Civil War and Reconstruction Preview



Civil War and Reconstruction Preview

1. How was slavery a political, economic & social issue leading up to Civil War?

2. Describe the differences between the North and the South.

3. What were the elements of the Compromise of 1850 and were they successful in calming the tensions of slavery in the new western territories?

4. How did following influence views slavery and sectionalism: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Underground Railroad, Cannibals All, & the Dred Scott Case

5. What was popular sovereignty and how did it affect the issue of slavery.

6. What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act propose and how did it lead to Bleeding Kansas?

7. What led people to support the Republican Party? Who was the first elected Republican President?

8. Describe two events that John Brown took part in his efforts to abolish slavery.

9. How did the election of 1860 influence the Southern states to secede?

10. What was the significance of the Fort Sumter’s surrender?

11. What were the advantages and disadvantages for both the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War?

12. Why did Robert E. Lee turn down Lincoln’s request to lead the Union army?

Who did Lincoln finally appoint?

13. Why did Lincoln suspend the writ of habeas corpus?

14. What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the Union? What impact did it have on the Confederacy?

15. Why was the Battle of Vicksburg a significant victory for the Union?

16. Explain Lincoln’s point in the Gettysburg Address.

17. Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?

18. How did the Lincoln Assassination affect Reconstruction?

19. Explain the importance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

20. How did the plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans for Reconstruction differ?

21. What led to the impeachment of Pres. Andrew Johnson?

22. What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?

23. What impact did sharecropping and tenant farming have on southern farmers?

24. Why did the Ku Klux Klan form?

25. Describe how following aspects of the Reconstructed in the South hurt the civil rights of African Americans: Jim Crow Laws, black codes, grandfather clause, poll taxes, and literacy tests.

People to know:

Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant

Harriet Beecher Stowe John Wilkes Booth John Brown John Calhoun

Andrew Johnson Stephen Douglas Ch. Just. Roger Taney William Seward

George McClellan William Tecumseh Sherman George Meade Rutherford B. Hayes

Charles Sumner the Know Nothings John C. Breckinridge free soil party

Radical Republicans Phillip Sheridan George Pickett 54th Massachusetts Reg.

Henry Clay Daniel Webster Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman

Unit 3: The Civil War and Reconstruction

The Coming of the Civil War

During the early 1800’s, the North and the South showed true sign of sectionalism as the nation began to grow during the Industrial Revolution. The tariff had already divided the industrial North and the agricultural South while the issue of slavery began to become more important as the US expanded westward. By 1861, the southern states would secede leading to a four year conflict known as the Civil War.

Slavery becomes an issue

* (Social) Was Slavery moral or immoral?

* (Economic) What economic factors allowed slavery to remain in the South?

* (Political) How will the US decide the slave status of its new western territories?

1. Was slavery moral or immoral?

Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 which was a fictional story about the lives of slaves who escape slavery through the Underground Railroad. It depicts a shocking picture of a slaves life.

Significance of the Book: Its impact convinced northerners that slavery was wrong leading many to call for abolition. Southerners felt the book falsely dramatized the treatment of slaves

John Brown – was a radical abolitionist who believed in abolition strongly. He chose to lead a slave rebellion in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas) and attempted to raid a federal weapons warehouse to rebel against the south and free slaves. He was caught and later executed.

2. What economic factors allowed slavery to remain in the South?

• The agricultural needs in the South (cotton) helped to keep slavery around.

• Surprisingly the North had plenty of farms and in some cases produced more farm products like corn, wheat and tobacco than the South.

• Where was the difference??? COTTON

3. How will the US decide its slave or non-slave status of new Western Territories?

• New territories included the Texas Annexation, the Oregon Territory (1846), and the Mexican Cession (1848).

Ideas for solution…

• Missouri Compromise (36’ 30 line)

• Popular sovereignty (let the people of the state vote to be slave or free)

Attempts to settle…

• Compromise of 1850 – California enters Union as a free state / New Mexico and

• Utah through popular sovereignty / No more slave trade in Wash. DC / Fugitive Slave

• Law of 1850 ordered runaway slaves to be returned

Three Senators Views

John Calhoun from______________________________

Views:

Daniel Webster from______________________________

Views:

________________________________________________________________________

Henry Clay from_________________________________

Views

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)– proposed by Stephen Douglas to repeal the Missouri Compromise and allow for popular sovereignty (allowing a vote of the people in the state) to decide both Kansas and Nebraska’s slave status when entering the Union.

- Led to Northerners and Southerners (Border Ruffians) traveling to these areas to vote.

