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Ch1 Review outlineBox One – Main Types of TravelDomestic: within countryInternational: crossing bordersOutbound: home country you are leavingInbound: country you are visitingDomestic Tourism: ^ popular/convenient/Lang/Religion/ same currency/no passport/no visa/same culture/same holidays/usually cheaperReasons why people travelBox Two – Leisure TravelFor pleasure and enjoymentSee attraction/break from daily routinesFree time/ more money (disposable income)Day trippers/ overnight visitors/short breaksBox Three – Business TravelMICE – meetings/incentives/conferences/and exhibitionsWork-related Employer pays for significant cost of travelBusiness travelers spend more usually than leisure travelers on Transport/AccommodationBox Four – VFR – Visiting Friends and RelativesMEDCs and LEDCs – international travelers for purpose of seeing friends and familyGlobalization of careers/more flights/cheaper flights/trains/cars/ more disposable income/more time offBox Five – Niche Markets Medical Tourism: general or cosmetic surgery abroadReligious Tourism: pilgrimages Adventure tourism: trekking jungles, mountainsCultural Tourism: heritage tours, history, clothing, architecture, museums etc.Ecotourism: experience unspoiled natural environment and wildlifeSports Tourism: World CupSpa Tourism: Spa resorts, health therapy and beauty treatmentsDark Tourism: former battlefields / concentration campsCharacteristics of the Travel and Tourism Industry Box Six: SeasonalityThe demand for various tourism products and services vary throughout the yearLevels of demand often reflect local climatic conditions associated with the passing of the different seasons of the yearSeasonality causes problems for suppliers of travel and tourism products and services because demand levels fluctuate throughout the year.Empty hotel room does not generate revenue if it remains unoccupied and empty seats on a flight cannot be sold once the aircraft takes off.Suppliers seek to minimize the impacts caused by seasonal nature of demand by reducing prices in the shoulder months when demand is traditionally lower.Look up shoulder months:Many consumers try and take advantage of low season offers: Miami Spice / Miami Spa MonthBox Seven: Intangibility Service product in intangible when it cannot be easily evaluated or demonstrated in advance of its purchase. Travel agent cannot provide for the testing or sampling of a tourism product such as a package holiday.Cannot test-drive or sample tourism before you go on the trip.Problem may be overcome by printing a wide range of literature, by producing videos or providing the or by providing the product on a special offer in an attempt to increase tangibility. You can get magazines; read reviews, YELP, Travel APPS, Social Media, past weather patterns etc… Go to State Dept. for alerts Box Eight: Perishability T and T products cannot be stored for sale for a future occasion. Hotel bed, airline seat, convention center left empty, represents lost revenue that can never be recouped. Marketers in the tourism and hospitality sectors have to devise complex pricing and promotion policies in an attempt to sell “ off-season” periods.Offer cheap tickets and use computerized reservations system in order to forecast the need for tactical action if demand is believed to be below expectations.Hotel Tonight APPTravel and Tourism IndustryBox Nine:Range from capital cities/small towns/villages/rural/coastal/mountain areasGlobal economy, creating jobs and wealth, generating exports, boosting taxes and stimulating capital investmentDevelopment of the modern travel and tourism industryBox Ten 1.MEDCs: mass participation activity, accessible to enjoyed by the majority of their citizens2. T and T is a good indicator of economic growth and maturity within a country.3. Tourism participation rate: % of a countries population that participates in T and T4. Western Europe: 80% involved 5. Asian countries have seen an increase in participation in T and T during the last 20 years. Reflects major changes that have occurred within their economies.Box Eleven: Impact of the national economyRise in per capita incomes: GDP per capital, citizens will have an increase in disposable income. Increase participation rate/ service jobs/ weekends off / higher paying professional jobsIncrease in disposable income/ more willingness and ability to consume various goods and services, including an increase in tourist demand.Box Twelve: Car ownershipCar ownership influences travel behaviorEur/NA: widespread ownership/affordability/number one way to travelCars offer freedom/remote destinations/cities/road trips/on your own time/your passengers/your luggage choices/not a lot of planningEven in USA/lack of car ownership will limit travel opportunities/ New Orleans/Hurricane Katrina Post WWII, boom in car ownership/Interstate highways/changing landscapes/gas stations/attractions/service plazas/hotels/rest stopsBefore cars, when most people traveled by rail; most attractions were near train stations in Downtown areas.Car ownership/ bed and breakfasts/roadside cafes/Disney/car ferry services/bridges/ think Key WestBox Thirteen: Increase in leisure timeIncreased leisure time has come with the following: Flexibility of working hours/ greater freedom for employee to pick dates to take off.Paid leave in countries: USA two weeks / EUR four weeks paid holidayRetirees are younger, more fit and healthy/active lifestyle Young people leisure time constrained by limited income rather than time.Young people today more willing to travel/ less emphasis on lifetime careers/ take longer period of time off between jobs.Gap YearConsumer behavior on T and T is changing in response to economic and social developmentsChanging patterns lean towards shorter/more intensive/more frequent getawaysYoung people/retirees willing to travel in groups Leisure time availability