Educational Psychology 294



Educational Psychology 294

Quiz II ANSWERS ARE IN BOLD

Learning Theory

1. Behavioral theories of learning emphasize…

A. development.

B. nature over nurture.

C. observable behavior.

D. thinking.

2. The principle of contiguity involves an association between…

A. a negative and a positive stimulus.

B. emotion and behavior.

C. two events through pairing.

D. two events through punishment.

3. During music class, Lisa enthusiastically sings aloud with her class, but the teacher comments, “Lisa, please… you sound like an owl in a torture chamber.” Lisa turns bright red. The next week she feels ill when it is time to go to music class again. Feeling anxiety at the prospect of going to music class is an example of…

A. an unconditioned stimulus.

B. classical conditioning.

C. cognitive learning.

D. social learning.

4. In the above example involving Lisa, feeling ill at the prospect of music class served as the …

A. conditioned response.

B. conditioned stimulus.

C. unconditioned response.

D. unconditioned stimulus.

5. B.F. Skinner is to _______________, as Ivan Pavlov is to _______________.

A. classical conditioning, cognitive shaping

B. classical conditioning, operant conditioning

C. cognitive shaping, classical conditioning

operant conditioning, classical conditioning

6. A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. Through repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the …

A. conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response.

B. neutral stimulus will come to be ignored.

C. unconditioned response will become extinct.

D. unconditioned response becomes its own stimulus.

7. Sam and Bones (dogs) run to the food dish whenever they hear the electric can opener. Why might they run to their dish at the sound of an electric drill?

A. Discrimination

B. Drilled practice

C. Extinction

D. Generalization

8. Following classical conditioning, an extinction procedure would be initiated by presenting which of the following over repeated occasions?

A. a negative reinforcement stimulus.

B. a new neutral stimulus for the unconditioned response.

C. the conditioned stimulus by itself.

D. the unconditioned stimulus by itself.

9. What are the basic elements of operant conditioning?

Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences

A. Antioxidants, Behavior, and Consequences

B. Antecedents, Behavior, and Conditioning

C. Antecedents, Believers, and Conditioning

10. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning by…

A. dealing primarily with reflective types of responses.

B. focusing on voluntary animal behavior to a great extent.

C. focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior.

D. treating all learners equally as passive agents.

11. Reinforcement is to _______________, as punishment is to _______________.

A. extinction; satiation

encouraging behavior; discouraging behavior

B. satiation; extinction

C. discouraging behavior; encouraging behavior

12. After getting in line quietly, Veronica is told by the teacher, “Nice going! For setting such a good example, you do not have to help with the finger painting clean-up this afternoon.” Veronica has apparently received …

A. both positive and negative reinforcement.

B. neither positive nor negative reinforcement.

C. positive but not negative reinforcement.

D. negative but not positive reinforcement.

13. In Veronica’s example above, what mistake does her teacher make in handling the situation?

A. She was not quiet about it.

B. She embraced classical conditioning.

C. She reinforced finger painting.

D. She was not specific about the behavior.

14. What is it called to remove an annoying stimulus from a student’s environment?

A. Positive reinforcement

B. Negative reinforcement

C. Removal punishment

D. Neutral reinforcement

15. The schedule of reinforcement that is most appropriate to use in the classroom because it encourages persistence of the behavior is …

A. fixed-interval.

B. fixed-term.

C. variable-ratio.

D. variable-term.

16. Slot machines paying off at a randomized rate that the gambler is not aware of is an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

A. fixed-interval.

B. fixed-term.

C. variable-ratio.

D. variable-term.

17. Kathy frequently makes faces at her classmates. Instead of punishing her for making faces, the teacher has the students totally ignore Kathy. This is an example of what operant conditioning concept?

A. Curing

B. Extinction

C. Remodeling

D. Shaping

18. Peggy tells one of her students, “That’s a good answer, Miguel; it’s clear and to the point.” This praise may be an ineffective reinforcer if …

A. Miguel is later criticized in her class.

B. Miguel’s responses have been criticized in the past.

C. Peggy says this to one other student.

D. Peggy’s voice and manner seem insincere.

19. The Premack Principle states that …

A. a less preferred activity is postponed until after a preferred activity.

B. a preferred activity is performed in front of the group.

C. a preferred activity is used to reinforce a less preferred activity.

D. a less preferred activity can be an effective punishment.

20. Mr. Webb observed that his second graders were not clearing their desks as he had asked. He announced that as soon as all the desks were cleared, the class could go to recess. Immediately, the children began clearing their desks. This technique from Mr. Webb comes from what theory?

A. Kohlberg’s Moral Development

B. The Premack Principle

C. The Ripple Effect

D. A Good Teacher is a Good Thief

21. Which of the following is not true of the use of “Social Isolation” concept?

A. A student is placed in an uninteresting room.

B. A “time-out” should last all day.

C. It is frequently used in lower level classrooms.

D. Other students must stay away from the “time-out” student.

22. In Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, the interaction among the personal factors, environment and behaviors, is referred to as …

A. enactive learning.

B. self-efficacy.

C. vicarious learning.

D. reciprocal determinism.

23. Mr. Gibbs, the physics teacher, talks out loud as he works through a particularly difficult problem on the blackboard in front of the class. What technique is he using?

A. Contiguity

B. Modeling

C. Teacher Attention

D. Conditioning

24. A group of boys watch a film showing aggressive male adults. Based on Bandura’s theory of social learning, the boys would be expected to …

A. ignore male adults.

B. be more aggressive.

C. engage with other boys.

D. watch other films.

25. “In one ear and out the other” is a good description of what component of memory?

A. Episodic

B. Long-Term

C. Sensory

D. Working

26. Perception may be best described as …

A. a collection of sensations.

B. an objective view of reality.

C. multiple stimuli.

D. meaning attached to sensory information.

27. Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

A. 2 to 4

B. 5 to 9

C. 10 to 12

D. 13 to 15

28. “Bottom-up” processing refers to the way people examine a new stimulus for …

A. contextual clues.

B. contextual forms.

C. perceptual closures.

D. recognizable details.

29. The basic purpose of chunking as a strategy is to …

A. increase the capacity of all of the sensory registers.

B. increase the amount of meanings stored in sensory memory.

C. reduce the amount of information to be stored in working memory.

D. reduce the amount of time spent storing information in long-term memory.

30. According to current cognitive theories, information may be lost from long-term memory in all of the following ways except …

A. interference.

B. reusing schema in different situations.

C. substitution.

D. time decay.

31. Which one of the following concepts is not one of the three types of constructivism proposed by Moshman?

A. Dialectical

B. Endogenous

C. Exogenous

D. Procedural

32. In contrast to information processing views of learning, social constructivist approaches view learning as …

A. associated with accurate representation of the world.

B. focused on individual and developmental differences.

C. involving the individual independent of cultural setting.

D. occurring within a specific community of practice.

33. Vygotsky’s approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism?

A. Dialectical

B. Endogenous

C. Exogenous

D. Procedural

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