- Bleeding Kansas (1856) – Violence led by John Brown (killed 5) caused summer of

violence between Northern and Southern supporters. (over 200 dead in clashes)

Dred Scott v. Sanford – Scott (a slave) sued for freedom after moving from Missouri to the free state of Illinois. The Supreme Court under chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Scott was not a citizen therefore could not sue. Scott did not get his freedom as a result of the case.

John Brown’s Raid- (1859) Brown and several supporters raided a federal weapons warehouse in Harper’s Ferry Virginia to lead a revolt against slavery in the South. He was captured by Robert E. Lee and sentenced to death.

Rise of the Republican Party

• The Republican Party formed in 1854 with a platform to stop the spread of slavery in t the West.

• Abraham Lincoln arose as a Republican leader and ran for senate against Stephen Douglas (the two would spar off into very famous debates).

• Douglas would defeat Lincoln for Senate (1858) but Lincoln would later defeat Douglas in the election of 1860.

Differences Between the North and South

Directions: Fill in the chart below to effectively understand how the North and South

differed by the mid 1800’s. Also include people and events from the period.

North South

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Political

Differences

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Economic

Differences

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Social

Differences

Lincoln’s Actions During the Civil War

Question: Did President Lincoln overstep the boundaries of the Presidency by suspending a writ of habeas corpus during the Civil War?

Yes No

Conclusion:

List 10 facts about the North during the Civil War:

List 10 facts about the South during the Civil War:

The Civil War

1861-1865

After the election of 1860, the southern states followed South Carolina and seceded from the United States. The South soon became known as the Confederate States of America and were led by President Jefferson Davis. In order to reunite the South back with the Union (the North) the North would have to defeat the South in a four year civil war.

Why did the South secede? The election of 1860 was between Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and a Democratic split between Stephen Douglas and John Breckenridge. Also joining the race was John Bell for the Constitutional Union Party.

• Votes split leaving Lincoln a majority of electoral votes and the winner

• The south viewed Lincoln as an abolitionist President

• South Carolina seceded first followed by other southern states (some which at first opposed secession).

• Virginia was one toughest blows to the Union when they seceded after Fort Sumter was taken.

Two Nations

The United States of America The Confederate States of America

a.k.a. The Union a.k.a. The Confederacy

President Abraham Lincoln President Jefferson Davis

General Ulysses S. Grant General Robert E. Lee

Advantages More Men, Money & Manufacturing Fighting defensive war

More Railroads Better military leaders

Strategies Naval blockade, control Mississippi R. Knowledge of land

Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 12, 1861: (The opening shots of the Civil War)

- After refusing to give up their federal fort in SC, the northern forces were attacked by Confederates. Fort Sumter was won by the Confederacy.

- Lincoln had no choice but to retaliate with force and the Civil War begins.

Major Events of the Civil War

Battle of Manassas or 1st Battle of Bull Run- first battle of Civil War (CSA won)

Merrimack and Monitor- Navy battles of the ironclad ships.

Battle of Antietem- neither sided won but great losses forced Lee’s troops back.

Emancipation Proclamation- Pres. Lincoln order to free all slave on Jan. 1, 1863

Battle of Shiloh- bloody battle where Union forces won in Tennessee.

Battle of Vicksburg- Grants attempt to fully control Mississippi River led to total war

Battle of Gettysburg- Lee’s army forced to in Pennsylvania after Pickett’s where Confederates under George Pickett were beaten.

Gettysburg Address- Short speech by Lincoln to honor those lost in the war which helped to redefine the US and the purpose of the war. (November 19,1863)

Election of 1864- Lincoln wins reelection against Gen. George McClellan.

Appomattox Court House- Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 ending the Civil War.

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

As the Civil War ended plans were already in place to help rebuild the South and reunite the Union. On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated and plans to “reconstruct” the South became a power struggle between new President Andrew Johnson and a Congress dominated by Radical Republicans. The result would be a time period marked with both success and failure in the struggle for equality.

Three Plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan- (10% Plan)- When 10% of voters swore an oath to the Union, they could return to the US if they adopted the 13th Amendment.

• Former Confederate soldiers would be pardoned.

Congressional Plan – (Wade Davis Bill) required a majority of voters to take an oath to the Union. (Lincoln would not sign it.)

• Freedmen’s Bureau-established to help former slaves adjust to freedom by giving food, clothes, & supplies (Lincoln and Congress both in support).

***APRIL 14,1865: LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED at Ford’s Theater in Washington DC by John Wilkes Booth while seeing the play Our American Cousin.

Andrew Johnson (Vice Pres.) now becomes the 17th President. Johnson was a Southern Democrat who Lincoln placed on his ticket as a sign of reconciliation with Southerners.