continues to be shaped by hours of work, public holidays, paid leave entitlements and retirement arrangements. Each of these varies from country to countryEach country tends to have its own national values and traditions in terms of importance attached to leisure.Box Fourteen: Money Rich and Time PoorBox Fifteen: Money Rich and Time RichBox Sixteen: Money Poor and Time PoorBox Seventeen: Money Poor and Time RichTechnological DevelopmentsBox Eighteen: Transport TechnologyTwo parts of transport technology: A. Mode of travel designed for water, dry land, steel rails, sky and B. Infrastructure needed to run them.Rails/Tracks/Train stations Interstates/Highways/Bridges/ carsCruise Ships/ ports/terminalsAirplanes/runways/terminalsTechnology in transport/travel more efficient and more comfortableMore people/ greater distance/fasterMass Tourism is know worldwide/ globalization of T and TReduce friction of distance: A380/747 – more people/greater distance/cheaper flightsNew Cruise ships: floating cities/over 3,000 people/cheaper ticketsFast Bullet TrainsTunnel Technology: Alps and ChunnelBox Nineteen: Developments in ICT: information and communication technologyE-tourism: biggest force in e-commerceInternet-based service provision and 24/7 availability has transformed customer interaction with service providers Customer service and profitability have improvedWebsites offer online booking/ acts as a marketing toolEase and convenient in booking travel arrangementsInstant reservations/payment confirmation/open 24/7Pictures/videos/reviews/packages/mapsAccommodations/Transport/Transfer/Attractions/Tour guides/Car rentals etc… Box Twenty Product Development and innovationVladimir Raitz: first pioneer to mass package holidays = charter flights from UK to Corsica 1950Flight/transfers/and accommodation = affordable travel for the first timeThere is a trend now to start booking your own budget airline and accommodationPackage holidays/ companies bundle together tier servicesVertical co-operation – airlines/charters/accommodations/attractions/restaurants all working together Product package holiday covers complete experience from the time you leave home to the time you come back.Product development/process of individualizing mass market products/ stay competitive / product differentiation, product line extension, branding, changing cost/quality ratio of the productOffer uniqueness through choice destination, hotels, etc…..Box Twenty-one – Consumer needs and expectationsRange of tastes and budgets vary in flights/accommodations/restaurants Specialized holidays/family holidays/beach vacations/spa get-awaysGlobal warming/climate change/rising oil prices/energy crisis/economic slowdown/will change consumer attitudes/travel seasonalityHelps influence individual choices regarding travel destinations, length of trip, looking into greener ways to travel/ enviro-friendly modes of transport/enviro-responsible service providersCultural tourism/educational activity/tend to be better educated than the average visitorCultural tourist today seem to be interested in experiences/taking part/active/creative/ not just observing from sidelinesParticipates in festivals/carnivals/T and T is evolving as a result of changes in society and lifestylesNiche markets are popular today/motivated by a specific reasonExternal FactorsBox Twenty-Two: LegislationCountries/cities/states/laws on tourism operations and activitiesProtection of tourists/border controls/quality of services/protection of environment/conservation of historical sites and monuments/tourism industry regulationsDemand for tourism legislation is for protecting the locals/tourists/environment/businesses/setting standard of servicesSustainable tourism laws/protecting the interests of local environment/local citizens/local businesses/economic benefits that put back into the communityEuropean Package Travel Regulations/Regulation 2 “ Package Holiday” means prearranged combination of at least two componentsAll-inclusive price/ when contract is more than 24 hours or overnight, must include Transport and AccommodationRegulation 15: Organizer ( tour operator) is liable for the failures of hotels/suppliers and services within the contractTour rep must provide you with prompt assistanceRole of local authorities and gov’tBox Twenty-ThreeNational and local gov’t can plan/promote/highlight designated areas to be targeted for tourism developmentBox Twenty Four / Fluctuations in currencyRise or fall in value of a given currency can have far reaching economic impacts on travellers and destinations alike.Currency exchange rates have big impact on decisions made by both international tourists and suppliers of tourism products and servicesPrice of foreign currency decreases then the overall travel costs for visiting for the international tourist will become cheaperThis will cause a high demand within that destinationFluctuations in currency therefore have direct effects on both outbound tourists and the suppliers of travel services in particular destinationsDollar/Euro/PesoBox Twenty Five / Climatic Change and natural disastersWTO/ World Tourism OrganizationsTwo environments/ coastal zones and mountains rangesThreat of climate change puts tourism at risk in many of these destinationsSeaside tourism: damage from most of the effects of climate change/ beach erosion/higher sea levels/flooding/reduced water supplyMountain regions/ reduction in winter activitiesWinter season will shorten/ decline in winter sportsSummer season now longer/ help make up for losses due to winterNatural disasters/destroy local economy/regional economy/natural environment and infrastructureReally hurt overall economy if the single main attraction of a country or region is damaged due to natural disastersBox Twenty Six / Make a list of Natural disasters and impact on locals and touristsBox Twenty Seven/ War, Civil Unrest/ terrorism/ and crime9/11 impact