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A Practical Approach

to

Combined Science

Form 3

Mavunga Denzel Tinago Abigail

Mtwazi Khumbulani Zvibati-Mufute Patricia

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Cells................................................................................................................... 1

Unit 1.1

Structure and function of a cell............................................................................... 1

Chapter 2: Nutrition in Plants ........................................................................................... 9

Unit 2.1 Unit 2.2

Photosynthesis ........................................................................................................... 9 Mineral nutrition and productivity in plants ....................................................... 14

Chapter 3: Nutrition in Animals ........................................................................................ 17

Unit 3.1 Unit 3.2

Nutrition in animals................................................................................................... 17 Dentition in humans ................................................................................................. 23

Chapter 4: Respiratory Systems ........................................................................................ 27

Unit 4.1 Unit 4.2

The human respiratory system ............................................................................... 27 Gaseous exchange in the alveolus ......................................................................... 29

Chapter 5: Transpiration.................................................................................................... 33

Unit 5.1

Transpiration .............................................................................................................. 33

Chapter 6: Transport in Animals ....................................................................................... 40

Unit 6.1

Circulatory system ..................................................................................................... 40

Chapter 7: Reproductive Systems..................................................................................... 45

Unit 7.1 Unit 7.2

Reproductive systems in plants .............................................................................. 45 Reproduction systems in animals............................................................................ 48

Chapter 8: Health and Diseases ........................................................................................ 57

Examination I ....................................................................................................................................... 69

Chapter 9: Separation........................................................................................................ 81

Unit 9.1 Unit 9.2

Simple distillation...................................................................................................... 81 Fractional distillation ................................................................................................ 82

Chapter 10: Matter ............................................................................................................... 89

Unit 10.1 Unit 10.2 Unit 10.3 Unit 10.4 Unit 10.5

Atomic structure ........................................................................................................ 89 Electronic configuration ........................................................................................... 92 The periodic table ...................................................................................................... 94 Chemical bonding ..................................................................................................... 96 The mole concept and chemical calculations....................................................... 100

Chapter 11: Acids, Bases and Salts...................................................................................... 111

Unit 11.1 Unit 11.2

Acidity, alkalinity and the Ph scale ......................................................................... 111 Reactions of acids and bases ................................................................................... 113

Chapter 12: Industrial processes......................................................................................... 121

Unit 12.1 Unit 12.2 Unit 12.3

Industrial gases .......................................................................................................... 121 Electrolysis .................................................................................................................. 123 Electroplating metals................................................................................................ 126

Chapter 13: Oxidation and Reduction ................................................................................ 132

Unit 13.1 Unit 13.2

Reduction of copper oxide....................................................................................... 132 Extraction of iron ....................................................................................................... 134

Chapter 14: Organic Chemistry........................................................................................... 141

Unit 14.1 Unit 14.2

Hydrocarbons ............................................................................................................. 142 Production of biogas................................................................................................. 145

Examination II ....................................................................................................................................... 151

Chapter 15: Data Presentation............................................................................................ 160

Unit 15.1 Unit 15.2

Constructing pie charts and line graphs ............................................................... 160 Interpretation and analysis of pie charts and linegraphs................................... 163

Chapter 16: Measurements ................................................................................................. 169

Unit 16.1 Unit 16.2 Unit 16.3

Measuring length and diameter ............................................................................. 169 Measuring current and voltage............................................................................... 172 Measuring density of liquids ................................................................................... 173

Chapter 17: Force ................................................................................................................. 180

Unit 17.1 Unit 17.2 Unit 17.3

Weight, mass, inertia and momentum .................................................................. 180 Newton's laws of motion and their applications ................................................. 183 Ticker-timer................................................................................................................. 187

Chapter 18: Machines .......................................................................................................... 193

Unit 18.1 Unit 18.2 Unit 18.3

Machines ..................................................................................................................... 193 Simple machines........................................................................................................ 195 Improving machine efficiency................................................................................. 200

Chapter 19: Petrol and Diesel Engines ............................................................................... 205

Unit 19.1 Unit 19.2

Petrol engine .............................................................................................................. 205 Diesel engine .............................................................................................................. 208

Chapter 20: Energy............................................................................................................... 213

Unit 20.1 Unit 20.2 Unit 20.3

Conduction ................................................................................................................. 213 Convention in liquids and gases ............................................................................. 216 Radiation, emission and absorption ...................................................................... 228

Chapter 21: Electromagnetism ........................................................................................... 225

Unit 21.1 Unit 21.2 Unit 21.3

Electromagnetism ..................................................................................................... 225 Magnetic field around a conductor........................................................................ 227 Magnetic field around a solenoid........................................................................... 228

Chapter 22: Motor Effect...................................................................................................... 233

Unit 22.1 Unit 22.2 Unit 22.3

Movement in current carrying conductor............................................................. 234 Electric motor ............................................................................................................. 236 Operation of a direct current motor....................................................................... 235

Chapter 23: Generator Effect............................................................................................... 241

Unit 23.1 Unit 23.2 Unit 23.3

Induction of an electromotive force ...................................................................... 241 Operation of an AC and DC generator ................................................................... 242 Voltage output graphs.............................................................................................. 244

Chapter 24: Static Electricity ............................................................................................... 249

Unit 24.1 Unit 24.2

Electrostatics .............................................................................................................. 249 Charging an electroscope by induction ................................................................ 251

Chapter 25: Lightning .......................................................................................................... 256

Unit 25.1 Unit 25.2

Production of lightning and lightning conductor............................................... 256 Dangers of lightning and safety precautions....................................................... 258

Chapter 26: Current Electricity............................................................................................ 262

Unit 26.1 Unit 26.2

Electric current and the Ohm's Law ........................................................................ 262 Electrical resistance ................................................................................................... 264

Chapter 27: Resistors ........................................................................................................... 269

Unit 27.1 Unit 27.2 Unit 27.3

Electric circuits, symbols and resistors .................................................................. 269 Series circuits .............................................................................................................. 270 Parallel circuits ........................................................................................................... 273

Chapter 28: Electrical Power and Energy ........................................................................... 280

Unit 28.1 Unit 28.2 Unit 28.3

Electrical energy and power .................................................................................... 280 Calculating electrical energy and power............................................................... 281 Fuses and calculating cost of electricity................................................................ 284

Examination III ....................................................................................................................................... 289

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