braking situation, and builds up the maximum braking assistance within fractions of a second. This significantly shortens the vehicle’s braking distance – by up to 45 percent at 100 km/h on a dry road surface, for example.
Brake Assist has proven its worth millions of times since its invention. It not only helps to prevent rear-end collisions, but also contributes greatly to pedestrian protection. This was demonstrated by a Mercedes-Benz study in the driving simulator: 55 male and female drivers were asked to drive through a town, and a child suddenly ran into the road. An accident could only be avoided by emergency braking. The result was that drivers with the benefit of Brake Assist had significantly fewer accidents than those without the system. The accident rate was reduced by 26 percentage points with Brake Assist.
Brake Assist PLUS: two radar systems looking ahead
In the new S-Class, Mercedes-Benz has expanded Brake Assist into a preventive system which assists the driver even more effectively than before in critical situations. The system is based on radar technology: it registers the distance from vehicles ahead, warns the driver if the gap is too small and calculates the necessary brake force assistance if a rear-end collision threatens. If traffic tails back and the driver is obliged to operate the brake pedal, the new Brake Assist PLUS instantly builds up the braking pressure required to manage the situation.
While reflex-like operation of the brake pedal is necessary with a conventional Brake Assist system, the new system already detects the driver’s braking intention when the pedal is depressed and automatically optimizes the brake pressure. This meets one of the major conditions for preventing rear-ends collisions, namely the best possible deceleration for the situation in hand.
Preventive Brake Assist PLUS uses two radar systems to monitor the traffic situation ahead of the vehicle: newly developed close-range radar based on 24-Gigahertz technology works together with the 77-Gigahertz radar of the DISTRONIC PLUS proximity control system. These systems complement each other: while the DISTRONIC radar is configured to monitor three lanes of a motorway to a range of up to 150 meters with a spread of nine degrees, the new 24-Gigahertz radar registers the situation immediately ahead of the vehicle with a spread of 80 degrees and a range of 30 meters.
Testing: successful trials with about 300 drivers
Mercedes-Benz has intensively tested the effectiveness of this innovative technology in the driving simulator and in practical trials: 100 male and female drivers took part in a series of tests in the driving simulator. They each completed a 40-minute journey with several critical situations on motorways and country roads. It was only possible to avoid accidents by hard braking. Thanks to the new Brake Assist PLUS system, the accident rate during this test series fell by three quarters compared to the average of 44 percent with conventional brake technology.
The new technology demonstrated its advantages particularly well when driving in a line of traffic at 80 km/h on a country road: when the vehicle ahead was suddenly braked, the radar-based Brake Assist system prevented an accident in 93 percent of cases – while more than one in two test drives ended in a rear-end collision without the system. Even in situations where a collision was unavoidable owing to a late response by the driver, the new system helped to reduce the severity of the impact. This was confirmed by the measured impact speed, which was reduced from an average of 47 to 26 km/h thanks to Brake Assist PLUS.
More than 200 male and female drivers took part in practical trials in Europe and the USA, covering a total of more than 450,000 kilometers in 24 test cars. These journeys were recorded with the help of the latest measuring and video technology. Evaluation of the data and video sequences showed that Brake Assist PLUS also makes a major contribution to safety under real conditions. Accident research: focus of attention on rear-end collisions
With Brake Assist PLUS Mercedes-Benz has once again confirmed its role as the trendsetter in the field of road safety. As in the case of the airbag, belt tensioner, ESP® and other pioneering safety systems, the development focus for the preventive Brake Assist system was on the real accident situation, or more precisely the high number of rear-end collisions, which account for more than 17 percent of accidents involving fatalities or injuries in Germany. Statistics compiled by the road safety authority NHTSA in the USA show that around 31 percent of all accidents with fatalities or injuries are rear-end collisions.
The future: from Brake Assist PLUS to the PRE-SAFE braking system
Brake Assist PLUS has the potential to achieve further milestones in safety technology: on the basis of radar sensors, Mercedes engineers are working on a system which monitors the traffic situation ahead of the car very precisely. If the driver fails to respond even after a warning that an accident is impending, the technology automatically initiates braking action and activates the PRE-SAFE® functions in the interior after a certain level of deceleration. This autonomous braking intervention with a deceleration of up to about 0.4 g prompts the driver to act, i.e. to brake hard or take evasive action. The PRE-SAFE® braking system then assists as the situation requires, with the aim of preventing the imminent collision or reducing the impact energy if a collision is unavoidable.
