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COMM Theory Exam 2 Questions:Put the answers in blue and, when they are double checked/someone else agrees that it is the correct answer, change it to green.According to the book, why should the ping pong communication model by rejected?Problem 1 – the game is played with one ball, which at any point in time is headed in a single direction. A true model of interpersonal encounters would have people sending and receiving multiple balls at the same time.Problem 2 – table tennis is a competitive game – there’s a winner and a loser. In successful dialogue, both people win. (pg 52)Why is culture important in cognitive complexity (education culture within the family)?Complex Thinking is a culturally transmitted trait – the parent’s capacity for complex thinking is recreated in children through complex messages of nurture and discipline. Culture is produced and reproduced through the communication of its members. Mothers should focus on motivation, feelings and intentions of others that increase a child’s own cognitive complexity (pg 107)Cognitive Complexity is the mental ability to distinguish subtle personality and behavioral differenced among people (pg 99)Delia – Person Centered Messages: a tailor made message for a specific individual and context (culture??) reflects a communicators ability to anticipate response and adjust accordingly (pg 101)What is not the main theme of the movie brain games?We often prioritize the world and only see what’s important to usThe harder you focus, the less you see the peripheral contestWe switch our attention constantly – We are not as great at multitasking as we thinkWe are over stimulatedWhy are numbers a big part of persuasion? Numbers are rhetoric, numbers are persuasive, numbers hold power. The best defense is to know how numbers can manipulate you.Numbers are communication, rhetoric, convincing and deceptive.According to Walter, what is the rationale for social information processing theory?Verbal Cues: We use any sues available to form impressions and develop relationships. CMC uses can create impressions based on linguistic context.Extended Time: Text-only relationships take time to relay information therefore the impressions are formed at a reduced rate, but this does not make the relationship weaker to a person who is actively seeking info (pg 140)Sherif and anchored attitudes.An anchored attitude is a comparison point in our minds used to form a judgment when we hear a new message. Basically it’s our opinion we already have, then we hear a new message, and adjust our previous opinion aka anchored attitude (pg 198)Judging how close or how far a message is from our own anchored position is the first stage of attitude change. Shifting out anchor in response is the second. Sherif thought that both stages of the influence process usually take place below the level of consciousness. The greater the discrepancy, the more hearers will adjust their attitudes. Thus, the message that persuades the most is the one that is most discrepant from the listener’s position yet falls within his or her latitude of acceptance or latitude of non-commitment (pg 198)According to social judgment theory, once we’ve judged a new message to be within our latitude of acceptance, we will adjust our attitude somewhat to accommodate the new input (pg 198)Sherif claimed that we use our own anchored attitudes as a comparison point when we hear a discrepant message (197)Peripheral and Central routing.Central routing – message elaboration; the path of cognitive processing that involves scrutiny of message contentPeripheral route – a mental shortcut process that accepts or rejects a message bases on irrelevant cues as opposed to actively thinking about the issueCues: Reciprocation, Consistency, Social Proof, Liking, Authority, and Scarcity“Elaboration: the extent to which a person carefully thinks about issue-relevant arguments contained in a persuasive communication” (pg 206)Who is famous for their interactional view?Paul Watzlawick (pg 181) What is a criticism of cognitive dissonance?“When researchers find an attitude shift at point C, they automatically assume that dissonance was built up at point B and is gone by point D. But they don’t test to see whether dissonance is actually there.” Pg 227“They never specified a reliable way to detect the degree of dissonance a person experiences, if any.” “Until some kind of dissonance thermometer is a standard part of dissonance research, we will never know if the distressing mental state is for real.” (Pg 227)ATB, who is the founder of expectancy violation theory?Judee Burgoon (pg 84)ATB, what is role category questionnaire?A free response survey designed to measure the cognitive complexity (the mental ability to distinguish subtle personality and behavior difference among people) of a person’s interpersonal perception. (pg 99)The RCQ helps us “get inside our head” (pg 98)Designed to sample the interpersonal constructs in our mental toolbox that we bring to the construction site of meaning - the central processing function of our minds. (pg 99)Self-disclosure and what it does to relationships?Definition – the voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc., with another