AP Chemistry Syllabus



AP Chemistry SyllabusInstructor: Brian FainPhone: 503-916-5260Email: bfain@rhschemistry.Course DescriptionThe purpose of Advanced Placement Chemistry is to provide a college level course in chemistry and to prepare students to seek credit or appropriate placement in college chemistry courses. The curriculum content, including the lab experiments, is based on the College Board curriculum framework and approved example syllabi released in 2013. This course meets three times per week, once for 44 minutes, and twice for 93 minutes. During the shorter period, once a week, students will be working on theory and practice, and laboratory activities will be the focus of the longer periods twice a week. More than 25% of class time will be spent on hands-on laboratory work. One day prior to each unit test will be spent in study groups using old AP Chemistry Free-Response questions as well as multiple choice study guides for review.Laboratory ProgramStudents in this course are required to actively participate in labs. This includes manipulation of all lab equipment, collecting and graphing data, conducting multiple trials, and using statistical analyses of individual and class data to make conclusions. Inquiry is a major component of most experiments that students complete, requiring students to design and implement experiments, and analyze data. For all labs, students are required to submit a lab report for grading that has the following components: purpose, procedure, all data, data analysis, error analysis, summary of results, and a conclusion and discussion section. These reports will be kept in a portfolio of work in a three ring binder, to be graded every 9 weeks and once at the end of the course. In addition, students are required to keep a lab notebook in which they will record all aspects of the investigation: scientific question, purpose, materials, procedure (with diagrams), data (including tables, graphs, diagrams), data analysis and calculations, error analysis, and initial conclusions. Most laboratory experiments are intended to take one full class period of 90 minutes, except the guided inquiry experiments that will require two class periods to complete.ExamsA mid-term exam is administered approximately every 4.5 weeks, as well as one every quarter, or 9 weeks. All exams are comprehensive, and administered in the same way or as close to the AP Exam as possible.The final 6 full class periods (2 weeks) before the AP Chemistry Exam are used for exam review and practice tests using old AP Chemistry exam materials. Students work in cooperative groups to solve and present to the class a packet of free response problems from previous exams. In addition, AP Chemistry Practice Exams are administered as part of this review process.TextbookBrown, TheodoreL., H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward, Matthew W. Stoltzfus (2015) Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition). New Jersey: Pearson EducationLab ManualsCollege Board, AP Chemistry Guided Inquiry Experiments: Applying the Science Practices, 2013Jack Randall, Advanced Chemistry with Vernier, 2013Donald L. Volz, Ray Smola, Investigating Chemistry Through Inquiry, 2013Flinn, Advanced Inquiry Labs for AP Chemistry, 2013Sally Vonderbrink, Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry: Guided Inquiry Edition, 2014Demonstration ResourcesShakhashiri, Bassam, Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of ChemistryUnit 1: Introduction to Matter and Measurement (Ch.1) End 9/9Big Idea(s) Covered: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactionsClass periods: 3Topics: Scientific Method, Classification of Matter, Properties of Matter, Separation Science, example distillation, Units of Measurement and Conversions, Uncertainty in Measurement, Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis, Density and Specific Gravity, Temperature and its Measurement.Labs: (1) Math and measurement in Science and Density of an Organic Liquid Unit 2: Atoms, Molecules and Ions (Ch. 2 & 6) End 9/22Big Idea(s) Covered: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions.Class periods: 5Topics: Discovery of Atomic Structure and Modern Atomic Theory, Cathode Ray Experiments, Rutherford Experiment, Types of subatomic particles, Mass-Spectroscopy and Isotopes, The Nucleus, Stability of the Nucleus, Atomic Structure, Electromagnetic Radiation, Quantization of Energy, Photoelectric Effect, PES data, Bohr Atom, Spectroscopy, Orbital Model of the Atom, Aufbau Diagrams, ParamagnatismQuantum Model.Labs: (1) Determination of Paramagnatism Using Electron Configuration and Magnetic Attractions, (2) Flame Tests of Salt Solutions, (3) Spectroscopy of gases using discharge tubeUnit 3: Stoichiometry: Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry (Ch. 3) End 9/29Big Idea(s) Covered: *The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions. *Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electronsClass periods: 3Topics: Law of Conservation of Mass and balanced chemical equations, Types of Reactions , Law of