on T and T industryNegative impact on tourism West Bank, Egypt, other historical sites have seen rates of tourism drop due to violence.Trip cancellations/safer alternative destinations are result of violence in these areasViolent and Non-violent crimesLarge number of tourists in one area/ lots of money/carrying valuables/easy targets/cameras/phones/passports/IDs/ jeweler/watchesViolent crime/robbery/rape/assault/murder can ruin a place’s attractionBox Twenty Eight / Commercial Organizations Private sector/accommodations/airlines/travel agents/ tour operators/ restaurants/ attractions/care hire(SME) Small and medium sized enterprises employ up to 250 peopleMicro businesses have 10 workers or lessGoal of commercial business/ Make a profit/have high sales/ make money/ make share holders stocks go up/ market and R and D/ advertise that brings in more customers/ bring in more cohorts/ capture more of the market from their competitors/ make workforce happy and dedicated to the company/ rewarding experience for customers and workers/win loyalty with customers Income from the sale products and services is expected to be greater than the costs of operating the business so as to leave a surplusBox Twenty Nine / Non-Commercial organizationsPublic sector/ services provided for the population that are financed from public money ( Taxes)Education services/police/public libraries/refuse collection/parks/transport/tourism facilities Promote destinations/encourage tourism development/ Tourist Information centers/marketing posters/commercials/ads that promote State/Country/City/RegionHelp with grants for start up businessesPublic sector not concerned with making a profitGoal of public sector/promote city/make social and economic gains for locals/environment/tourists/businesses/increase quality of life for its citizens.Increase tax base/create jobs through tourism/improve tourist facilities/transportation Box Thirty / Voluntary sectorOrganization that is not controlled by the state/ do not operate to make a profitClubs/societies/charities Funded by membership subscriptions/donations/grants/fund-raising activities/sale of a product/Day to day operations/ rely on volunteers/individual members Volunteer tourism is gaining in participants/ worthy causes China/India/USA/Indonesia/Latin America/AfricaBuilding homes/schools/caring for animals/medical aid/teaching childrenResponsibility in tourism means that everyone involved in some aspect/ gov’t/private/locals/touristResponsible tourism/emphasize all stake holders to develop and engage tourismBox Thirty One / list ways to be practice responsible tourismBox Thirty Two/ list ways to practice sustainable tourismBox Thirty Three/ Agencies delivering travel and tourism products and servicesTour operators/travel agents/transport operators/accommodation providers/all work together to help promote a destination.Box Thirty Four/ Tourism AttractionsAttractions/leisure time/individual preferences/could be relaxation/amusement/entertainment/educationAttractions are what help develop a destination – DisneyWithout attractions there would be know need to for many other tourism servicesNatural attractions: mountains/forests/coastlines/beaches/caves/canyons/volcanoes/rain forest/water falls/deserts/lakes/riversBuilt attractions/theme parks/museums/heritage centres/sports facilities/family entertainment/cinemas/cultural attractions/animal parks/historic sites/shopping centersEvery attraction tries to appeal to as many visitors as possible/maximize profits/generate funding to support further developmentMeet needs of overseas visitors/websites/pre-book/leaflets/maps/books/foreign languages/help centers/guided tours that are multi-lingual/headsets/visitor centers/interactive displays/choice of languageBox Thirty Five / Accommodation and cateringServiced or non-servicedServiced accommodations/price reflects the fact that members of staff are available on site to provide guests with services such as cleaning/meals/room serviceNon-serviced/purchase sleeping accommodation that is being offered to guests furnished on a rental basisNon-serviced/apartments/holiday cottages/caravans/BRBPopular destinations will have variety of accommodations/five-star/one-star/rentalsFive-star/provide restaurants/bars/24-hour room service/gyms/pool/spa/leisure activitiesCamp sites/basic needs metHOTREC/ hotels/restaurants/and cafes/organization Culinary/food tourists/visit countries/regions/cities 25% of leisure travel is based on food Culinary tourism/food/wine/Napa ValleyBox Thirty Six/ Tourism Development and PromotionNTO/National Tourism Organizations/promote tourism for a country/increase the value of inbound tourism to a particular countryNTO/work with regions/states/cities of their countryTourist Information Centres: TICs/provide wide range of services to meet the needs of visitorsOffer wide rage of info about local areas/promotional leaflets/brochures/guidebooks/currency exchange/tips from locals/maps/tickets/tour guides/transportation/different languages/restaurants/apps/websites/weather/hotels/night life/wide range of activities Located in Airports/Downtowns/Train Stations/near high volume of touristBox Thirty Seven / Transportation / air-water-landInternational and domestic travelers/types of travel will vary with needs/ leisure or business Influenced by factors such as price/convenience/choice of departure points/timing of services/comfort/ease/variety Box Thirty Eight/ Air TransportNational carriers/Budget carriers/LCCor LLCOperation of scheduled flights/ published time tables/schedulesCharter airlinesBox Thirty-NineWater Transport International and domestic travel include ferry operators and cruise companies Ferry companies/link up to remote destinations/increase levels of accessibility and connectivity Box Forty Rail TransportRail services are scheduled and travellers regard trains as being safe, inexpensive and more convenient