Johnson’s Plan – Called for a majority to swear an oath to the Union, BUT gave out 13,000 pardons to former Confederates that outraged Congress.

• Congress and Johnson did agree on an end to slavery, but Johnson would not go much further to ensure civil rights.

Radical Republicans and Radical Reconstruction

Radical Republicans- in Congress opposed Johnson’s ideas and wanted more civil rights.

13th Amendment- (1865) ended slavery in the US.

14th Amendment- (1868) gave African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law (due process).

15th Amendment- (1870) gave voting rights to males of all races over 21.

Theses civil rights amendments were opposed by Johnson, and a power struggled ensued between Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867- created 5 military districts in the South to be governed by northern generals. It forced Southerners to agree to 14th Amendment.

Johnson’s impeachment – Congress impeached Johnson on a minor offense (Tenure of Office Act), but was not removed from office by one vote. Precedent was set that a President wouldn’t be removed from office based upon disagreements and minor offenses

- Johnson’s power after impeachment was greatly reduced, leaving the people to want a newly elected President at the end of the term.

- Ulysses S. Grant was elected the 18th President (1868).

Reconstruction in the South

Although much had been done for the civil rights of African Americans, the efforts of the Radical Republicans would soon be undermined by violent clashes and unjust laws.

Carpetbaggers- nickname to white northerners who traveled South thought to be taking advantage of the political situation in the South.

Scalawags- nickname for southern whites who sided with the northern view of Reconstruction.

Advancement for the Freedmen

• Sixteen African American won Congress seats in states like Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.

• Hiram Revels was the 1st African American Senator from Mississippi, followed by Blanche Bruce

Southern Whites Fight Back (Conservative southerners opposed changes in the South)

These are all ways of the South that hurt African Americans

Ku Klux Klan- white social club started in 1866 which set out to terrorize and prevent African Americans from exercising their new freedoms and voting.

Sharecropping – African Americans & poor white farmers that worked on a someone’s farm for a small share of the crops as payment. (it was viewed as an alternative to slavery)

Tenant Farming- farmers that paid cash to farm a portion of a plantation owner’s farm.

Poll Taxes- fee required to vote that made it hard for the poor to vote.

Literacy Tests- reading test that needed to be completed in order to vote.

Grandfather Clause – exemption to the literacy test if your grandfather had voted before 1867. This allowed many illiterate whites to still vote, but not African Americans (b/c 15th Amendment went into effect in1870)

Jim Crow Laws – local laws that allowed segregation to be legal in places like school, restaurants, hospitals, hotels, train, etc.

Black Codes- local laws in the South that required blacks to have curfews and chaperones around town.

Compromise of 1877- Rutherford B. Hayes was allowed to win a highly disputed Presidential election over Samuel Tilden if Hayes promised Southern Democrats to pull all remaining federal troops out of the South.

• By the 1870’s the rise of big business and industry became the focus of the nation.

• Reconstruction began to fade from the minds of the Republicans in Congress who had helped African Americans to gain great steps toward equality.

• As the focus of the nation had changed, African Americans remained unable to achieve equality in the South. Many migrated North to cities’ but many also stayed in the South.

• The successes of Reconstruction (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, the reuniting of the nation, and new opportunities for equality) were overshadowed by the South’s reluctance to change and the North abandonment of Reconstruction.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Homer Plessy’s challenge to segregated train cars was based upon the 14th Amendment (equal protection under law). The Supreme Court ruled that “separate can be equal” setting the stage for over 58 more years of legalized segregation until Brown v. Topeka Bd. of Ed.(1954) overturns “separate but equal” precedent.

• These failures wouldn’t be changed until the 1950’s & 1960’s Civil Rights Movement

African American Civil Rights (1900-1970)

At the turn of the 20th Century, African Americans had still not received the equality that was desired during the Reconstruction period. With two world wars and a depression, little was accomplished in the movement until the Cold War period.

Early Efforts of the 20th Century (Before World War II)

Booker T. Washington – African American leader who felt that equality would be at a slow pace and not until after Af-Americans received educations to be involved politically

W.E.B. Du Bois-African American activist who felt that Af. Am. should discrimination immediately and not wait as B.T. Washington had suggested.

NAACP- (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed in 1909 by WEB Du Bois, Jane Addams, and Lincoln Steffans to fight discrimination.

Harlem Renaissance- cultural revival of African American arts in the 1920’s.

FDR’s Black Cabinet- President Roosevelt advisory committee of Af. American leaders to keep him in touch with Af. Am. issues.

