INDIA



SS9 Connecting the Industrial Revolution to ColonialismAt the end of the lesson students will…Know the definitions of mercantilism & colonialism.Understand the connection between the Industrial Revolution and the creation of the British Empire.Understand British colonialism and how it provided markets and resources to Britain’s industrial complex.Part 1:ReviewIn a small group (4-5 students), using your textbook and other resources answer the following questions to the best of your ability.What is politics? Politics is whose views are implemented into the government.What is economics?Economics is how people choose to distribute and spend their resources.What is Canada’s current political system? Canada has a constitutional monarchy, which means that the Queen or King is head of state, while the Prime minister is head of government.What is Canada’s current economic system? Canada has a market-oriented economic system, similar to the one of USA’s. Canada has high rates of economic freedom compared to the rest of the world. Free market capitalist.Has it always been this way? List as many political and economic changes as you can that Canada has undergone during its evolution. After WW2, immigration walls were lowered significantly, the ways were changed.Part II:New InformationThe industrial revolution was premised on the idea of mass production of material goods to accumulate wealth. In order to increase wealth in Britain the country needed to import less than it exported. However importing goods was a necessity because Britain lacked sufficient resources to accumulate the kinds of wealth they aspired to. They solved this problem with the British Empire. The Empire:gave them a guaranteed source of raw materialsexpanded their marketplaces, giving them more people to sell toIt did this by:direct control of the governments in other countries (colonies & protectorates)import and export taxes or tariffs that favored goods made in Britaindirectly controlling shipping (the Navigation Acts)having a military (a navy particularly) that could enforce all this globallyGo through the handout “Mercantilism; the economics of colonialism” with the classTask:Each student will be given a copy of one of the handouts on India, Egypt & South Africa. They are to read through and summarize:When each area came under complete British controlWhat each area was doing economically before the BritishWhat the British Empire made them switch toHow this benefitted the Empire as a whole.Then students will form into groups of three, (at least one representative of each of the three countries should be present in the group) and share with each other their information on their colony. Then as a group summarize how this benefitted Britain as a whole.INDIAThe British East India Company An old style monopoly founded in Dec 31, 1600 by 218 Knights & merchants of London to break the Dutch East India Company’s monopoly on the spice trade from India. Unsuccessful at first it was not until well over 100 years after its founding that the BEIC made an impression on the trade. They did succeeded overwhelmingly at establishing military & political control of India.India provided cheap raw materials, capital, and a large captive market for the British Industrial Revolution. They even forced Indian farmers in many areas to switch from subsistence farming to cash crops like indigo, jute, coffee & tea. This managed to cause several major famines, larger than anything India had seen to date.By the mid-1600’s the British East India Company was trading in coffee and cloth, and beginning to raise enough capital to break the Dutch monopoly on the spice trade. They built up power bases in Calcutta and Madras.The Mughal Empire was the last Indian empire before the arrival of the Europeans. Its fall in the mid-1700’s to the Marathas rebels & European influences caused a fragmentation of India into numerous small states making it easier for the BEIC to take over. The BEIC kept control of the area by using its army to keep friendly rulers in power or simply invading themselves.By the mid-1700’s the BEIC was importing cotton cloth, silk & Chinese tea through their monopoly of the British trade to Asia. They were in direct competition with the Dutch East India Company, but gradually took over their holdings when the Netherlands were invaded by France at the end of the 1700’s.By the early 1800’s the BEIC had control of most of India, Burma, Singapore and Hong Kong. 1/5th of the world’s population was under its authority. It solved its need for capital to buy tea in India to ship to Britain by selling opium grown in India to the Chinese, the main cause of the Opium Wars between China & Great Britain.Britain even went so far as to attempt to establish a favourable regime in Afghanistan between 1838-1842.By the mid-1800 the BEIC had lost its charter and the government was being pushed to take over completely by the rising middle-class that wanted to move in and make money out of India with their new companies.1877 Queen Victoria designated Empress of IndiaBy 1890 the British government controlled the entire sub-continentthey discouraged growing Indian industries & subsistence crops pushing instead for the growing of cotton and other cash cropsthey brought back the cash crops from India processed them and then sold the finished goods back again to the huge Indian marketEGYPTOriginally a Turkish province, but effectively independent. The British encouraged them to grow cash crops instead of subsistence (cotton, sugar & tobacco)However their main interest was the route to India. The trip from London to Calcutta was 6 months with the sailing ships of the 17th to 19th centuries. 