Constant Composition and Calculations based on it, Using Moles to find a quantity, Conversion factors using the mole, Empirical formulas from analyses, Stoichiometry: quantitative information from balanced equations, Limiting reagents, Using Density, Solution TermsLabs: (1) Determining Mole Ratio in an Exothermic Reaction, (2) Determination of Empirical Formula Unit 4: Reactions In Aqueous Solutions (Ch. 4) End 10/9 Big Idea(s) Covered: *Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms and describe how matter changes. *The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions.Class periods: 4.5Topics: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions, Strong vs. Weak Electrolytes, Solubility guidelines for ionic compounds, Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions, Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (identifying strong vs. weak acids and bases), Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Oxidation numbers, oxidation of metals by salts and acids, the activity series), Concentration of Solutions (molarity, expressing the concentration of an electrolyte, interconverting moles, molarity, and volume, dilution, Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (titrations)Labs: (1) Redox Titration of Bleach, (2) Conductimetric Titration and Gravimetric Determination of a precipitate. **************************************** Mid Term Exam 10/9 *************************************Unit 5: Thermochemistry (Ch. 5) End 10/23Big Idea(s) Covered: * Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms and describe how matter changes. *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changesClass periods: 5Topics: Energy (kinetic vs. potential, units, system vs. surroundings, transferring energy: heat and work), First Law of Thermodynamics (internal energy, relating ΔE to Heat and Work, endothermic vs. exothermic, state functions), Enthalpy (pressure-volume work, enthalpy change), Enthalpies of Reaction, Calorimetry (heat capacity vs. specific heat, constant-pressure calorimetry, bomb calorimetry (constant volume), Hess’s Law, Enthalpies of Formation (using enthalpies of formation to calculate enthalpies of formation), Foods and FuelsLabs: (1) Hand Warmer Design Challenge: Where does the heat come from? (2) Determining Enthalpy of a Chemical ReactionUnit 6: Periodic Properties of Elements (Ch. 7) End 11/3Big Idea(s) Covered: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions.Class periods: 3Topics: Development of the Periodic Table, Effective Nuclear Charge, Sizes of Atoms and Ions (periodic trends), Ionization Energy (variations in successive ionization energies, periodic trends in first ionization energies, electron configuration of ions), Electron Affinity, Metals, Metalloids, and Non-metals, Trends in Group 1A and 2A, Trends for Selected Non-Metals (hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, noble gasses)Labs: (1) Reactivity of MetalsUnit 7: Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding (Ch. 8) End 11/18Big Idea(s) Covered: * The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions. *Bonding and intermolecular forces explain the physical and chemical properties of matter. *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changes.Class periods: 5Topics: Lewis Symbols and the octet rule, Ionic Bonding (potential energy diagrams, electron configurations of ions, energy of formation of ionic compounds, lattice energy, crystal lattice structure of ionic compounds and how this relates to properties), Metallic Bonding (electron-sea model, molecular-orbital model, shell model, how bonding relates to properties), Covalent Bonding (lewis structures, multiple bonds), Bond Polarity and Electronegativity, Non-polar covalent bonds, Polar covalent bonds, Coordinate covalent bonds – Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases), Exceptions to the Octet Rule, Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds, Types of compounds, Properties of solids with different types of bondsLabs: (1) What’s in that bottle? (2) Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin***************************************** Quarter Exam 11/20 ********************************************Unit 8: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory (Ch. 9) End 11/25Big Idea(s) Covered: *Bonding and intermolecular forces explain the physical and chemical properties of matter. *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changes.Class periods: 2Topics: VSEPR Theory (effect on nonbonding electrons and multiple bonds on bond angles, molecules with expanded valence shells, shapes of larger molecules), Energy effects on molecules, Isomerism, Molecular shapes, polarity, and geometries, Resonance Structures and Hybridization, Molecular orbitals, Functional groups, Interactions of functional groups, Classification of molecules, Intermolecular interactions, Dipole moments, Dielectric constantsLabs: Using Gas Chromatography to Identify and Unknown in a MixtureUnit 9: Gasses (Ch. 10) End 12/4Big Idea(s) Covered: *Bonding and intermolecular forces