Drug
Drug |Class |Uses |Side effects |Features | |
| | | | | |
|Penicillins |
|Penicillin G |(-lactam |DOC Strep, Enterococci, |Allergies, seizures (high dose w/ |MUST combine w/ aminoglycoside |
| |(parenteral) |Pneumococci, spirochetes, |renal failure) |for Enterococci |
| | |B. anthracis, Clostridium, | | |
| | |non-(-lactamase Staph | | |
| | |DOC syphilis (IM dose) | | |
|Penicillin V |(-lactam |Minor infections | |Amoxicillin preferred |
| |(oral) |(mixed oral infections) | | |
|Methicillin |Anti-Staph PCN |(-lactamase Staph |Allergies, nephrotoxic (Naficillin| |
| |(IV dose) | |preferred) | |
|Nafcillin |Anti-Staph PCN |Serious systemic (-lactamase Staph|Allergies | |
| |(IV dose) |NOT Enterococci & MRSA | | |
|Dicloxacillin |Anti-Staph PCN |Mild local Staph in kids |Allergies | |
| |(oral) | | | |
|Ampicillin |Extended-spectrum PCN |Serious anaerobes, Enterococci, |Allergies, GI upset, |Combo w/ Sulbactam ((-lactamase|
| |Gram(-) rods |Listeria, Gram(-) cocci & bacilli |superinfections, non-allergic skin|inhibitor) |
| | |NOT Klebsiella, Enterobacter, or |rashes |Widespread resistance (NOT for |
| | |Pseudomonas | |UTI, meningitis, or typhoid |
| | | | |fever) |
|Amoxicillin |Extended-spectrum PCN |DOC URI, sinusitis, otitis, LRI |Allergies, GI upset, |Combo w/ Clavulanate |
| |(oral) |Dental prophylaxis |superinfections, non-allergic skin|(Augmentin) |
| | | |rashes | |
|Ticarcillin |Anti-Pseudomonal PCN |Gram(-) bacilli (Klebsiella, |Allergies |Combo w/ Clavulanate |
| | |Enterobacter, Pseudomonas) | |Combo w/ aminoglycoside |
| | |Hospital-acquired, neutropenic | |(Tobramycin) to avoid |
| | |patients | |resistance |
|Piperacillin |Anti-Pseudomonal PCN |Gram(-) bacilli (Klebsiella, |Allergies |Combo w/ Tazobactam |
| | |Enterobacter, Pseudomonas) | |Combo w/ aminoglycoside |
| | |Hospital-acquired, neutropenic | |(Tobramycin) to avoid |
| | |patients | |resistance |
| | | | | |
|Cephalosporins | | | | |
|Cephalexin |1st-generation |PCN-G organisms + Proteus, E. |Allergies (5-15% cross-reactivity |More resistant to (-lactamases |
| |(oral) |coli, & Klebsiella (PEcK) |w/ PCN allergies, ONLY w/ | |
| | |NOT MRSA, Listeria, Clostridium, |delayed-type rxn) | |
| | |Enterococci |Nephrotoxic | |
|Cefazolin |1st-generation |Same as above |Same as above |Penetrates bone |
|(Keflex) |(parenteral) |Surgical prophylaxis against skin | | |
| | |microbes | | |
|Cefuroxime |2nd-generation |Same as 1st-generation + H. |Allergies |Crosses BBB |
| |(parenteral, longer t1/2) |influenzae, Enterobacter, & |Potentially nephrotoxic |Bronchitis & pneumonia in |
| | |Neisseria (HENPEcK) | |elderly & imczd |
|Cefuroxime axetil |2nd-generation |Same as above |Allergies |Well-absorbed |
| |(oral) |(-lactamase organisms |Potentially nephrotoxic | |
|Cefoxitin |2nd-generation |Anaerobes (esp. Bacteroides) |Allergies | |
| |(parenteral) |Intraabdominal & GYN sepsis |Potentially nephrotoxic | |
| | |Surgical prophylaxis | | |
|Cefixime |3rd-generation |HENPEcK + most enterics + Serratia|Allergies |Once-a-day dosing |
| |(oral) |Less against Gram(+) cocci |Potentially nephrotoxic | |
|Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) |3rd-generation |DOC meningitis; PCN-resistant |Allergies |Crosses BBB & bone |
| |(parenteral, longest t1/2) |Neisseria; |Potentially nephrotoxic |Excreted in bile (good for |
| | |DOC Lyme dz | |renal dz) |
|Ceftazidime |3rd-generation |Pseudomonas |Allergies | |
| |(parenteral) | |Potentially nephrotoxic | |
|Cefepime |4th-generation |Enterobacter (more resistant to |Allergies |Expensive |
| | |(-lactamases) |Potentially nephrotoxic | |
| | | | | |
|Other Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors | | | |
|Imipenem |Carbapenems |DOC Enterobacter |GI upset, rash, infusion site rxn,|Reserved |
| |(very broad spectrum) |Gram(+) & (-), anaerobes |seizures (renal dz) |Crosses BBB & bone |
| | |NOT E. faecium, MRSA, Clostridium | |Combo w/ Cilastatin (Primaxin) |
| | |(metallo-(-lactamase) | |prevents renal inactivation |
|Aztreonam |Monobactams |Gram(-) rods |Rash, (serum aminotransferases |Renal excretion |
| |(narrow spectrum, IV dose) |NOT Gram(+) or anaerobes |(well-tolerated w/ PCN-allergies) | |
|Vancomycin |(slow IV drip, oral for colitis) |Serious Gram(+), MRSA, Clostridial|Fever, chills, infusion site rxn, |Crosses BBB w/ inflammation |
| | |colitis, heart valve implant, |tachycardia, hypotension, red man |Renal excretion |
| | |endocarditis |syndrome (histamine release), | |
| | |NOT Gram(-) |ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity (w/ | |
| | | |AGs) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|Nucleic Acid Inhibitors | | | |
|Metronidazole |(fragments bacterial DNA) |DOC Bacteroidies & Clostridium |Nausea, headache, dizziness |Crosses BBB & bone |
| | |endocarditis, brain abscesses |Peripheral neuropathy (long-term) |Hepatic metabolism w/ renal |
| | |vaginitis (obligate anaerobes) |CI—EtOH (Disulfiram-like) |excretion |
| | |Anti-protozoal | | |
|Rifampin |(inhibits RNA-polymerase) |Combo w/ Isoniazid for TB |Hepatotoxicity |Penetrates intracellularly |
| |(oral) |Prophylaxis for meningitis |Induces microsomal enzymes ((oral |Crosses BBB |
| | |Leprosy |anticoagulants, OCs, estrogens, |Hepatic metabolism w/ bile |
| | | |glucocorticoids) |secretion (prolongs t1/2) |
| | | |Red-orange color body fluids | |
|Ciprofloxacin |Fluoroquinolones |UTIs & prostatitis, Gram(-) |N/V, headache, dizziness, |Well-absorbed (NOT w/ antacids,|
| |(synthetic ABX) |Pseudomonas w/ CF |nephrotoxic, phototoxic |Zn or Fe) |
| | |Gonorrhea (NOT syphilis) |CI—pregnancy, ................
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