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Korean People’s Air Force (KPAF)SummarySTRENGTH110,000COMBAT AIRCRAFTSAC Shenyang F-5, SAC Shenyang F-6, MiG-19 ‘Farmer’, MiG-21 ‘Fishbed’, MiG-23 ‘Flogger’, Mig-29 ‘Fulcrum’, HAMC H-5, Q-5 IA ‘Fantan’, Su-25 ‘Frogfoot’COMBAT HELICOPTERMi-24 ‘Hind’, MD-500TRANSPORTSAIC Y-5, Il-14 ‘Crate’, Li-18 ‘Coot’, Il-62 ‘Classic’, Il-76 ‘Candid’, An-24 ‘Coke’, Tu-134 ‘Crusty’, Tu-154 ‘Careless’, Tu-204Role and DeploymentThe primary mission of the KPAF is the air defense of the DPRK mainland and territorial waters. Secondary missions include reconnaissance, transportation and logistical support, insertion of special operations forces, strategic bombing and provision of tactical air support to elements of the Korean People’s Army (KPA) ground force and Korean People’s Navy (KPN).Each Air Division within the KPAF is responsible for the protection of a given area of DPRK:The 1st Air Division (Combat) is headquartered at Kaech’on (Saamcham) and is responsible for the defense of the northwestern section of the country, including the Yongbyon nuclear research complex;The 2nd Sir Division (Combat) is headquartered at Toksan (Hamhung) and is responsible for the defense of the eastern section of the country;The 3rd Air Division (Combat) is headquartered at Hwangju and is responsible for the defense of the southern section of the country, including the area along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ);The 5th Air Division (Transport) is headquartered at Taech’on;The 6th Air Division (Transport) is headquartered at Sondok (Sondong-ni); andThe 8th Air Division (Training) is headquartered at Orang (Hoemun-ri, Hoemun-dong) and is responsible for training and the defense of the northeastern section of the country, including the Musudan-ni Launch FacilityThe KPAF’s sniper brigades are primarily tasked with the neutralization of ROK/US air bases and Command, Control, Communication, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) assets. Due to the importance assigned to this wartime mission they receive priority tasking for the use of An-2 transports and helicopters. Command and ControlThe KPAF is a coequal service under the Ministry of People’s Armed Forces (MPAF), with both the KPN and the KPA. Control of the KPAF is vested in its commander who is responsible to the Chief of the General Staff, MPAF.Immediately subordinate to the KPAF Commander are the Chief of Staff, Deputy Political Commander, Deputy Flight Commander, Deputy Technical Commander, Deputy Rear Services commander, Deputy Air Defense commander, military prosecution office and military justice office. The air staff consists of the following departments: Chemical, Communications, Construction, Cryptographic (Classified Material), Engineer, Enlisted Personnel, Finance, a guard company, Medical, Meteorology, Officer (Cadre) Personnel, Operations, Ordnance, Reconnaissance (Intelligence), and anizationKPAF Supreme Headquarters is located in P’yongyang, with an above ground complex located at Mirim Air Base and a wartime headquarters underneath Majang-san, Chunghwa-gun, Pyongyang-si. The KPAF is organized into a command element, air staff, air defense headquarters, six air divisions, several independent air battalions, two or three air force sniper brigades, a reconnaissance unit, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) unit, hot air balloon unit, sailplane unit, 19 SAM brigades (organized into three air defense sectors), a SAM maintenance depot, an unknown number of AA regiments, three Radar Regiments, one to four searchlight battalion(s), communications regiment, air traffic control regiment, and several aircraft production and repair facilities.The National Air Defense Headquarters, as well as the Western Air Defense Direction Headquarters, is located in P’yongyang and is possibly co-located with KPAF Supreme Headquarters. The