Human Biology - Circulatory System (Estimated Time: 14-16 ...



Human Biology - Circulatory System

(Chapter 23)

The vocabulary and learning expectations are outlined below.

Vocabulary

anterior vena cava, antibody, antigen, aorta, arterial duct atrioventricular valve, autonomic nervous system, atrioventricular (AV) node, blood, blood pressure, blood velocity, blood vessel, capillary-tissue fluid exchange, carotid artery, chordae tendineae, coronary artery, coronary vein, diastolic pressure, fetal circulation, heart rate, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, hypertension, hypotension, iliac artery, iliac vein, jugular vein, left atrium, left ventricle, lymph capillaries, lymph node, lymphatic system, lymphatic veins, mesenteric artery, oval opening, plasma, platelets, posterior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary circulation, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, Purkinje fibres, red blood cell, renal artery, renal vein, right atrium, right ventricle, sinoatrial (SA) node, semi-lunar valve, septum, subclavian artery, subclavian vein, systemic circulation, systolic pressure, total cross-sectional area, umbilical artery, umbilical vein, valve, veins, venous duct, vessel wall, white blood cell

It is expected that students will:

C3 Describe the inter-relationships of the structures the heart

C3.1 identify and give functions (including where blood is coming from and going to, as applicable) for each of the following:

– left and right atria

– left and right ventricles

– coronary arteries and veins

– anterior and posterior vena cava

– aorta

– pulmonary arteries and veins

– pulmonary trunk

– atrioventricular valves

– chordae tendineae

– semi-lunar valves

– septum

C3.2 recognize heart structures using both internal and external diagram views

C4 Analyse the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure

C4.1 describe the location and functions of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and Purkinje fibres

C4.2 describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure

C4.3 differentiate between systolic and diastolic pressures

C4.4 describe hypertension and hypotension and their causes

C4.5 demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure

C5 Analyse the functional inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system

C5.1 identify and give the function (including where the vessel is carrying blood from and where it is carrying blood to) of each of the following:

– subclavian arteries and veins

– jugular veins

– carotid arteries

– mesenteric arteries

– anterior and posterior vena cava

– pulmonary veins and arteries

– hepatic vein

– hepatic portal vein

– renal arteries and veins

– iliac arteries and veins

– coronary arteries and veins

– aorta

C5.2 describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels with reference to characteristics such as

– structure and thickness of vessel walls

– presence of valves

– direction of blood flow (toward or away from the heart)

C5.3 differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to oxygenation or deoxygenation of blood in the vessels involved

C5.4 demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle

C5.5 relate blood pressure and blood velocity to the total cross-sectional area of the five types of blood vessels

C5.6 describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange

C5.7 identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems, with reference to umbilical vein and arteries, oval opening, venous duct, arterial duct

C6 Describe the components of blood

C6.1 describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

C6.2 list the major components of plasma

C6.3 explain the roles of antigens and antibodies

C7 Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system

C7.1 describe the functions of the lymphatic system

C7.2 identify and give functions of lymph capillaries, veins, and nodes

Introduction: Functions of the Circulatory System:

Remember the overall importance of the circulatory system in maintaining homeostasis. The circulatory system connects the tissue cells and tissue fluid with the various specialized surface areas that provide them with their needs.

Identify the three specialized surface areas illustrated in this diagram:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The blood also carries _____________ from source glands to target cells; it therefore helps the cells _______________________________________ and coordinate their activities.

White blood cells in the blood help your body ____________________________________.

The circulatory system also assists your body to _______________________________.

This diagram illustrates the process of ________________ between the blood in a capillary and the tissue cells. Note that before these molecules can enter the cells, they first pass through the _________________________ fluid, which bathes the cells. (p. 468)

Here is an overview of the human cardiovascular system.

Activity: Path of Blood Flow in Mammals (first – part1)

Activity: Mammalian Cardiovascular System Structure (second- for identification)

Highlight the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. Label the main parts.

C5.3 differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to oxygenation or deoxygenation of blood in the vessels involved

Notice that the human circulatory system actually consists of two separate circuits:

Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart into the right __________________, passes down into the right ______________________, and then is pumped in pulmonary arteries to the pulmonary capillaries, where it gets rid of _____________________________ and picks up _________________________.

Oxygenated blood then returns in pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart. We call this the _________________________________ circuit.

Oxygenated blood enters the left side of the heart into the left ______________________, passes down into the left ________________________, and then is pumped through systemic arteries to the systemic (body) capillaries, where it gives _____________________________ to the tissue cells and picks up _______________________________. Deoxygenated blood then returns via veins to the right side of the heart. We call this the _____________________________________ circuit.

You need to be able to recognize the various structures in the heart, and trace the path that blood takes through the heart. Here is an animated website to help:

Follow: Activity 23A Mammalian Cardiovascular System Structure

Label the following structures on the diagram below: left and right atria, left and right ventricles, coronary arteries and veins, anterior and posterior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins, pulmonary trunk, atrioventricular valves, chordae tendinae, semi-lunar valves, septum

You also need to be able to identify the various heart structures and blood vessels from an external view:

C5.2 describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels with reference to characteristics such as

– structure and thickness of vessel walls

– presence of valves

– direction of blood flow (toward or away from the heart)

This diagram illustrates the 5 different types of blood vessels. Label the diagram.

