Lindsay, S



Introduction to Psychology (PSY110) - Dr. M. PlonskyStudy Guide for Cacioppo, J. T. & Freberg, L. A. (2013). Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind (1st Ed.). CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. This guide is color keyed to likelihood that the material will be on the exams, with burgundy being Highly likely, dark blue being Possible, and light blue being Unlikely to be found on the exams. It should also be noted that your book provides several “features” (i.e., seven are listed below) to assist you in learning the material. While you are unlikely to be tested on the material in these sections (unless it directly relates to material covered in class), the authors of your textbook and I believe they are worthwhile for you to study. These features will get you to think more about the material and connect with it in personal ways. As a result, you will learn it better and be able to perform better on the exams.Chapter Prologues that show the big picture and micro views of the chapter topic.Margin Quotes provide quick one or two sentence examples of applications of a topic to reinforce context and relevance. Psychology as a Hub Science sections broaden the discussion of a topic to include ways in which psychology is engaged in cooperative science with other disciplines.Experiencing Psychology sections provide hands-on, experiential activities.Thinking Scientifically sections model critical-thinking skills by providing an opportunity to critique a piece of research.Connecting to Research sections highlight classic and contemporary studies relevant to chapter material to illustrate the connection between research and the material.Interpersonal Relationships From a [chapter topic] Perspective sections show how the many perspectives of psychology contribute to the understanding of a single human behavior--building and maintaining significant social relationships.For Exam 11.Science of Mind: Discipline of Psychology2What is psychology?What are psychology’s roots?The philosophers’ questionsThe physical scientists’ methodsHow did the science of psychology begin?Wilhelm Wundt & structuralismGestalt PsychologyWilliam James & functionalismThe behaviorists & the cognitive revolutionClinical roots: Freud & the humanistsWhat are psychological perspectives?Seven perspectives of psychologyBiologicalEvolutionaryCognitiveSocialDevelopmentalClinicalIndividual differenceA new connectivity: Integrating the perspectivesWhat does it mean to be a psychologist?2.Measure of Mind: Methods of Psychology42What is science?The scientific mind setThe importance of critical thinkingThe scientific enterpriseScientific theoriesGenerating good hypothesesEvaluating hypothesesHow do psychologists conduct research?Descriptive methodsCase studyNaturalistic observationSurveyCorrelational methodsExperimental methodsMeta-analysesHow do we study the effects of time?How do we draw conclusions from data?The importance of valid & reliable measuresResearch ethicsHuman participantsAnimal subjects3.Evolving Mind: Nature & Nurture Intertwined86Why do we say nature & nurture are intertwined?What are the building blocks of behavior?Genetic variationRelatednessSex chromosomesEpigeneticsWhat is the field of behavioral genetics?How does evolution occur?Mechanisms of evolutionAdaptationEvolution of the human brainThe contemporary human brainHow does evolution influence behavior?The evolutionary psychology perspectiveOrigins of social behaviorSexual selectionCulture4.Biological Mind: Physical Basis of Behavior124What is biological psychology?Early attempts Contemporary approaches How do neurons communicate?Neurons and gliaNeural signalingElectrical ChemicalTypes of neurotransmittersHow is the nervous system organized?What are the structures/functions of the NS?Spinal cord, brainstem, & cerebellumSubcortical structuresThalamusBasal gangliaHypothalamusHippocampusCingulate cortexAmygdalaNucleus accumbensThe cerebral cortexLocalizations of functionsFrontal lobeOccipital lobeTemporal lobeParietal lobeRight brain and left brainThe function of lateralizationWhat are major structures/functions of the PNS & endocrine system?Somatic systemAutonomic systemEndocrine systemFor Exam 25.Perceiving Mind: Sensation & Perception178How does sensation lead to perception?Sensory info travels to the brainThe brain constructs perception from sensory infoMeasuring perceptionSignal detectionHow do we see?The visual stimulusThe biology of visionVisual perception & cognitionRecognizing objectsGestalt