Eastern Air Defense Direction Headquarters in at Sondok (Songdong-ni Air Base).The KPAF is additionally composed of an Air Force Hospital, the Kim Ch’aek Air Force Academy, Kyongsong Flight Officers School, 17th Air Officers School, Cha Kwang-su Airmen’s Training School, and the Civil Aviation Bureau which controls the national airline – Air Koryo. The KPAF also coordinates air defense operations with the Pyongyang Anti-Aircraft Artillery Command and the KPA’s AAA assets.Air Koryo is directly subordinate to the KPAF. All its personnel are members of the KPAF and all in-country maintenance is conducted by KPAF personnel. In times of emergency or war, Air Koryo personnel and aircraft will perform mission in support of KPAF operational objectives (strategic transport, airlift of airborne troops and so on).The personnel strength of the KPAF is estimated at 110,000 personnel. There are approximately 27,000 officers (all pilots are commissioned officers) and 83,000 enlisted personnel.At present the primary operational unit is the air division, of which there are six. Combat air divisions consist of four to nine air regiments, service and support units, and have a total of approximately 160-300 aircraft.They are organized into a headquarters and division command post, three to six fighter regiments, one bomber regiment, one to two helicopter regiments, five to seven anti-aircraft rocket brigades (SAM brigades), communications centre, radar regiment, nuclear-chemical defense battalion, engineer battalion, transportation battalion, guard battalion, and a maintenance and repair unit.The air regiments is organized into a headquarters and staff platoon, three flight battalions, AAA battalion, air communications company, communications company, two air field management companies, two guard companies, transportation company, nuclear-chemical defense platoon, weather section, work section, gas service section, fuel supply section, material supply section, bomb section, weapons repair section, radioactive preparation section, medical section and several other miscellaneous sections.Air regiments have a total of approximately 40 to 50 aircraft, 90 pilots, and 250 to 350 support personnel. These are organized into three battalions (western equivalent of a squadron) with approximately 15 aircraft each. The battalions consist of three companies (western equivalent of a flight) with four aircraft each. There are apparently several instances where the air regiments have as few as two battalions or as many as four.It is estimated that the KPAF possesses about 36 air regiments. This could be increased to 38 if the aircraft assigned to the national airlines – Air Koryo – are counted. Order of BattleFirm information on the KPAF’s air order of battle is scarce and hard to verify, but it appears that it is organized into functional and/or geographically-orientated divisions. Three of them are responsible for control of combat elements, these being aligned geographically, with the 1st Division responsible for forces in the western part of the country; the 2nd responsible for the northern segment; and the 3rd responsible for the south, including that part of the country adjacent to the DMZ. Pilot training is the responsibility of the 8th Division. Air Koryo, the national flag carrier is an integral component of the KPAF and is called upon as needed.1st Air Combat DivisionHeadquartersKaech’on Air Base (AB)MissionAir defense of the capital P’yongyang, nuclear research centre at Yongbyon, and the western section of the countryPrimary Air FacilitiesKaech’on AB, Kangdong AB, Maengsan, Mirim, Onch’on-up (underground) AB, Onch’on-up AB, Panghyon AB, Puckch’ang-ni AB, Sonch’on Helicopter, Sonch’on Southwest, Sunan-up Auxiliary AB, Sunan-up International Airport, Sunch’on AB, U’iju AB, and Yonggang-ni HelicopterMajor Subordinated Air Units35th Air Regiment: based at Kaech’on, and equipped