explain the physical and chemical properties of matter. *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changesClass periods: 3Topics: Gas Laws, Ideal Gas Equation, Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation, Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures, The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gasses, Molecular Effusion and Diffusion, Real Gasses: Deviations from Ideal BehaviorLabs: (1) Grahm’s Law, (2) Determining the Molar Mass of a Volatile LiquidUnit 10: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Ch. 11) End 12/11Big Idea(s) Covered: *Bonding and intermolecular forces explain the physical and chemical properties of matter. *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changes Class periods: 2.5Topics: Molecular comparison of gasses, liquids and solids, Intermolecular forces (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole forces, comparing intermolecular forces), Select Properties of Liquids (viscosity, surface tension, capillary action), Phase Changes (energy changes with phase changes, heating curves, critical temperature and pressure), Vapor Pressure (volatility, vapor pressure, and temperature; vapor pressure and boiling point), Phase Diagrams, Liquid CrystalsLabs: Intermolecular Attractions LabUnit 11: Properties of Solutions (Ch.13) End 1/8Big Idea(s) Covered: Bonding and intermolecular forces explain the physical and chemical properties of matter.Class periods: 5 (3 before winter break with Mid-Term Exam, 2 classes after)Topics: Types of Solutions, Electrolytes, Miscibility and Immiscibility, Process of Dissolution, Dissolution vs. Ionization, Solubility Terms, Henry’s Law, Concentration Terms: Molality, Molarity, %, mole fractions, Dilution Problems, Stoichiometry Problems with Solutions (Review), Raoult’s Law, Freezing and Boiling Points of Solutions – Colligative Properties, Van Hoff factor, Osmosis, Deviation from Raoult’s Law, ColloidsLabs: (1) Using Freezing Point Depression to Determine Molecular Weight, (2) Introduction to Spectrophotometry, (3) Spectroscopic Determination of the % Salicylic Acid in AspirinUnit 12: Chemical Kinetics (Ch.14) End 1/22Big Idea(s) Covered: *Molecular collisions determine the rates of chemical reactions. *The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactionsClass periods: 5Topics: Rate relationship to collisions, Reaction Mechanism, Activation Energy, Nature of Reactants and Interfacial Surface Area, Temperature and Pressure Effects on Rates, Catalyst – Homogenous and Heterogeneous, Potential Energy Diagrams – Review, Activated Complex and Intermediates, Arrhenius Equation, Maxwell-Boltzman Diagram, Average Rate, Rates relationship to Stoichiometry, Graphical determination of Instantaneous Rate, Rate Laws, Determination of Rate Laws, Determination of Mechanisms, Order of Reactions, Calculations Based on OrderLabs: What is the Rate Law for Fading Crystal Violet?**************************************** Semester Exam 1/26 *************************************Unit 13: Chemical Equilibrium (Ch.15) End 2/5Big Idea(s) Covered: *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changes. *Equilibrium represents a balance between enthalpy and entropy for reversible physical and chemical changes.Class periods: 5Topics: Reversible processes and Reactions, Types of Systems, Kinetics relationship to Equillibrium, Equilibrium Expressions, Equilibrium Constants, LeChatlier’s Principle, Equilibrium Stresses, Equilibrium Calculations, Molar Solubility, Common Ion Effects, Reaction QuotientsLabs: (1) Can we Make the Colors of the Rainbow? (2) Determination of Kc with Varied Initial ConcentrationsUnit 14: Acid-Base Equilibria (Ch.16 & 17) End 3/3Big Idea(s) Covered: * Equilibrium represents a balance between enthalpy and entropy for reversible physical and chemical changes. *Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms and describe how matter changes;Class periods: 10Topics: Dissociation vs. Ionization , Preparation of Acids, Bases, and Salts, Classification of Acids and Bases, Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases, Degree of Ionization, Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases, Weak Acids and Bases, Binary acids versus Oxyacids, Determination of Acid and Base properties based on structure, Ionization of Water, pH and pOH, Acid-Base Stoichiometry Problems – Review, Ionization Calculations of Weak Acids and Bases, Henderson-Hasselbach Equation, Titration Calculations, Indicators, Types of Salts, Dissociation of Salts and BuffersLabs: (1) How Can We Determine the Actual Percentage of H2O2 in a Drugstroe Bottle of Hydrogen Peroxide? (2) How much acid is in fruit juices and soft drinks? (3) How do the Structure and Initial Concentration of an Acid and a Base Influence the pH of the Resultant Solution During a Titration?, (4) Determining the Ka (and molecular weight) of a weak acid by Half Titration, (5) Determing the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide, (6) Preparation and Testing of an Effective Buffer: How do Components Influence a Buffer’s pH and Capacity?