person; transparency.What it does to relationships – it makes people closer. The more they are willing to self disclose the more they will know about one anotherHas to do with vulnerabilityBrain games, how do we navigate the world, how do we walk around?Dan Simons: Active Consciousness – essentialize world and focus on what counts. This leads to attention blindness - failure to see large change.Dan Simons: decentralize the world and focus only on what countsLeads to intentional and change blindnessChange Blindness: failure to notice large change. It is in our nature to focus on one thing at a time.How does the brain decide what is important (how do we learn to see)?We get taught how to see and what to look for, seeing is cultural, habits, and norms, what to look for – not purely empiricismWe must learn to anticipate.Your brain decides what is important and fills in the rest and mistakes – expectancy violation theory (??)Prefrontal cortex – newest part of brain – prioritizes brain to choose wither to watch or to look awayLecture 2/17The rationale behind Walthers’ social information processing theory, that communicators will use any cue system available.Different theories that explain inherent differences between CMC and face-to-face communication: Social Presence Theory, Media Richness Theory, and Lack of Social Context Cues. All these theories share a cue filtered out interpretation of CMC. In other words, they assume that most online communication is text only, without visual or auditory cues, and this limits its usefulness for developing interpersonal relationships. Walther believed relationships grow only to the extent hat parties first gain info about each other and use that info to form interpersonal impressions. Walther acknowledges that nonverbal cues are filtered out of the interpersonal info we send and receive through text only CMC (pg 139)Social judgment theory.Weighing new ideas with our current opinions (aka anchored attitudes)Latitude Acceptance: range of ideas that the person considers reasonable (pg 195)Latitude Rejection: range of ideas that the person considers unreasonableLatitude Non-Commitment: range of ideas that the person considers neither acceptable nor objectionableWe hear a message and immediately judge where it should be placed on the attitude scale in our minds.Social judgment involvement – Perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudesLink between ego-involvement and perception (pg 197)According to Voslavik, if a person interrupts her partner she is likely using what?One-up communication in the interactional theory – used to gain control (pg 186)A conversational move to yield control of the exchange; attempted submissionResearch on cognitive dissonance theory shows what?Cognitive Dissonance – the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person’s two beliefs or a belief and an action (pg 217)Shows inconsistency Ex: they want to be healthy but they want to smokeAccording to Edward T. Hall, the distance between people of 0-18 inches is called what?Intimate distance (pg 85) ATB, the following is the first step in message production?Goals (pg 102)According to message dialect, what are relationships made of?Relational Dialectics highlight the tension, struggle, and general messiness of close personal ties (pg 154)Basically a relationship is made up of give and takeKramer said Dialect is argumentation, so relational dialect is essentially just arguments within a relationshipIntegration-Separation = intimacy-independence (pg 156)Stability-Change = predictability-surprise (pg 158)Expression-Nonexpression = openness-closedness (pg 159)What is prioritized attention?We essentialize what counts when we navigate the world, but this leads to change blindness. We focus on what is affecting youWhat are criticisms in the book about uncertainty reduction theory?Anxiety. In reality it is a perceived loss of control that really causes anxietyThe theory states the more you like people, the less you will seek info about them – opposite could be trueLack of info isn’t what motivates people to reduce uncertainty, it is wanting the info (i.e. I don’t know the answer and I don’t care vs. I don’t know the answer but I want to find it)Early course relationship could be driven by predicted outcome value, not the drive to reduce uncertainty (benefits of the relationship vs. getting to know someone) (pg 135)Social judgment theory; can you really change other peoples minds?Adjust your attitude somewhat – positive but partial (pg 198) and in lecture he said no you can’t completely change a person’s mindWhat is interactional view?Relationships as a system that need homeostasis or balanceWhat is the goal of cognitive dissonance theory?