for many journeysEurostar / TGVBusiness and leisure travellers like train service/major inter-city routes/many different facilities on trains/sleeping compartments/restaurant cars/laptop plug-in Box Forty-One Coach TransportExpress coach services for both domestic and international travel Private hire/charterTours and excursionsTransfer Box Forty-Two Car TransportPrivate motor vehicles can be independently through international chains such as Hertz, Thrifty, and Avis or by making a reservation through travel agencies Car hire is popular with independent travellers because it offers convenience and flexibility while away from home. Box Forty-Three1. List advantages and disadvantages Plane travel National/Budget/CharterBox Forty-Four List advantages of Ferry Services/CruisesBox Forty-Five List advantages of Train travel Box Forty-SixList advantages of Coach TravelBox Forty-Seven List advantage and disadvantages of Car transportBox Forty-Seven Travel Agencies Act intermediaries providing info about destinations, tour packages and various ancillary travel servicesTravel agencies act as agents for a variety of principals who are the suppliers of travel productsTravel agencies therefore sell on behalf of airlines, rail companies, hotels, tour operators, car hire companies, and currency suppliersThere are specialized business travel agents who provide services for the business traveller in terms of timely and flexible travel arrangements with scheduled airlines and accommodation bookings with large international hotel chainsMultiple are agencies that have branches throughout a country (Thomas Cook)Smaller independent travel agents ( miniples) not part of a national chainRole of travel agencies within the chain of distribution is under threat as many consumers now make their own arrangements using the Internet.Online reservations systems allow customers to by-pass traditional intermediaries and deal directly with primary suppliers.Box Forty-Eight Advantages of using a Travel Agent Box Forty-Nine Tour OperatorsProduce a new product by combining or packaging the basic products/components offered by primary suppliersProduct would be a flight on a charter airline, transfer from the airport to a hotel for a certain length of time and the services of a local representative, all for the one inclusive price.Secure way to travel because of components have been brought together at a lower price than if they were brought separately.Tour operators remain profitable by identifying the consumer’s needs/requests/and expectationsTo boost sales, tour operators promote their various products using leaflets/maps/brochures/videos/CDsHorizontal Integration: two or more companies join together with intention of removing competition Vertical Integration: take-over or formation of businesses at different levels of the supply or distribution chainBackward integration: investing in suppliers of accommodation and transport Forward integration: Investment in travel agentsMain advantage to tour operators is having control over supplies in terms of quality, availability, access and price, and having the ability to reach consumers.Box Fifty / list advantages and disadvantges of Tour OperatorsBox Fifty One / Mass TourismLarge number of tourists coming to a destinationMountain or Beach vacationsAll types of tourists coming to same destination, usually same time of year.Holiday travel/Summer travel/kids out of schoolBox Fifty Two / Specialized TourismSpecific tastes/preferences among touristMore adventurous populationParticular interest/niche travel/specific cohortHiking/painting/culinaryTourist develop their given interests or visit places with a connection to their specific interest / Costa Rica and surfingBox Fifty Three / Independent Tourism Traveler organizes and books transport and accommodation from separate sources rather than purchasing them together as part of an organized package.List Benefits /disadvantagesBox Fifty Four / Packaged TourismSimultaneous sale of at least two elements of a holiday to the traveller/ transport/accommodation/transfer/could add meals and excursions Types of destination Box Fifty Five / Destination Any geographical area consisting of all the services and infrastructure necessary to support tourism. Buildings/roads/power suppliesPlaces to which people travel in order to take part in leisure and tourism activities Features of a destination may appeal to different peopleBox Fifty Six / ResortPlaces in which a high proportion of the jobs and businesses are connected to tourismRange of accommodation and include a number of attractions and other tourist facilitiesBeach resorts: main amenities/activities of visitors are linked to the beachPurpose built resorts: accommodations/food and beverages/activities/amenities designed around certain themes. Carefully planned and developed to attract certain customer groups. Disney World / SandalsIntegrated resorts: new/mixed development/large scale and purpose built/ offer a broad range of leisure and conference facilities as well. VegasBox Fifty Seven / Town/city/ countrySmall medieval towns/historic city centers/Entire regions/ Loire Valley in France/ Pacific NW/Tuscany These types of destinations have charm/curious traditions/popular festivals/great local foodCountries can be a type of destination as well/ Costa Rica/IcelandBox Fifty Eight / Urban and ruralUrban destinations/ high population density / large cities/towns/transport infrastructure to handle large amounts of touristShopping/entertainment / museums/churches/built attractions popular in Urban areas/ NYCRural (countryside destinations): remote/less densely populated areas/ natural attractions/lakes/mountains/forests/ Fjords of NorwayBox Fifty Nine / Coastal and IslandCoastal destinations/ seaside tourism/families/Sun, sea, and sand package holidayIsland destinations: exotic images of white sandy beaches / snorkeling /water activities / cultural heritage / Florida Keys/JamaicaBox Sixty / MEDCsTourist receiving areas/safer usually/more options/developed infrastructure to handle large amounts of touristsNA/WE/JA/AUSStable economies/gov’tBox Sixty One / LEDCsPoorer countries/lack of stable economiesLack of developed infrastructure/political problemsUsually higher crime/povertyRecent trend is to gain tourists/help develop their economiesCubaPromote and exploit their natural landscape and wildlife/Safaris/gorilla trekking/rainforestPromote historic and cultural attractions/pyramids/Machu Picchu/Angkor WattNICS (Newly industrialized countries) Brazil/China/India/gaining in receiving touristsBox Sixty Two / Tourism generating areas/ receiving areasPlaces where the majority of tourist originateMain areas to which majority of tourist travelsBox Sixty Three / Niche travelsDark Tourism:Slum Tourism: visit informal settlements (Shanty towns) impoverished areas as a more realistic form of experiencing a country/ real people/local culture/ Rocinha in RioFilm Tourism: Pop Tourism/ specific form of cultural tourism which reflects the growing interest and demand for locations which have become popular due to their appearance in films and TV series. Games of Thrones/ Star Wars/Divinci Code Characteristics of destinations and attractions, which appeal to visitors Box Sixty Four/ Accessibility Safe/convenient/economic transport/infrastructure/easy and affordable access / Dubai Good international airport/international airlinesGood public transportation/well-connected public amenities Box Sixty Five / Built and Natural AttractionsBroad mix of both built and natural attractions/ more appealBuilt Attractions/ churches/museums/castles/theme parks/zoos/art galleries/theaters/cinemasNatural attractions/ National parks/lakes/beaches/forests/water falls/deserts/canyonsBox Sixty Six / ClimateAffects people’s motivation to travelBeach destinationsWarm and dry are enjoyed the most Winter sports/fresh snowBox Sixty Seven / CultureWay of life a group of people/behaviors/beliefs/values/and symbols that they acceptMajor characteristic of a destination that draws visitorsExperience something unique and newBox Sixty Eight / TraditionsLong-established customs that people from different cultures continue to practiceVisitors are invited to witness the local people engaging in their traditionsBox Sixty-Nine/LanguageReflects the nature and values of society Some countries have more than one language/EurTourist sometimes will look to travel to where there is no language barrier.English is the universal language in tourism termsBox Seventy / Gastronomy Local food and beverages are the main motivating factors for travelLocal specialty food and beverages tends to be a domestic tourism activityBox Seventy-One / DressCertain cultures/dress code within a destination is an important factor (Middle East)Public bathing in bikinis is not acceptable within all culturesBox Seventy-two/ HandicraftsCrafts reflect the artistic sense/feelings/cultural characteristic of a destination Unique experience for tourists to engage inObserve them being made/purchased as souvenirs Box Seventy-three/ Events Art Events/artists/architects/designers together to display artwork in a range of different media (Art Basel)Music Events: Ultra/Chili cook-off/TortugaFestival/ religious/ concerts/plays/films/book/( La Tomatina)Sporting Events: Wimbledon/World Cup Box Seventy-four/HistoryHistorical attractions/ Coliseum/Roman forum/Pantheon/CathedralsBox Seventy-five/ArchitectureDubai: Burj Khalifa/ world’s tallest building / Burj Al Arab hotel/ World’s only 7 star hotelBox Seventy-Six/ Leisure Activities Range of leisure activities will influence a tourist decision to visit Florida Keys: fishing/Kite boarding/diving/biking/golf/tennis/canoe/etc… Box Seventy-Seven /Range and type of accommodation including grading More appeal to a destination if there are a variety of different types of accommodation on offer/ campsites/hostels/motels/hotels/luxurious five star hotelsServiced prices reflect that members of staff are available on site to provide guests with services such as cleaning/meals/ and room serviceNon-serviced/ rental basis/self-catering/holiday cottagesBox Seventy-Eight / Religion Travel to regions where people practice the same religionScared sites/pilgrimagesCultural experience Box Seventy-Nine / Shoulder Months Travel season between peak and off-peak seasons/ spring and autumn/fares lowerBox Eighty / Number of people employed directly and indirectly in the industry Front offices in hotels/restaurants/travel agencies/TICs/aircrafts/cruise lines/resorts/shopping / direct employment Direct contact with touristsIndirect: suppliers of tourist related industries/ construction companies/aircraft suppliers/marketing agencies/accounting services Box Eight One / Trends in travel and tourism, including occupancy rates, duration of stay, method of transportStatistical data/ national and international tourism agencies and authorities collect to understand trends Data shows/ transport providers/types of transport/occupancy rates for providers/usage rates for attractions/ duration of stay/age/income/volume of touristLook at how long tourist choose to stay/ all information helps travel and tourism providers make adjustments to their products and services to better the needs of their customersHelps with forecasting/ ensure industry is efficient and profitably Box Eighty-two / Changes in distribution of wealthMiddle class is now big in China / larger than USADisposable income is rising in BRICSBox Eighty-three / Infrastructure development and improvement Serves the needs of tourists and encourages more people to travel to a destination when it is done rightGov’t invest in infrastructure to allure more tourists to their areasAccommodations/restaurants/built attractions/tours and transport are primarily developed by the private sectorPrivate investors would be unwilling to invest in tourism facilities, however, without good airport and road infrastructure and the availability of affordable basic services such as water, sewerage, electricity, health facilities and telecommunications, for which the public sector is ’ts recognize that infrastructure is a major stimulus to achieve economic growth, and attract more visitorsBox Eighty-four/ Social Factors Religion/family/wealth/all affect lifestyleTaste/fashions/change constantly Changes in demography/increased life expectancy/changes in birthratesBox Eighty-Five/ Ageing Population 1. 