In the future this innovative technology could also be developed into an autonomous braking system which is automatically activated when danger threatens and initiates emergency braking action – a further step on the way to the "vision of accident-free driving", the long-term goal of safety developers at Mercedes-Benz.
In the field of vehicle safety, Mercedes-Benz is redoubling its commitment to accident prevention with the introduction of Brake Assist PLUS. This system registers vehicles ahead by radar and gives a warning if the gap is too small or the closing speed is too high. If a collision threatens, Brake Assist PLUS calculates the ideal braking assistance in fractions of a second and makes this available immediately - even if the driver applies too little pressure to the brake pedal. This significantly reduces the incidence of rear-end collisions. The adaptive brake light, which warns following traffic by flashing during emergency braking, also makes a major contribution.
Mercedes-Benz combines Brake Assist PLUS with the equally unique occupant protection system PRE-SAFE®, which offers even more safety functions on board the new S-Class. PRE-SAFE® recognizes potential accident situations as they arise: if deceleration exceeds a certain level or a skid is imminent, the system tensions the front seat belts as a precaution and inflates air cushions in the multi-contour seats to envelop and support the driver, front passenger and rear seat occupants. For the first time Mercedes-Benz has also integrated the side windows into this preventive protection system; they are automatically closed when an accident threatens.
This combination of the new Brake Assist PLUS system and PRE-SAFE® is a further enhancement to occupant protection. Mercedes-Benz is the world’s first and only vehicle brand with a comprehensive safety system of this kind, which already goes into action before an impending accident.
Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
ESP was invented which controls the car's sideways motion by pulsing individual wheel brakes. Several sensors are used: It shares the wheel speed sensors with a four channel ABS system and in addition employs a steering angle, yaw rate, brake pressure and sideways acceleration sensor. From these inputs two variables are calculated and internally compared to expected values, derived from a bicycle model: the yaw rate and the side slip angle. Controlling the yaw rate alone was found to be insufficient. Whenever a discrepancy is detected, individual wheel slip controllers are actuated, also known as disk brakes, to bring the wheel back to its desired ratio, and the vehicle back onto its intended track.
ESP works in all regimes like: acceleration, coasting, light braking, hard braking, engine drag and load shift and enhances vehicle stability even during extreme steering maneuvers (panic reactions).In general when over steering - fishtailing - the outside wheel or wheels will be braked. When under steering - plowing - the rear inside wheel will be braked preferably. But other combinations are possible. ESP is flexible. It also depends on the version of the system.
Find a large flat surface, like an empty parking lot or frozen lake. Then drive the car close to the critical speed with ESP OFF and ON. Listed some speeds for a 300 foot diameter circle:
|surface |adhesion coefficient |critical speed |
|black ice |0.1 |15 MPH |
|packed snow, gravel |0.2 |20 MPH |
|wet asphalt |0.5 |30 MPH |
|dry asphalt |0.8 |40 MPH |
Black ice is also called "surface ice", a thin ice layer on the road, bridges etc.
Low traction surfaces are preferred for two reasons, to keep the speed low, and drifts are much easier to control, particularly on packed snow. The closer one gets to the critical speed, the more difficult it is to keep the car under control without ESP. Once ESP is on, it's pretty easy to drive right at the physical limit, and it follows the drivers intention within limits (steering wheel, acceleration, braking). In this regime ESP is using side-slip control which means it tries to steer via individual wheel braking into the direction to which the driver points the front wheels via the steering wheel.
Here's the skidpad experiment again, donuts in a parking lot. In a 300 ft circle on packed snow the critical speed is about 20 MPH. The ML with ESP ON or OFF behaves the same until about 19.5 MPH. With ESP ON at 19.5 MPH the warning triangle may flash and individual wheels are braked to keep the side slip to a minimum, and ESP may refuse more throttles to keep the ML inside the stable regime.