**************************************** Mid Term Exam 3/5 *************************************Unit 15: Chemical Thermodynamics (Ch. 19) End 3/19Big Idea(s) Covered: *Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changes. *Equilibrium represents a balance between enthalpy and entropy for reversible physical and chemical changes.Class periods: 4Topics: Spontaneous Processes, Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy vs. Heat), The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics (incl. Boltzman’s Equation and Microstates), Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions, Gibbs Free Energy Equation, Relationship of Equilibrium and Q, Relationship to ELabs: (1) Solubility and Determination of ΔH0, ΔS0, ΔG0 of Calcium Hydroxide, (2) Investigating Thermodynamic Relationships of Substituted HydrocarbonsUnit 16: Electrochemistry (Ch. 20) End 4/7Big Idea(s) Covered: Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms and describe how matter changesClass periods: 5Topics: Oxidation and Reduction, Substances Gaining Potential, Types of electrochemical cells, Voltaic cells, Cell Potentials, Concentration and dependence on E, Nernst Equation, Cell Potentials and Equilibrium, Metal Electrodes, Reference Electrodes, Indicator Electrodes, Applications of Voltaic Cells, Electrolysis, Faraday’s Law, Electrolytic Cells, Order of reduction, Applications of Electrolytic CellsLabs: Electrochemical Cells**************************************** Quarter 3 Exam 4/9 *************************************Unit 17: AP Exam Review End 5/1Big Idea(s) Covered: All of them!Class periods: 9Topics: All the topics from the year! For this last section of the year we will spend a few days reviewing by students presenting practice problems from old AP exams, then we will take a practice exam. We will review the exam the next class and go over answers and how they would be scored. Then, we will repeat this process. The goal is to walk into the exam knowing how to manage your time and knowing exactly what to expect. Final Project: Ends Last Day of SchoolAll students will generate a lab binder portfolio, which will contain a table of contents, all typed lab handouts, and copies of all returned lab reports with dividers separating each lab. In addition, students will be performing an inquiry lab of their own, and presenting their investigation to the class. Each designated lab group will perform a 10-minute poster board presentation on the lab of their choice. Poster boards can be the standard poster board used at most science fair competitions. A 3’x4’ board is acceptable. The poster boards should freely stand on a table and fold into three sections as shown in the diagram below. The abstract needs to be placed in the top left corner. The title and names of students need to be placed in the top middle section. All other sections can be placed in a logical order on the board.1143002578100Review of Literature0Review of Literature1143001778000Review of Literature0Review of Literature114300968375Introduction0Introduction114300168275Abstract0Abstract13601702339975Conclusion00Conclusion1028702339975Discussion00Discussion121920968375ProjectResults00ProjectResults1379220968375ProjectResults00ProjectResults121920168275Title and NamesTitle and Names1028702568575Acknowledgements0Acknowledgements2438401654175Methods0Methods243840168275Hypothesis0Hypothesis243840968375Methods0MethodsAbstract: Summary and summation of the investigationReview of Literature: Provides past research in literature and background information. Introduces the topic historically and scientifically. Presented in a logical order, which will lead to the statement of purpose or rationale for the work.Statement of Purpose/Hypothesis: Identifies a clear prediction or outcome to an event. Identifies the questions that the research seeks to explain.Methods and Materials: Lists and/or demonstrates the use of equipment and supplies, and describes procedures to be used to execute the experiment.Results: Describe in writing the data you collected. Data tables and graphs must be includedAnalysis and Discussion: Students explain the rationale regarding their scientific research area, and the students explain and interpret the data. Conclusion: States whether or not the data support the hypothesis, suggests future research and discusses the importance of this research in the context of the scientific community or societyApplications: How is this experiment related to everyday world applications, major societal or technological issues (e.g. how spectroscopy can be used to distinguish real art from fake art)? Each group will determine the following responsibilities: Lab chosen to present, person designated to purchase the poster boardGroup will determine the person responsible for the following: Poster Board Layout, Title, Abstract, Review of Literature, Statement of Purpose/Hypothesis, Methods and Materials, Results, Analysis and Discussion, Conclusion, and Applications. All sections must be typed. ................
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