2050/ 2 billion over the age of 60 in the world2. Change the needs of the average consumer and will affect global markets/change in demand for products and services3. Increased life expectancy and better pension provision has led to an increased number of wealthier older people with a disposable income.4. Seniors (Grey Market) important market5. Grey Market/better health/more disposable income/no family obligations/more free time/travel more frequent/longer6. Tourism providers will develop specific products and services for this cohort.Box Eighty-Six/ Leisure Time Richer countries/ working hours have been reduced/amount of leisure time increasing Working conditions/shorter working days/shorter working weeks/longer holidays with pay/ age of retirement / impact leisure timeMEDCS/life expectancy is increasing/pension age is increasing / negative impact on leisure timeBox Eighty-Seven/ Increase in Leisure TimeFlexibility of working hours/benefits to employees in terms of greater freedom to choose when to go on holidayLeisure time is impacted by new flexible working hoursPaid Leave/EU/four weeks paidYounger generation is constrained by limited incomes/ travel before careers/travel between jobs/less emphasis on lifetime careersBox Eighty-Eight/ Consumer behavior changing to eco and soci developmentsShorter/more frequent/more intensive breaksYounger/retired groups have the most leisure timeLeisure time availability continues to be shaped by hours of work/public holidays/paid leave entitlements /retire arrangementsBox Eighty-Nine / New Family StructuresTwo parent families are becoming less common In Asia and ME/ children are most likely to have two parents at homeLA/NA/Eur/Sub-Saharan/children have either one or no parentsMarriage rates are declining worldwideME/Africa/Asia/adults are more likely to be marriedCohabitation/live without marriage/Eur/NA/SA/Oceania Childbearing rates are decliningHighest TFR/Sub-SaharanEA/EUR/below 2.1Changes in family structure/more single travellers/travellers without childrenAgeing population creates a new market segment for tourism/ single market/couples marketBox Ninety / Increased awareness of healthTravel/emergence of disease/human migrations/more global/ more frequentSerious health risks where there is poor accommodation/hygiene/sanitation/water quality Travel to LEDCs/more exposure to diseasesPerson to person-transmitted infections more global/ SARS/EbolaIncreased media coverage/now highlights risks to travelersInternet/APPS/Gov’ts/make travellers more up to date and highlight alertsHealth conscious travellers avoid contaminated beaches/areas with poor air quality Box Ninety One / Political FactorsPerceived or real threats to visitor safety have immediate impacts on a destination’s reputation and can dramatically affect the number of visitors it receives.Airport security has changed to better protect passengers and airline crew.All workers are now screenedElectronic scanners detect explosive materials/ passengers shoes are checkedStrict limits on the amounts of liquids passengersFull body scanners are usedCheck-in: no lighters/no sharp objects/ carry-ons have size limitsCarry-ons: scanned for illegal items/x-ray machines/sniffer dogs/chemical hand swabs/detect explosives liquids/turn on and off electronic and electrical devicesBody scanners/metal detectors/outline image of items that might be concealed Check-in bags/ go through scanners as well. Once you check a bag you cannot have access to it again.Before you board plane/ must show ticket one more timePassport control: Biometric passports used by some countries use facial recognition technology to compare passenger’s faces to digital image recorded in their passport.Passport control: biometrics/ checked against border force systems and watch listsIris recognitionBoarding pass check: Final check before getting onto the aircraft is usually the boarding pass control. Automatic readers verify the pass to confirm the passenger is boarding the flight that is carrying their checked-in luggage.Baggage check: Checked baggage passes through large-scale x-ray machines and may be checked by sniffer dogs.Some passengers are selected for full body pat down.Box Ninety-two/ Visa Requirements and Entry ControlsCountries try to make it easy for people to visits. Visa policies are among the most important gov’t formalities influencing international tourism.Visas: ensure security/ control immigration/limit entry/duration of stay/activities of travelers/ who is the traveler/background checks into history of person.Box Ninety-three/ Changes in legislationTourism legislation/ legal/regulates/sustainable development/manage tourism laws/protect and conservation of natural and cultural resources/ protect private sector/locals/environment/touristsLegislation on outboard and inboard tour operatorsLegislate licensing of approved operators/safety guidelines/routine inspectionsEmployment laws/number of hours worked/break during work hours/regulations on health and safety at workAnti-discriminatory legislation/ religion/caste/creed/race/ethnic origin/gender/disabled Attitudes towards same sex marriages/LGBT community/ vary from country to countryBox Ninety-four/Developments in Information TechnologyMobile technology/smart phones/tablets/access internetSocial media/impact/influence T and TNetwork to research tips/make informed decisions/share personal experiences of products used/ transport/attractions/ accommodations/restaurants etc.