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart (towards the tissue cells) are called _______________________________. Blood vessels that allow diffusion of nutrients and oxygen into the tissue cells and pick up carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissue cells are called _____________________________________. Blood vessels that return blood from the tissue cells towards the heart are called _________________________.

A typical artery has the following three layers. State the function of each layer:

a) endothelium

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) smooth muscle

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) connective tissue

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is an arteriole?

________________________________________________________________________

How does an arteriole help control blood pressure?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is the function of capillaries? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How is the structure of a typical capillary related to its function?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A capillary bed can regulate blood flow into the region by

contracting or relaxing muscles called ______________________

________________________ at the entrance to the capillary bed.

This is how your body controls how much blood goes to a

particular region. For example, after a big meal, the precapillary

sphincters in the gut region would be _______________________

allowing lots of blood to go to the digestive organs. (Read p. 477)

What is a venule?

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

How is the wall of the vein and venule different from the wall of the artery and arteriole?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How is this difference in structure related to the difference in function of the two sets of vessels?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Because the walls of veins are relative thin they are able to expand and act as a blood _______________.

What percentage of the blood is stored in the veins at any one time? _______________

How do the veins push this extra blood into the rest of the circulatory system when it is needed (for example, if you lose a large amount of blood through severe bleeding)?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Blood is prevented from flowing backwards in the veins by the

presence of ________________________.

How do skeletal muscles help to keep the blood flowing in the veins? (p. 475)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C5 Analyse the functional inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system

C5.1 identify and give the function (including where the vessel is carrying blood from and where it is carrying blood to) of each of the following: subclavian arteries and veins, jugular veins, carotid arteries, mesenteric arteries, anterior and posterior vena cava, pulmonary veins and arteries, hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein, renal arteries and veins, iliac arteries and veins, coronary arteries and veins, aorta

C5.4 demonstrate knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle

In words, trace the flow of a red blood cell from the aorta to the kidney and back to the left ventricle.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In words, trace the flow of a red blood cell from the right ventricle to the brain and back to the right atrium.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C5.7 identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems, with reference to umbilical vein and arteries, oval opening, venous duct, arterial duct



At the placenta, fetal capillaries and maternal blood come into very close contact (but do NOT actually mix). What functions does the placenta perform for the fetus?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why is it not necessary for all of the blood from the right side of the fetal heart to travel to the lung capillaries?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label: oval opening, arterial duct, umbilical arteries (2), umbilical vein (1), venous duct.

State the function of each of the fetal modifications:

a) oval opening:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) arterial duct:

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c) umbilical arteries:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) umbilical veins:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e) venous duct: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How does blood in the umbilical arteries differ from that in the umbilical veins? (at least four ways)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Why do we say that the posterior vena cava in the fetus contains “mixed blood”?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is a ‘blue baby’ and how can this condition be corrected?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What happens to the arterial duct when the baby is born?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C4 Analyse the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure

(pp. 472-473)

C4.1 describe the location and functions of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and Purkinje fibres

You first need to understand the cardiac cycle. Study the following websites:





This diagram summarizes the events in the cardiac cycle:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What controls the cardiac cycle? View The cell CD 16.4 The beating heart



________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C4.2 describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure (pp. 573-575)

The heart has its own built in rhythm called the intrinsic heartbeat. The intrinsic heart rate can be increased or decreased by either __________________ or by _______________________________________.

Your nervous system modifies your heart rate through the autonomic nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous system. What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the difference between the motor and sensory divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Which part of the motor division controls your

skeletal (voluntary) muscles?

______________________________

Which part of the motor division controls your

cardiac (heart) and smooth muscles?

______________________________

Which division of the autonomic nervous system

would cause an increase in heart rate and blood

pressure during times of stress or emergency?

_________________________________________

Which division of the autonomic nervous system would cause a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure to help return your body to normal conditions (non-emergency)?

_________________________________________

This diagram summarizes the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

[pic]

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C4.3 differentiate between systolic and diastolic pressures (pp. 475-477)

First, what is blood pressure?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

How does blood pressure change as blood moves through the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• When the left ventricle contracts (systole), pressure in the arteries goes up.

• When the left ventricle relaxes (diastole), pressure in the arteries goes down.

• To check your blood pressure, the doctor always measures it in the brachial artery in your arm.

The highest pressure reached in your brachial artery, caused by ventricular systole,

is called your ___________________ pressure.

The lowest pressure in your brachial artery, caused by ventricular diastole, is called your ________________________ pressure.

C4.4 describe hypertension and hypotension and their causes

What is hypertension?

( _______________________________________________________________

What is hypotension?

( _______________________________________________________________

Which is more serious?

( __________________________. It can lead to kidney damage, strokes, heart attacks, damage to the retina of the eyes. __________________ usually just leads to fainting spells.

What factors affect and regulate blood pressure?

(___________________________ - if you lose blood, the pressure drops

( ______________________ - the faster it pumps, the higher the pressure

( _______________________ (How hard is it pumping?) - the harder it pumps the higher the pressure.