with MiG-19, MiG-15U and FT-5 (MiG-17U)55th Air Regiment: based at Sunch’on, and equipped with MiG-29 and Su-2557th Air Regiment: based at Onch’on-up, and equipped with MiG-19, MiG-15U and FT-5 (MiG-17U)60th Air Regiment: based at Pukch’ang, and equipped with the MiG-23U/I Air Regiment: based at Pukch’ang, and equipped with the MiG-2124th Air Regiment: based at U’iju AB, and equipped with the H-5U/I Helicopter Regiment (Mi-24D)“2.16” Helicopter Regiment (MD-500D/E) possibly based at Yonggang-ni Helicopter BaseNotesUnconfirmed reports indicate that the 55th Air Regiment may have been awarded the honorific title of “Kumsong Guard.”“2.16” refers to Kim Chong-il’s birthday – February 16th.2nd Air Combat DivisionHeadquartersToksan ABMissionAir defense of the Eastern section of the country.Primary Air FacilitiesChangjin-up AB, Hwangsuwon-ni AB, Iwon, Kangja-ri AB (underground), Sondok AB, Toksan AB, and Wonsan ABMajor Subordinated Air Units56th “Guards Taejon” Air Regiment based at Toksan, equipped with MiG-21sU/I Air Regiment at Hwangsuwon-ni AB and equipped with MiG-21s.U/I Air RegimentU/I Air RegimentU/I Air regiment at Changjin-up AB, and equipped with H-5/Il-28NotesUnconfirmed reports identify the 46th, 58th and 72nd Air regiments as subordinate to the 2nd Combat Division; however, this remains to be confirmed.Sondok (Songdong-ni Air Base) is the location of the eastern Air Defense Headquarters and air traffic control centre. It is in direct contact with the national air defense command post in P’yongyang.3rd Air Combat DivisionHeadquartersHwangju ABMissionAir defense of the southern section of the country along the DMZ with the ROK.Primary Air FacilitiesCh’o-do Haeju, Hoeyang Southeast, Hwangju AB, Hyon-ni AB, Ich’on, Ich’on Northeast, Ihyon-ni, Koksan, Kumgang, Kuum-ni, Kwail, nuch’on-ni, Ongjin, P’yongsul-li, Sangyang-ni, Sohung South, T’aet’an AB, Toha-ri North, and Unch’on-upMajor Subordinated Air Units11th Air Regiment203rd Air RegimentU/I Air RegimentU/I Air RegimentNotesUnconfirmed reports identify the 86th Air Regiment as subordinate to the 3rd Combat Division, however, this remains to be unconfirmed.MiG-19 and one MiG-21 air regiments are located at Hwangju AB.One MiG-19 / MiG-15 air regiment is located at Koksan AB.One MiG-21 air regiment is located at Kwail AB.5th Air Transport DivisionHeadquartersT’aech’on ABMissionAir transportPrimary Air FacilitiesKwaksan-ni, Manp’o, Sinuiju, Sonch’on Helicopter, Sunan-up International Airport, T’aech’on AB, and Yonggang-ni HelicopterMajor Subordinated Air UnitsU/I Air Transport Regiment (Y-5) based at Kwaksan-niU/I Air Transport Regiment (Y-5) at Manp’o ABU/I Air Transport Regiment (Y-5) at T’aech’on ABU/I Air Transport Regiment/Air Koryo based at Sunan-up International AirportU/I Helicopter Regiment (Mi-2) based at Sonch’on Helicopter BaseU/I Helicopter Regiment (Mi-4/-8/-17/-26) based at Yonggang-ni Helicopter BaseNotesSinuiju Airfield has a small unit of An-2/Y-5 and PZL-1046th Air Transport DivisionHeadquartersSondokMissionAir transportPrimary Air FacilitiesSondok and Yonp’oMajor Subordinated Air UnitsU/I Air Transport Regiment (An-2/Y-5)U/I Air Transport Regiment (An-2/Y-5) based at Yonp’oU/I Air Transport Regiment (An-2/Y-5/Li-2) based at SondokU/I Helicopter Regiment (Mi-2/-4/-8)U/I Helicopter Regiment (Mi-2/-4/-8)8th Air Transport DivisionHeadquartersOrang ABMissionPilot training and air defense of the Northeastern section of the country, including the Musudan-ni Missile Launch Facility.Primary Air FacilitiesIrhyang-dong AB, Kyongsong-chuul AB, Orang AB, Paegam, Samijyon AB, and Sungam-niMajor Subordinated Air UnitsU/I Air Regiment (MiG-15/-15UTI/-17 and FT-5/6) based at Irhyang-dong ABU/I Air Regiment (MiG-15/-15UTI/-17 and FT-5/6) based at Samijyon ABU/I (797th Unit) Air Regiment (MiG-15/-15UTI/-17 and FT-5/6)based at Orang ABU/I (Kyongsong Flight Officers School) Air Training Regiment (Yak-12/-18/CJ-6 and PZL-104) Kyongsong-chuul ABU/I Air Transport Regiment (An-2/Y-5)U/I Helicopter Regiment (Mi-2)TrainingDuring their four years of instruction, pilot students are believed to receive about 70 hours of primary flight training in propeller-driven aircraft, notably the CJ-6. All flight training (primary and advanced) is conducted under the control of the 8th Air Division (Training).With the DPRK in a state of economic crisis since the early 1990s, flight training of both new and experienced pilots has suffered and pilot proficiency has declined significantly. The fuel situation of the KPAF began to grow severe towards the end of 1989 when flight hours decreased. In 1990 the KPAF stopped conducting regular intercepts of ROKAF aircraft flying near the DMZ and flight training hours dropped precipitously. By the beginning of 200, flight training for the average KPAF pilot declined to no more than 20-25 training flights totaling 10 to 12 flight hours per year. This is vastly inadequate when compared to that in the ROKAF, the UASF and Japanese Self Defense Forces. To compensate for the decreased amount of actual flight time, KPAF pilots and pilot trainees are now spending more time in flight simulators and possibly sailplanes and in extensive discussions of air tactics on the ground. Flight training hours are currently portioned out in intervals of only 30 minutes and consist almost exclusively of take-off and landing exercises. There is extremely limited air combat maneuver or ground attack training. During the early 2000s, these hardships began to ease somewhat, and the KPAF has slowly expanded the yearly training cycle which helped to increase operational readiness. As a result of severe fuel shortages during 2007-08, however, this trend reversed and flight hours dropped to approximately 15-25 per year. The trend of fewer flight hours may not have impacted the elite units of the 3rd Air Division – stationed around the capital Pyongyang – as severely as other units.During the period from 2000-09 the KPAF experienced an estimated loss rate of 1.5-3.0 combat aircraft per year. This rate is quite low and is indicative of the small number of flight hours flown by KPAF bat ReadinessAviation asserts are almost entirely of Russian (Soviet) and Chinese origin, including large numbers of Y-5 (An-2 ‘Colt’) biplanes and about 300 helicopters. The combat readiness rate of these aircraft is estimated to be:Combat Readiness RateAircraft50-65%MiG-29, MiG-23, MiG-21 and Su-2560-70%F-5, F-6 and H-565-75%Y-560-65%HelicoptersThe DPRK’s air defense network is arguably one of the densest in the world. It is, however, based on obsolete weapons, missiles and radars; and is most effective at low altitudes where masses of Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) fire can be brought to bear on an intruder. Their high altitudes SA-2/3/5 Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) are, however, ineffective in a modern Electronic Warfare (EW) environment.Air Force ProcurementProcurement and distribution of supplies and equipment are handled by the Rear Services Department. The main supply depot of the KPAF is in the Pyongyang area, and other depots are located throughout the country. Underground fuel tankage and ammunition storage facilities are available at most air bases. Aviation fuel is distributed from bulk storage depots to airfields, primarily by rail.The KPAF, while large in size, is seriously deficient in modern and sophisticated weapons systems and equipment. This condition extends throughout the force and is most noticeable in the large number of obsolete combat aircraft (MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19 and MiG-21). Information management, computerization, electronic warfare assets, C3, radar, Air-to –Air Missiles (AAMs), and air defense systems (SAMs and AAA) are also obsolescing.The KPAF’s large fleet of An-2/Y-5 