…Trip advisor/Yelp/major influence on travel decisionsTourist trust other tourists and their sharing of experiences Online community/ credible/authentic/Trip Advisor/Yelp/Facebook/Snap chat/InstagramVirtual ToursPanoramic virtual toursInteractive media/mapsPictures/videosOnline check-in/ E-tickets/ faster check-insUsing company’s website/ex. Delta/ select seat/flight/ticket/before you go to airport/ speeds up check-in process/go straight to security check/by-pass check-inE-passports/small chip on back cover/chip contains vital info about passenger/photo Box Ninety-five/ Ecological factors protecting environment and conservation of natural and cultural heritageFor some destinations/ natural environment is the main attraction/ can provide recreational/activities/educational/cultural experiencesDevelopment must be balanced/ provide adequate experience/protect ecological/culture values/ensure long-term sustainability Education of natural site/cultural/increase public appreciation of the environment/ spread awareness of environmental problems/conservation efforts/brings people closer natural environment.Better able to spread awareness with friends and family when tourist head home. Makes for having a value of preserving a envior/culture/ conscious behavior/activitiesNational parks/wildlife parks/help to protect/conserve/and restore biological diversity.Box Ninety-Six / Diminishing oil reserves/ new forms of travelDemand grows/supply diminish/ price of oil will riseDevelop better aircraft/more fuel-efficient/alternative energyRenewable biofuels/ ethanol/wood methanol/biodieselSolar/wind/tidal/hydro/wave/geothermal Using Rail/Ship/more efficient ways to travelElectric buses/electric light rail/trolley/subways/bikes/car shareBox Ninety-Seven / Specialized packagesTailored made vacation/consumer drivenCustomize your own itineraries/include/omit what you wantLead by consumer satisfaction/winning loyalty/repeat business/word of monthBox Ninety-Eight/ Sustainable and responsible tourismCountries/regions/cities/develop their tourism industry/significant impacts on natural resources/consumption patterns/pollution/social systemsTo survive and grow industry/ areas must practice sustainable/responsible planning/managementFinancial sustainability is required as well for businessesConservation of water/energy/community/recycling/treating waste/hiring locals/paying fair wages/provide training/use locally produced products/local giftsMake positive contributions to local communities/conservation of natural/cultural heritage Responsible tourism/ create a legacy that benefits/ businesses/locals/envir/Box Ninety-Nine/ Product DifferentiationMarketing similar products with minor variations Individualizing/branding policies/changing cost/quality ratio/product uniqueness/packaging changes in flights/hotels/accommodationsBox One Hundred/ Product line extensionUse of an established product brand name for a new item in the same product categoryOpening up new hotel in different destinations/new airline routeBox One Hundred One / Changing the cost/quality ratio of the productCustomer’s perception of value for moneyPrice change/ represent good value/quality of product and services offered/Best is lower price/still receive same quality Box One Hundred Two/ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)Specialized agency of the UN/leading international organization in the field of tourismGlobal forum/tourism policy issuesRepresents private sector/educational institutions/tourism associations/ local tourism outletsCollects statistical info on international tourismData helps predict and see flow and growth of tourism on a global scaleUN Millennium Development Goals/reduce poverty/foster sustainable developmentPromote global code of ethics/eco/soci/cult/benefitsMinimize negative soci/envoi impactsBox One Hundred Two / Destination Management Corp.Professional services company/ extensive local knowledge/expertise/resources/design and implement events/activities/tours/transportation within a destinationOrganizes/delivers/foreign independent tours/group tours/meetings/events/for a city/region/countryCustomized programs for customersLocal partners with tour operators/travel agents/conference plannersArrange airport transfers/hotel accommodation/meal service/hospitality desks/sight-seeing and tours/themed events/room amenitiesDMC/ special connections/negotiate special deals on customer’s behalfBox One Hundred Three/ Travel and Tourism includesAttractionsAccommodations and CateringTourist Information and guiding servicesTour OperatorsTravel AgentsTransportation Box One Hundred Four/ Charter Flights Package HolidaysTour operatorsSmall/medium airportsPre-booked all seatsAll-inclusive destinationBusiness Charter flights Private/individual flightsBox One Hundred Five/ Coach TransportDomestic/International travelPrivate hire servicesTours/excursionsTransfersBox One Hundred Six / National Tourism OrganizationsResponsible for the formulation and implementation of national tourist policy/tourism developmentLinked with the gov’tPlanning and regulations Helps develop regions of country/develop local economies Sets guidelines for the Travel and Tourism industryLook to benefit countries economy and social benefitsResearch/collect info/promote/monitor standards of lodging and restaurants/publicity overseas/international relations/ develop national heritage sites/tourism policy/promotionPromotion includes advertising/public relations/info and distribution of printed sales material Box One Hundred Seven / Consular service providersHelp/advice/diplomatic agents of a countryReplace travel documents/advice/support in case of law/accidents/serious illness/deathMajor cities around the worldBox One Hundred Eight / Food and Beverage outletsFood/restaurants