CORE - (Congress of Racial Equality) formed in 1942 to worked towards equality.

Jackie Robinson- 1st African American to enter Major League Baseball from the Negro Leagues which set the precedent for others to follow.

Civil Rights in the Postwar Era

Desegregating the Military-Harry Truman issued an executive order as Commander-in- Chief to end segregated troops in the US military after World War II.

Brown v. Topeka Board of Education – (1954) Supreme Court case that finally banned segregated schools by overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision allowing Jim Crow Laws to exist (14th Amendment – equal protection).

Little Rock, Arkansas – refusing to desegregate the high school, the National Guard was brought into Little Rock to oversee the safety of nine black students who wished to attend

Rosa Parks – helped to inspire the Montgomery Bus Boycotts after being arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white male.

Montgomery Bus Boycotts- Alabama bus boycott (381 days) organized in protest of Jim Crow laws on public buses and organized by Martin Luther King Jr. who adapted the protest method of civil disobedience (non-violent protest) from Gandhi and Thoreau.

SCLC – (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. to encourage nonviolent passive resistance efforts and marches.

SNCC – (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) founded in 1960 as a younger persons non-violent protest group (supported sit-ins, boycotts and marches).

Freedom Riders- buses loaded with protesters that would travel in southern states to protest segregation. They faced violence form the KKK and buses were bombed

Birmingham Protests- Martin Luther King was jailed and later released after protests turned violent when police dogs and fire hoses were used on protesters in 1963. King wrote his Letter from Birmingham Jail to justify the protests to white clergymen.

Medgar Evers – a leader in the Mississippi NAACP who was assassinated in 1963 for attempting to organize protests to follow those in Birmingham.

University of Alabama – in 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace refused to allow two black students to the college. Students were let in after pressure from JFK / military.

March On Washington- 1963 march in Wash DC where King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Over 200,000 attended.

Freedom Summer - Summer of 1964 where blacks attempted to register to vote throughout Mississippi.(James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner killed).

Black Panthers- radical “black power” that would advocate the use of violence if needed. Led by Stokely Carmichael, Bobby Seals and Angela Davis.

Malcolm X- Militant Muslim leader assassinated in 1965 in NYC.

Progress Made Towards Equality

Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned discrimination in hiring practices and ended Jim Crow Laws (segregation) in public places.

24th Amendment (1964) – banned poll taxes (from Reconstruction)

Voting Rights Act of 1965 – ended literacy tests (from Reconstruction)

Affirmative Action – program in which businesses and schools that receive federal funds are encouraged to recruit minorities and women in their application processes (to make up for years of past discrimination).

• This progress is heavily debated today and referred to by critics as reverse discrimination.

Edward Brooke – In 1966, became the first black Senator since Reconstruction.

Thurgood Marshall – In 1967, became the first African American Supreme Court Justice (he was also the lawyer for the Brown’s in the Topeka Board of Ed. Case.

Murders during the Civil Rights Movement

Emmett Till – 14 year old boy who was murdered by two white men in Mississippi for saying “By Baby” to a white woman in a store (1955).

Medger Evers – NAACP leader murdered in his driveway in Jackson, Mississippi after attempting to organize boycotts (1963)

John F. Kennedy – Assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963.

16th Street Baptist Church – Four girls (Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, and Carole Robertson) were killed after KKK members bombed the Birmingham church where the girls attended Sunday school (1963).

Freedom Summer Murders – CORE members James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were killed for trying to help register African American voters in Mississippi (1964).

Malcolm X – Assassinated in NYC in 1965 by member of the Muslim movement.

Jimmie Lee Jackson – After a night march organization in Marion, Alabama, Jackson was killed by an Alabama State Trooper. Jackson was trying to protect his mother and grandfather who were being attacked by police (1965).

Martin Luther King Jr. – Assassinated on April 4, 1968 from a hotel balcony.

Robert F. Kennedy – Assassinated in the summer of 1968 after giving a campaign speech while running for President.

*** Combined with the Vietnam War, the assassinations and the civil rights movement display why the 1960’s is called a decade of turmoil.

Conclusion:

By the 1970’s the US finally began to show progress in its attempts to rid the nation of discrimination. However, the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s is proof that the US did not completely solve the problems left over from the Reconstruction Period 100 years earlier. How far has the nation come since the efforts of the civil rights movement?

The Struggle for Civil Rights

Directions: Using the both the Reconstruction notes and the Civil Rights 1900-1970 notes, complete the “T-chart” to compare and contrast the struggle for civil rights for African Americans.

19th Century (1800’s) 20th Century (1900’s)

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