SOCIAL SCIENCE - Kar

Government of Karnataka

SOCIAL SCIENCE

(Revised - 2022)

10 NoSPtt?taoaKrnbTteBdSr-aepr2udblished

Karnataka Textbook Society(R.) No.4,100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bangalore - 85

Content

Chapter No.

Chapters

HISTORY

17 THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

Page.No 1

18

THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

6

19

INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

29

20

WORLD WARS AND INDIA'S ROLE

34

21 22

23 24

POLITICAL SCIENCE

ed WORLD CHALLENGES AND INDIA'S ROLE S lish WORLD ORGANISATIONS

B b SOCIOLOGY KT epu COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS ? be r SOCIAL CHALLENGES

44 49

59 65

25 26

GEOGRAPHY

to INDIA - LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE Not INDIA - MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES

75 85

27

INDIA - TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

92

28

INDIA - MAJOR INDUSTRIES

100

29

INDIA - NATURAL DISASTERS

106

ECONOMICS

30

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

113

31

PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET

120

BUSINESS STUDIES

32

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

130

33

CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

137

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HISTORY

Chapter - 17

THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

We learn about the following in this chapter: ? Causes for the First War of Independence ? Immediate causes for the revolt ? Spread of the revolt and its nature ? Failure of the revolt and its effects

With the objective of expanding their rule in India, the British had

brought into force the Doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of

Lapse. Many provinces came into the control of the British because of

ed these rules. As a result, Indians were upset. They were dissatisfied with the S lish British administration too. This dissatisfaction surfaced as a major revolt

in 1857. While some Indians called this `The First War of Independence',

TB ub British historians called it as `The Sepoy Mutiny'.

?K rep Causes for the First War of Independence:

be Political causes: Many kingdoms lost their to rights due to the promulgation of Doctrine of t Lapse brought about by the British. Satara, o Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and other kingdoms N came under British control. Dalhousie

Do you know this: Doctrine of Lapse : Doctrine of Lapse: This policy was established by Lord Dalhousie during

cancelled the princely titles of the Nawabs of Tanjore and Carnatic kingdoms. The Moghul sultans, the Nawab of Oudh and other kings

British rule. According to this policy, an Indian king could not transfer his kingdom to his adopted

were stripped of their kingly status. children in the absence of

Consequently, lakhs of soldiers who were natural heirs. Thus, his

dependent on these kings, became unemployed. kingdom came naturally This became a strong cause for the protest of under British rule.

1857 against the British.

Economic causes: Due to the industrial revolution in England, Indian handicrafts and cottage industries suffered heavily. England, instead of

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being a trading country, became a hub of industries. The Indian craftsmen became unemployed. Primarily, the textile and wool industries became sick and people lost their jobs. The cottage industries too suffered a death blow. The British imposed a heavy tax on sale of Indian goods in England. Because of the zamindari system, the landlords, acting as commission agents between the Government and the farmers, exploited the farmers. The right given to the taluks to collect tax was withdrawn. An `Inam Commission' was appointed and all the gifted lands (`Inam lands') were taken back. Due to this, the farmers felt insulted and experienced many financial problems. This too led to the revolt of farmers against the government.

Administrative causes: The British brought into force new civil and criminal laws. These were applicable only to Indians. English became the language of the courts. Most of the time the British judges favoured the British. The new rules were not understood by the common people.

hed Military causes: The condition of the Indian soldiers in the British army S lis was pathetic. The status, salary and opportunities for promotion that B b British soldiers enjoyed were not given to Indian soldiers. The religious KT pu sentiments of the Indian soldiers were disturbed when they were forced ? re to cross the oceans to serve on a foreign land. be Eruption of the Revolt and its spread:

to Most of the Indian soldiers in the British army believed that if they t fought together, they could drive away the British from India. At that time, No the soldiers were being given new rifles called `Royal Enfield'. A rumour

spread among the soldiers that the cartridges used in these rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs. While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous for Muslims. This incident became the immediate cause for the revolt.

The rumour that spread in the army troops at Barackpur led to severe dissatisfaction. When the British officers ordered the Indian soldiers to pull the safety catch with the help of their teeth, the soldiers rejected the command and revolted against their superiors. At this juncture, an Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official. Subsequently, he was arrested, tried and hanged.

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Meerut was a strong military base of the British. When the British ordered the Indian soldiers to use the greased cartridges, the soldiers refused to carry out the order. The soldiers were imprisoned. As a result, there was a revolt in Meerut. Indian soldiers rushed into the prison and released the soldiers jailed there. This became the spark that led to the fire of the War of Independence. Later, the group of soldiers went to Delhi from Meerut. They laid siege on the Red Fort and declared the Moghul king, Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India. Protesting soldiers from different parts of India reached Delhi. Consequently, the protest became serious. It spread like wild fire to Kanpur and Jhansi.

In Kanpur, Nana Saheb rose in protest. Tatya Tope

was his assistant. In Jhansi, a revolt took place under

the leadership of Queen Laxmibai. When Kanpur fell into

the hands of the British, Tatya Tope came to Jhansi to

ed help the Queen.

Thathya Tope

S lish The heat of the revolt was felt in Lucknow too. Ultimately, B b Lucknow was taken over by the British. The war spread KT pu to the south of river Yamuna. As a result, the soldiers in ? re Jhansi felt encouraged. Jhansi Rani Laxmibai who was be enraged by the Doctrine of Lapse, declared war against the

Jhansi Rani Laxmibai

British. She tied her adopted son to her back and fought

t to in the war. She took Gwalior under her control. When the No battle took place again with the British, the Queen laid

down her life. Even today, the queen occupies a pride of

place in the history of the independence struggle.

Reasons for failure of the revolt:

The First War of Independence of 1857 failed due to various reasons. The movement did not spread to the whole country. This struggle was intended to protect the interests of a few rather than getting freedom for the country. Instead of being an organized struggle, it erupted due to certain unexpected reasons. The unity among the British forces and lack of it among the Indian soldiers also led to the failure. There was no proper direction or proper leadership. In addition, there was a lack of strategy,

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