colt biplanes should not be viewed as obsolete. Rather, it is viewed as a creative use of appropriate technology and more than sophisticated enough for their intended purpose of delivering and supporting large numbers of special operations forces deep within the mountainous South Korean rear.The KPAF has been concentrating its modernization efforts since the early 1990s on improving its air defense systems and air combat power. To this end, anti-aircraft guns, SAM systems and radar have figured prominently in its procurement. The country has had to rely on foreign procurement and technical assistance from China. The acquisition of small numbers of MiG-23, MiG-29, and SU-25 combat aircraft during the late 1980s and early 1990s are the only relatively modern aircraft within the KPAF. Since 1993, the KPAF has also been able to acquire small numbers of MiG-21s from Kazakhstan, plus Mi-8Ts and additional MiG-29s from Russia, as well as spare parts from Russia, Eastern Europe and China. Operational Art and Tactical DoctrineOperational art and tactical doctrine in the KPAF closely mirror those of the former Soviet Union. They also derive from the DPRK’s experiences in the Korean War, when the country was subjected to heavy high-altitude and low-level bombing by forces under UN command, and from its experience of involvement in the Vietnam War and the Arab-Israeli 1973 War. This information has been supplemented by extensive studies conducted by the MPAF’s Military Training Bureau of the Iran-Iraq War, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Allied Force, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. There is substantial emphasis on tight air defense, and practically on anti-aircraft guns and SAMs.The use of hardened underground shelters and tunnels is another salient feature of the KPA’s operational art. A substantial proportion of air force activity and operations takes place below ground, including manufacture, storage, repair and training. Fuel and ammunition are also stored underground.The KPAF emphasizes camouflage and deception in all aspects of operations. It makes extensive use of decoys at all air bases, some of which are quite crude while others display a considerable amount of detail and accuracy. Old and derelict MiG-15 and MiG-21 aircraft are utilized as decoys.Recent and Current OperationsLimited information is available regarding recent and current KPAF operations and these are more than likely severely restricted by the DPRK’s shortage of fuel.During March 2006, the KPAF conducted an air defense exercise, launching two SAMs from an east coast launch site near Sabujin, southwest of Kimcheak. One missile is reported to have fallen into the East Sea approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) north-east of the launch site. The other is reported to have travelled only 5 kilometers (3 miles).KPAF operations showed a slight increase in operational sorties prior to the July 2006 ballistic missile test campaign, as well as shortly afterwards. A similar increase was also apparent prior to the October 2006 nuclear test and the 2009 launch of the Unha-2 space launch vehicle.During 2007, the KPAF conducted several air defense exercises which reportedly included the launching of air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. During the March 2008 tension over the Northern Limit Line (NLL), the KPAF conducted at least 15 proactive sorties using MiG-19s and MiG-21s, these flying at high speed towards the NLL and DMZ and then turning back at the last moment. In this way, they forced the ROKAF to launch air defense aircraft.During October 2008, the KPAF is reported to have conducted two test launches of KN-01 missiles from an IL-28 off the west coast.Small contingents of KPAF pilots and advisors/observers have served short tours of duty in a number of countries over the past 30 years. Some contingents have