Now, with ESP switched OFF, one can increase the speed a bit further and the triangle may not flash until close to 20 MPH. Demands for steering inputs increase drastically, the driver sweats. It's a lot of work to keep the car on the pad at the limit, while the guy with ESP just cruises by, smiling. If the limit is exceeded, the rear breaks away; one must counter steer or spin out and leave.
ESP works at any vehicle speed and is only limited by the response of the system, which is rather fast. In the ML it can activate 150 times per second. And braking latency is much lower than either engine or drive train latency, which makes the brakes the best, maybe the only method to handle fast dynamics.
ESP works quite nicely during braking. But what happens during full force braking inside the ABS regime when no additional force can be applied without saturation? ESP will then invert, and momentarily reduce the brake force on the other three wheels, just enough to produce a realigning momentum.
It disables the engine-torque-reduction capability and thus reduces the computers' intervention capabilities to about 20%.
The center triangle in the speedometer flashes when ESP intervenes. Flashing at low speeds is usually caused by 4ETS, but flashing above the 4ETS limit speeds is caused by ESP. For example, on a 1'20" dry and wet concrete slalom track, with an initial entry velocity of 100 MPH, the minimum speeds through a series of S turns were between 35 to 40 MPH, mostly higher. ESP was switched off, the warning triangle light solid on. It flashed off about 2 to 10 times per run, with 1 to 16 flashes each, depending on the smoothness of the driver. The speedometer was taped to record speed and flashing. Under these conditions only ESP flashes the light.
ESP together with 4ETS all wheel drive is called 4ESP, presently the most advanced traction control system offered by Mercedes-Benz. 4ESP is standard on the 1999 M-Class and an option in E320 models. The hydraulic modulator can be found in the engine compartment with 4ESP stamped on it. The master control unit right next to it is labeled 4ESP MCU and is interfaced to the traction controller in the sturdy vented E-box.
Anton Theodor van Zanten at Bosch, who worked on ESP already at Cornell (1973) and Armin Mueller at Daimler-Benz were the project leaders. Teams of about 40 engineers moved into a common building. The inventors received the Society of Automotive Engineer's Henry Ford award and more recently the "Professor Ferdinand Porsche Preis" from Porsche and the TU Wien. Wendelin Wiedeking commented: "With their invention, the price winners made a significant contribution to the general safety of road traffic." ESP world premiered in 1995 on the 12 cylinder Mercedes CL600 coupe S600 sedan as standard and was optional for $1200 to $1500 in other W140 S-Class models, the S420 and S500.
Mercedes accidents declined 42% when ESP was introduced. Serious accidents declined even faster by 66%. Similar numbers were found in Japan and Sweden. NHTSA studied accidents in five states and found passenger cars with ESP (many of them Mercedes) single car accidents dropped by 35% while fatal accidents dropped 30%. They also studied SUVs: ML320, ML430, ML350, ML500, G500, G55 AMG. Single vehicle accidents declined by 67% and fatal crashes by 63%. The IIHS studied ESP and found it reduced all accidents by 7% and all fatal accidents by 34%. Single vehicle accidents were reduced by 41% and fatal single vehicle accidents by 56%. ESP is thus as important as other Mercedes safety innovations like seat belts and probably more important than airbags
ESP in action
ESP holds cars on a steady course: During under steering (left) the front wheels turn outward; ESP automatically applies the brake to the left rear wheel. When the rear end breaks away during over steering (right), ESP brakes the right front wheel.
[pic]
CONCLUSION
Tests provide impressive proof of the effectiveness of Brake Assist: on a dry road, most drivers need up to 73 meters for an emergency stop at 100 km/h, since they apply the brakes too gently. With Brake Assist, the car can be brought to a standstill after just 40 meters, a reduction of 45 per cent.
In the future this innovative technology could also be developed into an autonomous braking system which is automatically activated when danger threatens and initiates emergency braking action – a further step on the way to the "vision of accident-free driving", the long-term goal of safety developers at Mercedes-Benz.
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- abstract for chemistry lab report
- experimental biology 2019 abstract submission
- experimental biology abstract deadline
- biology abstract example
- experimental biology 2019 abstract deadli
- experimental biology 2019 abstract deadline
- experimental biology 2019 abstract submi
- chemistry lab report abstract example
- experimental biology abstract submission
- abstract lab report example
- biology lab report abstract example
- abstract report example