10,667 sea miles via the Cape, but only 6,274 sea miles overland by the Red Sea. The only catch being that the small loads of the ships had to unload, be shipped by rail, and then loaded again. All in all a round trip voyage to Calcutta could take 2 years.The Suez CanalThe French began to be interested building a canal during Napoleons time in Egypt. He saw it as a way to get a French fleet quickly to the Indian Ocean and challenge the British.The British were unenthusiastic for obvious reasons, and the Egyptian khedives remained resistant until 1854The canal was thought to be easy since no locks would be needed, as the sea level at either side is the same.Started by the French in 1858 the Egyptian khedives getting 40% of the shares for supplying the labour.Gave control of it to the Egyptians in 1869 the year it openedIn 1875 the British buy the bankrupt khedives shares for 3.9 million pounds realising they needed the canal.Due to an unstable economy they British move in to protect economic interests in Egypt in 1882 (in reality they seize control of the canal).The Canal remains a large part of British foreign policy until the Suez war in 1956Shipping in the 1st few years of the canalYearNumber of ShipsTonnage Shipped% that was British1870486436, 60966.25%1910Unknown16, 581, 89862.86Egypt was named a protectorate in 1914 at the beginning of WWI to prevent it from falling back into Turkish hands. It remained a protectorate until 1922 when it became independent but with strong obligations to Britain. British occupation of the Canal region lasted until 1954.SOUTH AFRICAFounded in the 1600’s by the Dutch to be used as a refitting station by the Dutch East India CompanyCape Town was controlled by the Dutch East India Company, but saw approximately 170 ships year, of different nationalities, come through between 1788-1792.1795 due to the Netherlands being seized by France in the Revolutionary/Napoleonic wars Britain takes Cape Town due to its strategic positionReturned in 1802 the colony is reoccupied with the wars continuation in 1806 and eventually recognized as a British possession at the Napoleonic War’s conclusion in 1815Not wanting to be part of the British Empire, the Dutch farmers or Boers set off to explore the interior in 1830’s. This journey to look for new land that they could call their own is known as the Great Trek. They Boers moved into relatively unoccupied land in the interior and set up two republics known as the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The areas were relatively unoccupied due to the expansion of the Zulu nation that had occurred in the early 1800’s. The growth of this war like state had caused many of the other Bantu nations to move out of the area.The British recognize the independence of the two republics in 1852Unfortunately gold and diamonds were discovered in the 1880’s in the Boer republics. This, and the powerful British businessman and Prime Minister of Cape Town Cecil Rhodes’ desire to build a railroad from Cairo to Cape Town, (the railway featured in the movie “The Ghost and the Darkness”) lead to the annexation of the Boer republics.The Boer War (The South African War in S.A)lasts from 1899-1902Cecil Rhodes is P.M. of British Cape Colony and head of British South Africa Company. He developed what is now Zimbabwe.Between Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) & The British Cape Colony is the Transvaal. Then an independent Boer republic with Paul Kruger as its president. The Voortrekkers founded this and the Orange Free State, the other Boer republic, after the Great Trek 1835-1843.1870’s –1880’s see the discovery of diamonds and gold in S.A. esp. the Transvaal.British aim to annex the Transvaal and unite S.A.Rhodes attempts to secretly organize a raid/uprising in the Transvaal. The raid led by Dr. Jameson with 600 men is to coincide with an uprising that never materializes and the raid fails. Dr. Jameson eventually becomes P.M. of the Cape Col.This and the issue of British miners and businessmen in the Transvaal ignites the Boer War. The Transvaal government was letting them work but not treating them fairly.The Orange Free State sides with the Transvaal.In the end the British win. The British loose 22, 000 men the Boers 6,000. Also lost 4,000 Boer women and 16,000 Boer children who were placed in concentration camps. They died of disease and illness.Homework AssignmentWrite a short paragraph summarizing what you think this 19th Century political cartoon is attempting to portray.This 19th century political cartoon symbolizes the grasp that Britain has on all these nations. Although small, England has control over so many larger countries. England’s rather plump face signifies the greed of England. The hands are closing in on Egypt and Africa- the next land of colonization.centercenter329184045720HOMECOUNTRY00HOMECOUNTRY4914900400050020574004000600297180080645Imports raw materialsConverts to finished productsExports the finished products00Imports raw materialsConverts to finished productsExports the finished products28575001610995High import taxes prevent finished products from being able to compete in the home countryHigh import taxes prevent finished products from being able to compete in the home country1143001382395035433001268095TARIFFS00TARIFFS51435001382395194310010394950013716002296795COLONY00COLONY5715002868295Exports raw materials & natural resources00Exports raw materials & natural resources59436002868295Imports raw materials00Imports raw materials651510010394950061722002296795COLONY00COLONY5372100696595FINISHED PRODUCTS00FINISHED PRODUCTS914400696595NATURAL RESOURCES00NATURAL RESOURCES17145003075305Mercantilism, the economics of colonialism0Mercantilism, the economics of colonialism ................
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