also engaged in combat operations (for example the Vietnam War and the 1973 Arab-Israeli War). While these experiences had the potential to provide the KPAF with some badly needed experience most have been disastrous and of little lasting value. Today, only a few contingents conduct short tours in friendly countries – most notably Syria and Iran.RadarsThe KPAF operates in excess of 50 ground control intercept (GCI) and early warning radar facilities which provide overlapping coverage of the entire country, particularly along the DMZ and on the west coast. Coverage along the PRC-DPRK border, however, is lighter than elsewhere. In the mountainous central area of the country, there are gaps in low altitude coverage of both GCI and early warning systems, particularly below 1,000 feet, because of terrain masking.TypeRoleBack NetEarly Warning / Ground Control InterceptBack TrapEarly Warning / AcquisitionBig BackEarly Warning / Ground Control InterceptDog EarAcquisitionFansong A/B/C/D/E/FFire Control / TrackingGin SlingFire Control / TrackingLow BlowFire Control / Tracking / GuidanceOdd PairHeight FindingP-8 Knife Rest AEarly WarningP-10 Knife Rest B/CEarly WarningP-12 Spoon Rest A/C/DEarly Warning / AcquisitionP-14 Tall KingEarly WarningP-15 Flat FaceEarly Warning / AcquisitionP-15M Squat EyeEarly WarningP-35/37 Barlock A/BEarly WarningPRV-11 Side NetHeight FindingSJ-202Fire Control / AcquisitionSquare PairFire ControlTin ShieldEarly Warning / Ground Control InterceptBasesThere are currently 106 known airfields and heliports of various types and levels of usability within the DPRK. Of these, 12 are abandoned, not usable, or their status is unknown but believed unusable. The remaining 94 can be broken down as follows: 21 air bases (including Susan International Airport); 28 airfields; 17 highway strips; 2 helicopter bases; 4 VIP heliports, and more than 21 miscellaneous heliports/helipads.These airfields and heliports provide the KPAF with a significant surplus of runways for its 1,700 aircraft. Of the 50 airfields, 22 have hard surface runways and represent the KPAF's primary operating bases. The remaining 28 have soft surface runways composed of crushed stone, dirt, or sand. This very high percentage of soft surface airfields does not necessarily represent a disadvantage of the KPAF since the vast majority of its aircraft are capable of conducting operations on them.?The numerous unoccupied airfields within the forward corps along the DMZ will be used to support flight operations during wartime.All primary air bases are hardened to some extent, with many featuring underground maintenance facilities and dispersal areas. Even secondary airfields have elements of hardening, often having roads leading from the runway to fortified dispersal tunnels bored into hillsides; in some cases, these may be 1-2 km distant from the airfield itself. All air bases are well defended by dug-in anti-aircraft artillery, with the more important installations having SAM sites to provide additional protection from attack. Aside from the normal facilities associated with military air bases, a number of the KPAF’s primary air bases also include mock-ups of ROK and US aircraft and air defense sites for pilot familiarization. Airfields*Ch’o-do38° 33’ 08” N; 124° 49’ 56” EChangjin-up40° 21’ 52” N; 127° 15’ 50” EHaeju38° 00’ 23” N; 125° 46’ 43” EHoeyang Southeast38° 39’ 27” N; 127° 39’ 01” EHwangju38° 39’ 14” N; 125° 47’ 14” EHwangsuwon-ni40° 40’ 55” N; 128° 08’ 57” EHyon-ni38° 36’ 45” N; 127° 27’ 06” EIch’on38° 28’ 56” N; 126° 51’ 30” EIch’on Northeast38° 40’ 30” N; 126° 55’ 27” EIhyon-ni (Haeju Northeast)38° 07’ 49” N; 125° 50’ 55” EIrhyang-dong (Kuktong)41° 14’ 59” N; 129° 33’ 50” EIwon40° 21’ 35” N; 128° 43’ 13” EKaech’on (Saamcham)39° 45’ 10” N; 125° 54’ 05” EKangdong39° 09’ 30” N; 126° 02’ 26” EKangja-ri (partially underground) 39° 05’ 39” N; 127° 24’ 45” EKoksan38° 41’ 21” N; 