psychologyRecognizing depthDevelopmental and individual differencesSociocultural influencesHow do we hear?The auditory stimulusThe biology of auditionAuditory perception & cognitionDevelopmental and individual differencesSociocultural influencesHow do we feel body position, touch, temperature & pain?Somatosensory stimuliThe biology of the somatosensesSociocultural influencesHow do we process smells and tastes?Chemical stimuliThe biology of the chemical sensesPerception & cognition in the chemical sensesDevelopmental and individual differencesSociocultural influences6.Aware Mind: Elements of Consciousness234What does it mean to be conscious?The evolution of consciousnessVariations in alertnessAwareness of ongoing sensationsSelf-awarenessSearching for consciousness in the brainWhat happens to consciousness during wakefulness & sleep?Circadian rhythmsWakefulnessSleepStages BenefitsBenefits of REMDreamingSleep disordersNightmares & night terrorsInsomniaNarcolepsy & cataplexySleep apneaSudden Infant Death SyndromeRestless Leg SyndromeHow is consciousness affected by brain damage?Specific areasComaPersistent vegetative stateBrain deathNear death experiencesSeizuresHow do people intentionally alter their consciousness?General features of psychoactive drugsTolerance & withdrawalAddictionHallucinogensMushroomsMescalinePCPMarijuanaLSDStimulantsCaffeineNicotineCocaine & amphetamineRitalinEcstasyDepressantsAlcoholBenzodiazepines & barbituratesOpiatesHypnosisMeditationOther deliberate changes in consciousness16.Healthy Mind: Stress/Coping, Health & Positive PsychologyWhat is the relationship between psychology and health?813Behavior & health814Tobacco use815Nutrition818Alcohol820Exercise824Culture & health826An integrated understanding of health behaviors8278.Adaptive Mind: Learning346How do animals use reflexes/instincts/learning to respond to environment?What are the 3 main types of learning?What is classical conditioning (CC)?CC terminologyCC phenomenaAcquisitionExtinction & spontaneous recoveryInhibitionGeneralization & discriminationHigher order conditioningLatent inhibitionCognitive & biological influences on CCThe element of surpriseTaste aversionApplying CCOvercoming fearAddiction Attitudes & prejudiceCreativity & schizophreniaWhat is operant conditioning (OC)?Types of consequencesSchedules of ReinforcementShaping: method of successive approximationsCognitive, biological & social influences on OCApplying OCWhat is observational learning?Bandura & aggressionImitationMirror neuronsCultural transmission of learning9.Knowing Mind: Memory396What are the advantages of memory?Memory & the continuum of info processingMemory provides an adaptive advantageHow are memories processed?Sensory memorySTMWorking memoryLTMMoving info into LTMDifferences between working & LTMWhat are the different types of long-term memory?Declarative memoriesNondeclarative memoriesCCProcedural memoriesprimingLong term memories & the brainDeclarative memories & the hippocampusDeclarative memories & the cerebral cortexProcedural memories & the basal gangliaHow is long-term memory organized?Connectionist theoriesInferences: Using schemasHow do we retrieve memories?Retrieval from STMRetrieval from LTMThe role of cuesTip-of-the-tongueReconstruction during retrievalRetrieval of emotional eventsWhy do we forget?DecayInterferenceMotivated forgettingWhat is the biology of memory?Memory at the level of the synapseBiochemistry & memoryHow can we improve memory?Distribute practice over timeTake testsSleepReciteUse mnemonicsFor Exam 311.Developing Mind: Lifespan Development506What does it mean to develop?New ideas about developmentDevelopmental themesNature vs nurture intertwinedContinuity or discontinuityUniversal or ecological developmentHow do we change prenatally?Genetic risks to developmentEnvironmental risks to developmentWhat can newborns do?ReflexesActivitySensesWhat physical changes occur in infancy & childhood?Nervous system developmentMotor developmentHow does cognition change during infancy & childhood?Piaget’s theorySensorimotor stagePreoperational stageConcrete operational stageFormal operational stageCriticismAlternative approachesVygotskyInfo processingNa?ve theoriesTheory of mindHow do social & emotional behaviors change during infancy & childhood?TemperamentAttachmentParenting stylesWhat does it mean to be an adolescent?Physical changesSexBrainCognitive & moral developmentAdolescent cognitionMoral reasoningSocial & emotional developmentIdentity formationBenefits of ethnic identityFamily