( _____________________________ - if smooth muscles contract, the arterioles constrict and the pressure goes up

( _____________________________________ - as we age, the vessels become harder and less elastic; this causes an increase in blood pressure

( _____________________________________ - as we age, there is a build-up of fatty deposits in the walls of the vessels (plaque). This causes them to harden and increases the blood pressure because the vessels don’t ‘give’ when the ventricles contract.

Blood pressure is regulated by:

( _________________ - amount of urine produced

( _________________ - amount of constriction - this is controlled by nerve impulses and hormones

( _________________ - how fast and strong it is pumping. This is controlled by nerves from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and by hormones. The nerves originate in the medulla oblongata of the brain, and epinephrine is a hormone which comes from the adrenal medulla.

What are some lifestyle factors that can lead to or aggravate hypertension?

( _______________ - excess fat and salt

( _______________

( _______________ - causes arteriole constriction thereby increasing blood pressure

( _______________ - causes increased heart rate and stroke volume, and increased arteriole constriction

( ________________

( _________________________________

Questions?

( What effect would severe haemorrhaging (bleeding) have on the blood pressure? __________________________________________________

( What effect would drinking a large amount of water have on the blood pressure? __________________________________________________

( What effect would a lot of salt in the diet have on the blood pressure?

___________________________________________________________

C4.5 demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer.

It puts pressure on the brachial artery in the arm, just above the elbow. This stops the flow of blood to the arm, so that if you listen for a sound using a stethoscope, you will not hear anything. As you let the pressure off, eventually the systolic pressure is high enough to let a little bit of blood squirt through, and you start to hear a pulsing sound in the stethoscope. The pressure reading on the sphygmomanometer when you first hear a sound is called the systolic pressure. As you keep letting off the pressure, eventually the artery is open all the time, and you stop hearing any sound. The pressure reading when the sound disappears is called the diastolic pressure.

What is a normal pressure reading for an adult? Systolic ________________ mm Hg

Diastolic _______________ mm Hg

What is your blood pressure? Systolic ________________ mm Hg

Diastolic _______________ mm Hg

C5.5 relate blood pressure and blood velocity to the total cross-sectional area of the five types of blood vessels

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

C5.6 describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange

[pic]

What causes the net fluid movement out of the arterial end of the capillary?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do oxygen and nutrients enter the tissue fluid from the capillary?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does oxygen enter the tissue cells from the tissue fluid? ______________________

How doe glucose and amino acids enter the tissue cells from the tissue fluid?

________________________________________________________________________

What causes the net fluid movement into the venous end of the capillary?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes enter the capillary from the tissue fluid?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Is the loss of fluid from the arterial end of the capillary equal to the gain of fluid at the venous end? _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is the net effect on the tissues of the loss of water at the arterial end of the capillary bed and the gain of water at the venous end of the capillary bed?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C6 Describe the components of blood

C6.1 describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

C6.2 list the major components of plasma

This diagram summarizes the major components of blood and their functions.

All blood cells are produced in the _______________________________ by the division and subsequent specialization of ________________________________.

Here is an electron micrograph of the three main types of cellular elements found in the blood:

Which of these three types of blood cells is packed with hemoglobin when mature?

____________________________________

Which type has a nucleus when mature? _____________________________

Which type is actually a cell fragment? ______________________________

Which type is most numerous in your blood? __________________________

Which type is involved in phagocytosis? ______________________________

Immune system natural killer cells.

C6.3 explain the roles of antigens and antibodies

What are antigens? __________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

What are antibodies? _________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

How are antibodies produced?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do antibodies help your body to fight infection? (p. 495)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C7 Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system

C7.1 describe the functions of the lymphatic system

C7.2 identify and give functions of lymph capillaries, veins, and nodes

The smallest vessels in the lymphatic system are called ___________________________________________________.

These vessels flow together into larger vessels called ___________________________________________________.

Finally, all the lymphatic veins come together and drain into the circulatory system in veins in your neck region. In this way, lymph enters the blood.

This diagram illustrates the various parts of the lymphatic system

What is the role of lymphatic vessels (capillaries and veins) in the tissues?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the role of lymph nodes? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does lymph compare in composition with

tissue fluid? ________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does lymph compare in composition with blood plasma? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Remember that the lymphatic system is also important in the villi of the small intestine. What do we call lymph capillaries in the villi? _____________

What is their function in this location?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Homeostatic control of the lymphatic system

1. Works as part of the _____________________ by filtering the lymph in the nodes. Lymphocytes and macrophages are found in the nodes

2. Drainage of excess _____________ from tissues, interstitial fluid into lymph capillaries which join to form lymph vessels which carry the lymph to the blood stream via the left and right subclavian veins.

3. Lacteals absorb __________________ and _______________ in villi of small intestine. Lacteals will join to form lymph veins.

How does the lymphatic system accomplish all of this?

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Connecting the Concepts

Use this diagram to review the flow of blood through a human cardiovascular system. Label the indicated parts, color the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood red, and then trace the flow of blood by numbering the circles from 1 to 10, starting with 1 in the right ventricle.

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