126° 36’ 11” EKumgang38° 38’ 06” N; 127° 59’ 04” EKuum-ni (T’ongch’on)38° 51’ 59” N; 127° 54’ 17” EKwail (P’ungch’on)38° 25’ 30” N; 125° 01’ 08” EKwaksan-ni (Yongsong-ni)39° 43’ 55” N; 125° 06’ 39” EKyongsong-Chuul (Kyongsong Southeast)41° 33’ 36” N; 129° 37’ 50” EMaengsan39° 39’ 10” N; 126° 40’ 08” EManp’o-up (Manp’o)41° 08’ 22” N; 126° 21’ 26” ENuch’on-ni38° 14’ 15” N; 126° 07’ 16” EOnch’on-up38° 54’ 36” N; 125° 13’ 56” EOnch’on-up (partially underground)38° 53’ 14” N; 125° 16’ 50” EOngjin37° 55’ 56” N; 125° 25’ 10” EOrang (Hoemun-ri, Hoemun-dong)41° 25’ 42” N; 129° 38’ 53” EP’yongsul-li38° 43’ 09” N; 126° 43’ 16” EPaegam (Kuso)41° 56’ 36” N; 128° 51’ 03” EPanghyon (Namsi)39° 55’ 37” N; 125° 12’ 30” EPukch’ang-ni (Pukch’ang-up)39° 30’ 19” N; 125° 57’ 46” ESamjiyon Airport (Sinmusong, Mt. Paektu Airport)41° 54’ 25” N; 128° 24’ 36” ESangyang-ni (Koksan Southeast)38° 38’ 34” N; 126° 37’ 58” E*Sinuiju40° 05’ 21” N; 124° 24’ 31” ESohung South (Sinmak, Sinmak South)38° 22’ 12” N; 126° 13’ 17” ESonch’on Southwest39° 45’ 07” N; 124° 49’ 15” ESondok (Sondong-ni)39° 44’ 39” N; 127° 28’ 27” ESunan International Airport (Sunan-up)39° 12’ 24” N; 125° 40’ 11” ESunan-up Auxiliary (Sunan-up North)39° 14’ 37” N; 125° 40’ 37” ESunch’on (P’yong-ni)39° 24’ 42” N; 125° 53’ 27” ESungam-ni41° 40’ 26” N; 129° 40’ 37” ET’aech’on39° 54’ 11” N; 125° 29’ 19” ET’aet’an (T’aet’an-pihaengjang)38° 07’ 45” N; 125° 14’ 25” EToha-ri North38° 42’ 10” N; 126° 17’ 28” EToksan (hamhung Northeast)39° 59’ 50” N; 127° 36’ 48” E*U’iju (U’iju-bihaengjang)40° 09’ 05” N; 124° 29’ 54” EUnch’on-up38° 32’ 54” N; 125° 20’ 13” EWonsan39° 09’ 59” N; 127° 29’ 03” EYonp’o (Soho-dong)39° 47’ 33” N; 127° 32’ 06” ENotes:* Indicates airfields not mapped in Google Earth.Highway StripsAyang-ni38° 15’ 06” N; 125° 57’ 53” EChangyon38° 13’ 30” N; 125° 08’ 23” EKaech’on Southwest (Saamcham Southwest)39° 43’ 07” N; 125° 50’ 52” EKangda-ri (Wonsan South)39° 05’ 54” N; 127° 24’ 11” EKilchu40° 55’ 56” N; 129° 18’ 31” EKojo38° 50’ 32” N; 127° 52’ 11” EKoksan South38° 43’ 56” N; 126° 39’ 36” ENuch’on-ni38° 13’ 55” N; 126° 15’ 52” EOkpyong-ni39° 16’ 14” N; 127° 19’ 15” EP’yong-ni South39° 19’ 16” N; 125° 53’ 52” EPanghyon south (Namsi South)39° 53’ 00” N; 125° 09’ 22” ESangwon38° 50’ 52” N; 126° 03’ 25” ESangwon-ni40° 07’ 20” N; 125° 52’ 17” ESinhung40° 10’ 58” N; 127° 32’ 22” ETanch’on South40° 24’ 19” N; 128° 53’ 15” EWongyo-ri (Wondar-ri, Koksan Southwest)38° 35’ 45” N; 126° 31’ 35” EYonghung39° 32’ 21” N; 127° 17’ 14” EHeliports/HelipadsHoeryong 142° 26’ 49” N; 129° 45’ 39” EHoeryong 242° 26’ 35” N; 129° 45’ 01” EHwagwan-dong39° 16’ 00” N; 125° 36’ 00” EKaesong37° 58’ 13” N; 126° 30’ 59” EKan-ch’on40° 56’ 00” N; 129° 22’ 00” EKan-ch’on South40° 54’ 00” N; 129° 22’ 00” EKan-ch’on West40° 56’ 00” N; 129° 21’ 00” EKosong-dong39° 54’ 00” N; 129° 21’ 00” EKowon38° 32’ 00” N; 127° 23’ 00” EKusong39° 38’ 00” N; 125° 12’ 00” EMayang-do39° 59’ 32” N; 128° 12’ 47” EMunhoe-dong40° 57’ 00” N; 129° 14’ 00” EP’yongyang KPN VIP39° 06’ 42” N; 125° 44’ 10” EP’yongyang South38° 57’ 00” N; 125° 43’ 00” EP’yongyang VIP39° 02’ 30” N; 125° 48’ 36” EPakch’on39° 41’ 00” N; 125° 39’ 00” EPakch’on North39° 43’ 00” N; 125° 39’ 00” EPakch’on South39° 43’ 00” N; 125° 39’ 00” EReception Centre No. 72, VIP39° 51’ 39” N; 127° 46’ 35” ESaekolch’on40° 58’ 00” N; 129° 13’ 00” ESamjang-kol39° 40’ 00” N; 127° 13’ 00” ESep’o South38° 35’ 00” N; 127° 23’ 00” ESonch’on Helicopter Base39° 55’ 07” N; 124° 50’ 26” ET’aech’on39° 57’ 00” N; 125° 26’ 00” EWonsan VIP39° 11’ 10” N; 127° 23’ 43” EYonggang-ni Helicopter Base39° 29’ 25” N; 125° 59’ 38” EYujong-dong40° 59’ 00” N; 129° 16’ 00” EAirfields – Abandoned, Unusable or Status UnknownCh’ongjin41° 46’ 51” N; 129° 44’ 54” EChik-tong38° 43’ 04” N; 126° 40’ 51” EHyesan-bihaengjang41° 22’ 44” N; 128° 12’ 24” EKaep’ung37° 56’ 00” N; 126° 26’ 30” EMirim n(P’yongyang East)39° 01’ 01” N; 125° 50’ 46” EP’yong-ni