influencesWhat is it like to be a young adult?Physical statusCognition: postformal thoughtRelationshipsWhat happens during midlife?Physical & cognitive aspectsSocial changes in midlifeWhat is late adulthood like?Physical changesCognitionSocial & emotional aspects7.Feeling Mind: Motivation & Emotion286How are motivation and emotion related?What does it mean to be motivated?Hunger & EatingSensation of hungerSensation of satietyObesityAnorexia nervosa & Bulimia nervosaSexual motivationHormones & Sexual MotivationSexual orientationCognitive & social motivesAchievement motivationMotivation to affiliateMotivational prioritiesWhy are we emotional?The biology of emotionThe amygdala & insulaThe cingulate cortex & basal gangliaThe cerebral cortex & emotionExpressing emotionInterpreting emotionTheories of emotionJames-LangeCannon-BardSchachter-SingerContemporary approaches12.Individual Mind: Personality & the Self568What is personality?How do psychodynamic theories view personality?Freud’s theoryPersonality structureLevels of awarenessDefense mechanismsStages of psychosexual developmentContemporary viewsNeo-FreudiansAdlerJungHorneyHow do humanists approach personality?How do trait theories explain personality?Early trait theoriesThe big five theoryHow do situations affect personality?Classic behavioral approaches Social cognitive theoriesLocus of controlReciprocal determinism & self-efficacy If then relationshipsWhat are the biological bases of personality?TemperamentGeneticsBrain structureEvolutionHow can we assess personality?InventoriesProjective testsEthics of testingWhat does it mean to have a self?Defining the selfSelf-conceptSelf-awarenessSources of self-knowledgeSelf-esteemSourcesGender, race, & cultureUsing self-enhancementAdvantages ofSelf-regulationBrain & the selfThe social selfThe interpersonal selfCultural influences on the self16.Healthy Mind: Stress/Coping, Health & Positive PsychologyHow does stress affect our health?801Immune system801Heart disease803Mood, sleep, & obesity803Integrated view of stress & health804What is the relationship between psychology and health?813Behavior & health814Tobacco use815Nutrition818Alcohol820Exercise824What is positive psychology?829Emotions830Traits835Institutions838Positive psychology & the future839For Exam 414.Troubled Mind: Psychological Disorders678What does it mean to have a psychological disorder?How are psychological disorders diagnosed?What do the psychological perspectives tell us about disorders?What is an anxiety disorder?GADPanic DisorderPhobiasOCDPTSDWhat are mood disorders?Major depressive disorderBipolar disorderSuicideWhat are dissociative disorders?What are somatoform disorders?What is schizophrenia?SymptomsCausesWhat are personality disorders?AntisocialBorderlineWhich disorders emerge in childhood?Autism spectrum disorderCausesADHDCauses15.Healing Troubled Minds: Therapy734How do psychologists provide therapy?Approaches to treatmentBiologicalPsychologicalEvidenced-based practiceClinical assessmentThe therapistsDelivering psychotherapyVariations in lengthAlternatives to individual therapyInnovative delivery systemsContemporary challenges in treatmentWhat different types of psychotherapies are used?PsychoanalysisHumanisticBehavioralCognitiveBiopsychosocialWhat are biological therapies?MedicationECTPsychosurguryBrainstimulationNeurofeedbackHow are specific disorders treated?Anxiety Mood Dissociative & somatoformSchizophreniaPersonalityDisorders immerging in childhood/adolescenceIntegration of specific treatments13.Connected Mind: Social Psychology618Why are human beings so social?How accurate are first impressions?Why did that just happen?The correspondence biasDefensive attributionsCultural influences on attributionWhy are we prejudiced?SourcesOutcomesReducingHow are our attitudes influenced by others?Attitude formationCognitive dissonanceWhy does persuasion happen?The elaboration likelihood modelRoutes to persuasionWhy do we go along with the group?ConformityComplianceObedienceThe power of oneHow do groups work together?Social facilitationSocial loafingDeindividuationGroup polarizationGroup thinkHow well do we get along with others?Attraction & likingBuilding relationshipsMaintaining relationshipsEnding relationshipsWhy do we cooperate in some situations and compete in others?Competition & cooperation in animalsIndividual differencesInfluence of cultureChoosing betweenAltruism & helpingWhy are we aggressive?BiologyLearningPreventing ................
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