can be attractions themselvesCafes/Wine bars/historical value/special atmosphereCulinary/food tourists/experience food of the country/regionDepends on taste/budget/need for convenience Fast Food: Cooked in bulk in readiness/speed plays roleStreet Food: cheap and sold from a kiosk/stall/pushcart/food truckThemed restaurant: specific concept/décor/general ambienceEthnic restaurants: particular culture reflectedFine dining: luxury hotel/grand/stylish/formalCoffee shops and cafesBox One Hundred Nine/ Ancillary service providersTravel insurance/parks/events/car hire/airport parking/foreign exchange/tour guidesBox One Hundred Ten / Currency exchangeHotel/airport/travel agent/mallsUsually a fee involved Can withdraw from foreign ATMSUse travel checksCredit cardsBox One Hundred Eleven/ Car HireDone via travel agent/online/hotelSpeed/convenience/upon arrival Drop off/pick up Box One Hundred Twelve/ Tour GuideExpert on the history of the location/ offer tour groups interesting or enlightening info about the points of interest at nature attractions, historical sites, museums, scenic locations and other attractions.Offer walking tours/bus tours/river tours/Answer visitor’s questions/ keep tour organized/efficient/safeOffer peace of mind/ when there is a element of danger/or you could lostBooked online/TICS/Travel agent/Tour operatorsBox One Hundred Thirteen / Air Eco ClassPersonal seat/ monitors/ inflight entertainment/prepared multi-course meals/telephone/email service at every seat.Overhead storage locker/ cabin crew assists.Box One Hundred Fourteen / Business ClassComplimentary chauffeur driven car service to and from your flight Unique Drive Thru Check / bypass terminal/ head straight to clubhouseFully flat seat/bed/access to aisle/ no stepping over neighborNo set meal times/ customized meals/ drinks/freshly preparedWork desk/plug in/ Wi-Fi/work during journeyLaptop power access/informal meeting spaceBox One Hundred Fifteen / First ClassChauffeur service/private check-in/ personal attention entire experience Rotating seats/in-flight entertainment / signature cuisines/open barsPrivacy shell/ maximum space/direct access to the aislesCoatroom/mini-bar/personal mirror/magazine rack/desk lamp/luxuryBox One Hundred Sixteen / Chartered ServicesPre-booked by tour operator Package holidays/specific locationBusiness/individuals/Miami HeatPrivately hired for a specific purpose.Box Hundred Seventeen / Budget Carrier “ no-frills” airlineLow fares/ eliminates many traditional passenger servicesSingle passenger class, common planes/ reduced training costCheapest ticket is the earliest purchasedUnreserved seating: encourages to board early and quickly Fly to cheaper/less congested secondary airports/cheaper landing feesShorter flights/quick turnaround flightsSimplified routes/point to point Direct ticket sales over internetEmployees work multiple rolesComplimentary services are eliminated/ pay for servicesUnbundling of ancillary charges/ airport fees/ taxes/ taken off price offered/ makes it look cheaper Box Hundred Eighteen /Cruises Popular with all types of cohorts/ activities for all types of interestWider offering of embarkation ports/ excursions Innovative onboard amenities/facilities All-inclusive price/determined by length of cruise/cabin selection/promotional offers/excursions pickedBox Hundred Nineteen / Ferry ServicesPublic transport systems/ coastal cities/islandsEnglish Channel/UK to mainland EuropeCar carrying / RORO/ Roll on Roll offList advantagesBox Hundred Twenty / Rail ServiceBusiness/leisure travelersCenter of city to center of cityFast/not many delays like flyingTerminals are source of entertainment/bars/cafes/restaurants/shopsAccessible terminals/ near major tourist attractionsCheck-in quickly/ less security than flying/quicker boardingBuy ticket at moment of arrival Less luggage restrictionsSleeping cars/ bars/restaurants on trains/free to walk around/working tables/plug-in/Wi-Fi/big windows/sight-seeing/socialize Eurostar/coach/first class Box Hundred Twenty one / Coach travelEconomical way to travel/LEDCSDepends on local infrastructure/roads/bridgesWi-Fi/Plug-in/WindowsBudget/backpackersDirect to center of city Box Hundred Twenty two / Travel AgenciesComprehensive range of travel products and services/ flights/cruises/hotels/rail/car rental/transfers/tour packages/medical screening packagesOperate online/retail shops/places where people gatherPromotion on windows/attract passerby/center of cityPersonalized service/ ask questions/clarify issues/face to faceWide range of ancillary services offered as well. Box Hundred Twenty Three / Travel agencies supplyTravel insuranceForeign exchangeExcursions/sight-seeingCar hireAirport transferPassport/visa infoCoach/rail ticketsHotel bookingsTicket for theme parksGuide books/tour guidesSpecial events/booking reservations/connections with former used businessesBox Hundred Twenty Four / Tour OperatorsBusinesses that combine two or more travel services (transport/accommodation/catering/entertainment/sightseeing excursions)Part of a distribution chain/ connection between consumers and tourism servicesPackage toursBulk-buying/ cheaper priceSpecialization/pick and choose different parts of the tourTarget cohorts by/ age/lifestyle/income/hobbies/sustainable tourist/Inbound tour operators/ packaged for overseas visitors coming into a destination Outbound tour operators/package for overseasDomestic tour operators/ for home market/within countryBox Hundred Twenty Four / Internet/Social Media/ “ Do-it-yourself” packagingRefer to travel blogs/postings on internetSpeed/convenienceFirst person accounts/eyes of experienced travellersSocial media accounts/ Twit/FB/Inst/SNAP/YouTube/PodcastsPhotos/stories/videos/tips from people who have been Online booking/ one stop shopEasy Credit card payment/instant confirmation/reservations ................
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