West Highway Strip39° 25’ 36” N; 125° 48’ 59” EP’yongyang Southwest Highway Strip38° 56’ 14” N; 125° 37’ 47” EPanmunjom37° 57’ 60” N; 126° 35’ 60” EPuryong42° 01’ 34” N; 129° 44’ 02” ETaebukp’o-ri38° 19’ 60” N; 126° 52’ 18” ETaech’on Northwest39° 59’ 31” N; 125° 21’ 48” EUthachi (Chunghwa)38° 54’ 45” N; 125° 48’ 08” EEquipment in ServiceFixed WingTypeManufacturerRoleOriginal TotalIn ServiceFirst DeliveryF-5SAC ShenyangFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a125n/aH-5HAMCFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a501n/aO-5 IA 'Fantan'NAMCFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a401982Su-25K 'Frogfoot-A'SukhoiFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a301988F-6SAC ShenyangFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a100n/aMiG-19 'Farmer'MiGFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/an/a2n/aMiG-21bis 'Fishbed'MiGFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a3031998MiG-21PF 'Fishbed-D'MiGFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a1301966MiG-21PFM 'Fishbed-F'MiGFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/an/a4n/aMiG-23ML 'Flogger-G'MiGFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a451985MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A'MiGFighter - Ground Attack / Striken/a3551988Y-5SAICTransportn/a200n/aAn-24 'Coke'7AntonovTransportn/a12n/aIl-14 'Crate'7IlyushinTransportn/a5n/aIl-76MD 'Candid'7IlyushinTransportn/a31990Il-18 'Coot'7IlyushinUtilityn/a21965Il-62M 'Classic'7IlyushinUtilityn/a21979Tu-134 'Crusty'7TupolevUtilityn/a2n/aTu-154B 'Careless'7TupolevUtilityn/a41975Tu-204-300TupolevUtilityn/a22007Su-25UBK 'Frogfoot-B'SukhoiTrainern/a4n/aFT-5CACTrainern/a25n/aCJ-5HAICTrainern/a100n/aCJ-6NAMCTrainern/an/a2n/aFT-6SAC ShenyangTrainern/an/a6n/aMiG-29 'Fulcrum-B'MiGTrainern/a51988MiG-15UTI 'Midget'MiGTrainern/a30n/aMiG-21U 'Mongol'MiGTrainern/a30n/aMiG-23UB 'Flogger-C'MiGTrainern/a10n/aNotes:1. Total includes some H-5R for reconnaissance2. Included in total quoted for HAIC CJ-53. Obtained from Kazakhstan during 1998-19994. Included in total quoted for MiG-21PF 'Fishbed-D'5. Total includes a few aircraft reportedly assembled locally using components supplied by Russia; a few examples of the 'Fulcrum-C' are also operated6. Included in total quoted for SAC F-67. Operated by Air Koryo, the national air carrier, which is directly subordinate to the KPAFRotary WingTypeManufacturerRoleOriginal TotalIn ServiceFirst DeliveryMi-24 'Hind'MilAttackn/a201985MD-500EMDAttackn/a501983MD-500DMDUtilityn/a151983Mi-2 'Hoplite' / Hyokshin-2PZL (Mil)Utilityn/a140n/aMi-26 'Halo'MilUtilityn/a4n/aMi-4 'Hound'1MilUtilityn/a482n/aMi-8 'Hip'MilUtilityn/a2521986Notes:1. Total includes examples of the Chinese-built Z-5 version2. Total includes those operated by Air KoryoUnmanned Aerial VehiclesTypeManufacturerRoleOriginal TotalIn ServiceFirst DeliveryD-5National Aeronautical InstituteReconnaissance/Target Dronen/an/an/a1Pchela-1TYakovlevReconnaissancen/an/an/a2Notes:1. It is thought the D-4 UAV was delivered during the late 1980s2. It is thought the Pchela-1T was delivered during the late 1990sMissilesTypeManufacturerRoleAA-2 'Atroll'VympelAir-to-AirAA-7 'Apex'VympelAir-to-AirAA-8 'Aphid'VympelAir-to-AirAA-10 'Alamo'VympelAir-to-AirAA-11 'Archer'VympelAir-to-AirAS-7 'Kerry'ZvezdaAir-to-SurfaceAS-9 'Kyle'RadugaAir-to-SurfaceAS-10 'Karen'ZvezdaAir-to-Surface1AS-12 'Kegler'ZvezdaAir-to-Surface1AS-13 'Kingbolt'RadugaAir-to-Surface1AS-14 'Kedge'VympelAir-to-Surface1CAS-1 'Kraken'CASC 3rd AcademyAir-to-Surface1AS-15 'Kent'RadugaAir-to-SurfaceAs-17 'Krypton'ZvezdaAir-to-SurfaceAT-2 'Swatter'NudelmanAnti-ArmorAT-6 'Spiral'KolomnaAnti-ArmorNotes:1. Unconfirmed2. The KPAF is known ro have tested an air launched version of the HY-1 (possibly the Chinese TY-6/C-601) anti-ship cruise missile usinf an H-5 bomber ................
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