Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Industry, Immigrants, and Cities, 1870-1900
Lecture/Reading Notes 2 (p. 66-73)
II. New Immigrants
• The late nineteenth-century was a period of unprecedented _______________
___________________________________.
• Between 1870 and 1910, the country received more than _________________ immigrants.
• Before the Civil War, most immigrants came from ________________. Most of the new immigrants came from _________________________________.
A. Old World Backgrounds
• A _______________________ combined with ____________________ to create economic distress in late-nineteenth-century Europe.
• More and more people found themselves working ever-smaller plots as _______________________________.
• For _____________________, religious persecution compounded economic hardship.
• After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, the government sanctioned a series of violent attacks on Jews settlements as _________.
• The late-nineteenth-century _________________ technologies permitted people to leave Europe.
• ________________________ immigrants also came to the United States in appreciable numbers for the first time during the nineteenth century.
• Most migrants intended to stay only _______________, long enough to earn money to buy land or enter a business back home.
• By 1900, women began to equal men among all immigrant groups as young men who decided to stay sent for their families.
• Francisco Barone, a Buffalo tavern owner, convinced _______________ residents of his former village in Sicily to migrate to that city.
• Immigrants tended to live in neighborhoods among people from the same homeland and preserve key aspects of their __________________.
B. The Neighborhood
• Rarely did a particular ethnic group comprise more than _____________ of a neighborhood.
• In smaller cities ethnic groups were more geographically dispersed.
• Immigrants maintained their cultural traditions through the establishment of ____________________________ institutions.
• The ________________________ became the focal point for immigrant neighborhood life.
• Religious institutions played a less formal role among ______________
___________________________ neighborhoods.
• Ethnic newspapers, theaters, and schools supplemented associational life for immigrants.
C. The Job
• All immigrants perceived the _________ as the way to independence and as a way out, either back to the Old World or into the larger American society.
• The type of work available to immigrants depended on their skills, the local economy, and local discrimination.
• Stereotypes also channeled immigrants’ work options. __________ textile entrepreneurs sometimes hired only ____________. Pittsburgh steelmakers preferred __________ workers to the __________ workers.
• Few married immigrant women worked outside the home. However, many ________________________ women did work for the garment industries in their apartments. Unmarried ____________ women often worked in factories or as domestic servants. _________________ women, married and single, worked with their families on the farms.
• The paramount goal for many immigrants was to __________________ _________________________________.
D. Nativism
• When immigration revived after the Civil War, so did ____________
______________________.
• The target was no longer Irish Catholics but the even more numerous Catholics and Jews of ________________________ Europe.
• Late-nineteenth-century nativism maintained that there was a natural hierarchy of race. At the top, with the exception of the Irish, were ______________________, following were French, Slavs, Poles, Italians, Jews, Asians and Africans.
• The New York Times concluded that people “pretty well agreed” that these foreigners were “of a kind which we are better without.”
• Scientific American warned immigrants to “assimilate” quickly or “share the fate of the native Indians” and face “a quiet but sure extermination.”
• In 1870, the Republican dominated Congress passed the ____________ __________________, which limited citizenship to “______________ ________________________________”
• The ___________________________ made the Chinese the only ethnic group in the world that could not emigrate freely to the United States.
• A group of skilled workers and small businessmen formed the ________ ___________________(APA) in 1887. They sought to limit Catholic civil rights in the United States to protect the jobs of the _____________ workingmen.
• The ______________________________ (IRL), formed in 1894, proposed to require prospective immigrants to pass a literacy test.
• The immigrant experience of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries might better be described as a process of ___________ between old ways and new.
E. Roots of the Great Migration
• Nearly ____ percent of African Americans still lived in the South in 1900, most in rural areas.
• Between 1880 and 1900 black families began to move into the great industrial cities of the Northwest and Midwest.
• In most northern cities in 1900, black people typically worked as ___________________ or __________________. They competed with __________________for jobs, and in most cases lost.
• Black women had particularly few options in the northern urban labor force. The _______________________ jobs that attracted young working-class white women remained closed to black women.
• Black migrant confronted similar frustrations in their quest for a place to live. They were restricted to segregated urban ghettos. In 1860, _______ ____________ black people in Detroit lived in a clearly defined district.
• The difficulties that black families faced to make ends meet paralleled in some ways those of immigrant working-class families.
• Popular culture reinforced the ______________________ of African Americans, belittling black people.
• An emerging middle-class leadership - including Robert Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender – sought to develop black businesses.
• The organization of black branches of the ________________________ _________________________________ provided living accommodations, social facilities, and employment information.
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