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A Practical Approach
to
Combined Science
Form 3
Mavunga Denzel Tinago Abigail
Mtwazi Khumbulani Zvibati-Mufute Patricia
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Cells................................................................................................................... 1
Unit 1.1
Structure and function of a cell............................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Nutrition in Plants ........................................................................................... 9
Unit 2.1 Unit 2.2
Photosynthesis ........................................................................................................... 9 Mineral nutrition and productivity in plants ....................................................... 14
Chapter 3: Nutrition in Animals ........................................................................................ 17
Unit 3.1 Unit 3.2
Nutrition in animals................................................................................................... 17 Dentition in humans ................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 4: Respiratory Systems ........................................................................................ 27
Unit 4.1 Unit 4.2
The human respiratory system ............................................................................... 27 Gaseous exchange in the alveolus ......................................................................... 29
Chapter 5: Transpiration.................................................................................................... 33
Unit 5.1
Transpiration .............................................................................................................. 33
Chapter 6: Transport in Animals ....................................................................................... 40
Unit 6.1
Circulatory system ..................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 7: Reproductive Systems..................................................................................... 45
Unit 7.1 Unit 7.2
Reproductive systems in plants .............................................................................. 45 Reproduction systems in animals............................................................................ 48
Chapter 8: Health and Diseases ........................................................................................ 57
Examination I ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 9: Separation........................................................................................................ 81
Unit 9.1 Unit 9.2
Simple distillation...................................................................................................... 81 Fractional distillation ................................................................................................ 82
Chapter 10: Matter ............................................................................................................... 89
Unit 10.1 Unit 10.2 Unit 10.3 Unit 10.4 Unit 10.5
Atomic structure ........................................................................................................ 89 Electronic configuration ........................................................................................... 92 The periodic table ...................................................................................................... 94 Chemical bonding ..................................................................................................... 96 The mole concept and chemical calculations....................................................... 100
Chapter 11: Acids, Bases and Salts...................................................................................... 111
Unit 11.1 Unit 11.2
Acidity, alkalinity and the Ph scale ......................................................................... 111 Reactions of acids and bases ................................................................................... 113
Chapter 12: Industrial processes......................................................................................... 121
Unit 12.1 Unit 12.2 Unit 12.3
Industrial gases .......................................................................................................... 121 Electrolysis .................................................................................................................. 123 Electroplating metals................................................................................................ 126
Chapter 13: Oxidation and Reduction ................................................................................ 132
Unit 13.1 Unit 13.2
Reduction of copper oxide....................................................................................... 132 Extraction of iron ....................................................................................................... 134
Chapter 14: Organic Chemistry........................................................................................... 141
Unit 14.1 Unit 14.2
Hydrocarbons ............................................................................................................. 142 Production of biogas................................................................................................. 145
Examination II ....................................................................................................................................... 151
Chapter 15: Data Presentation............................................................................................ 160
Unit 15.1 Unit 15.2
Constructing pie charts and line graphs ............................................................... 160 Interpretation and analysis of pie charts and linegraphs................................... 163
Chapter 16: Measurements ................................................................................................. 169
Unit 16.1 Unit 16.2 Unit 16.3
Measuring length and diameter ............................................................................. 169 Measuring current and voltage............................................................................... 172 Measuring density of liquids ................................................................................... 173
Chapter 17: Force ................................................................................................................. 180
Unit 17.1 Unit 17.2 Unit 17.3
Weight, mass, inertia and momentum .................................................................. 180 Newton's laws of motion and their applications ................................................. 183 Ticker-timer................................................................................................................. 187
Chapter 18: Machines .......................................................................................................... 193
Unit 18.1 Unit 18.2 Unit 18.3
Machines ..................................................................................................................... 193 Simple machines........................................................................................................ 195 Improving machine efficiency................................................................................. 200
Chapter 19: Petrol and Diesel Engines ............................................................................... 205
Unit 19.1 Unit 19.2
Petrol engine .............................................................................................................. 205 Diesel engine .............................................................................................................. 208
Chapter 20: Energy............................................................................................................... 213
Unit 20.1 Unit 20.2 Unit 20.3
Conduction ................................................................................................................. 213 Convention in liquids and gases ............................................................................. 216 Radiation, emission and absorption ...................................................................... 228
Chapter 21: Electromagnetism ........................................................................................... 225
Unit 21.1 Unit 21.2 Unit 21.3
Electromagnetism ..................................................................................................... 225 Magnetic field around a conductor........................................................................ 227 Magnetic field around a solenoid........................................................................... 228
Chapter 22: Motor Effect...................................................................................................... 233
Unit 22.1 Unit 22.2 Unit 22.3
Movement in current carrying conductor............................................................. 234 Electric motor ............................................................................................................. 236 Operation of a direct current motor....................................................................... 235
Chapter 23: Generator Effect............................................................................................... 241
Unit 23.1 Unit 23.2 Unit 23.3
Induction of an electromotive force ...................................................................... 241 Operation of an AC and DC generator ................................................................... 242 Voltage output graphs.............................................................................................. 244
Chapter 24: Static Electricity ............................................................................................... 249
Unit 24.1 Unit 24.2
Electrostatics .............................................................................................................. 249 Charging an electroscope by induction ................................................................ 251
Chapter 25: Lightning .......................................................................................................... 256
Unit 25.1 Unit 25.2
Production of lightning and lightning conductor............................................... 256 Dangers of lightning and safety precautions....................................................... 258
Chapter 26: Current Electricity............................................................................................ 262
Unit 26.1 Unit 26.2
Electric current and the Ohm's Law ........................................................................ 262 Electrical resistance ................................................................................................... 264
Chapter 27: Resistors ........................................................................................................... 269
Unit 27.1 Unit 27.2 Unit 27.3
Electric circuits, symbols and resistors .................................................................. 269 Series circuits .............................................................................................................. 270 Parallel circuits ........................................................................................................... 273
Chapter 28: Electrical Power and Energy ........................................................................... 280
Unit 28.1 Unit 28.2 Unit 28.3
Electrical energy and power .................................................................................... 280 Calculating electrical energy and power............................................................... 281 Fuses and calculating cost of electricity................................................................ 284
Examination III ....................................................................................................................................... 289
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