“The tension of dissonance motivates us to change wither our behavior or our belied in a effort to avoid that distressing feeling.” (Pg 217)The goal is to avoid dissonance. For there to be harmony between our actions and opinions/beliefs/feelings.What is proxemics? The study of people’s use of space as a special elaboration of culture (pg 85)ATB, what is social penetration theory (what does talk have to do with it)?Definition – the process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability “Gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of bother immediate and forecast outcomes” (pg 114)Conversation – people must converse about one another to know more about the others lives. The more they talk, the more they know.Conversation is the primary means of the theory – the best way to get to know someone.Story ProblemComplex question about brain gamesSherif’s notion of labelingBased on Walters discussion of information, know CMC model.Interpersonal info -> impression formation -> relationship development (pg 139)Interactional view and what is says about content.Content: what is saidRelationship: how it is saidATB, the positive and negative value we place on specific expected behaviors is ___?Violation valence – the term violation valence refers to the positive or negative value we place on a specific unexpected behavior, regardless of who does it. (pg 90)Social Penetration theory.We live in an interpersonal economy in which we all “take stock” so the relational value of others we meet (pg 91)The process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability (pg 114)Personality structure described through the onion metaphor – the inside core is where we get to know people the best (pg 115)Top down, Bottom up cognitive processing Bottom up – surprise that grabs your attentionTop down – decision-making attention. magician tells you to focus on one place therefore distracting you from anotherStory ProblemElaboration likelihood model (how we process information)?When ELM is high, you engage in extensive issue-relevant thinking and persuasion is achieved through the central route (from persuasion principles class). ELM is high when the person cares about, or is interested in, the subject/argument. When they don’t care about the subject/argument, or they are too tired to pay attention or some other factor, ELM is low and they engage in peripheral route processing, judging message quality on outside factors such as source credibility, likability, setting, visual aids, etc. ATB, the sum of attributes both positive and negative brought to an encounter plus the intention to be good or bad is what?Communicator Reward Valence - the sun of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future. (pg 91)Social Exchange theory.Definition – relationship behavior and status regulated by both parties’ evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other. Social Exchange theory.Key concepts – relational outcome, relational satisfaction, and relational stabilitySocial judgment theory; _______ is a perceptual distortion that leads to the polarization of ideas. Contrast (pg 197)The dissonance that happens after buying a new vehicle is explained by what theory?Postdecision dissonance (pg 220)ATB, social penetration theory can be related to expectancy violation theory, how?Communicator reward valence (pg 91)Both theories say humans have a tendency to size up people based on potential rewards that person has to munication dialects.Simply arguments in communication. It is more general than relational dialectics. ATB, who came up with uncertainty reduction theory?Charles Berger (pg 126)This is about passive and active strategies in CMC.Active is face-to-face while passive is textingInteractional view.“You can’t not communicate”Expectancy violation theory; what will a person do when they are unsure about the meaning of an action?The brain decides what is important and it fills in the missing and important information.Interpret the violation in light of how the violator can affect our lives – “But when the meaning of an action is unclear, EVT says that we interpret the violation in light of how the violator can affect our lives” (pg 91).Brain games; penguin walks across stage, what does it demonstrate?Unintentional blindness – failure to notice something unexpected when focused on something elseElaboration likelihood model, central route of persuasion.Focuses on argument qualityThe central route involves message elaboration. Elaboration is “the extent to which a person carefully thinks about issue-relevant arguments contained in a persuasive communication.” (pg 206)Central route: Message elaboration; the path of cognitive processing that involves scrutiny of message contentWhat are positive violations?According to the ELM, they result when something happens in communication that is outside of the range of out expectancies, yet viewed more positive than what was expected.What is an example of top down distraction?Slight of hand guy TELLING you focus your attention in one place while he steals from another. Magician tells you to focus on one place therefore distracting you from anotherTop Down: Decision making attention, controlling focus from the brainWhich premise does not underlie CMM theory?What is peripheral question?Argument where quality does not matter. Paying attention to things such as source credibility or likability instead of actual content.ATB, messages that reflect an awareness of adaptation to affective and relational aspects in rational context are what?As Delia uses the phrase, person-centered messages refers to “messages which reflect an awareness of an adaptation to subjective, affective, and relational aspects of the communication contexts.” In other words, the speaker is able to anticipate how different individuals might respond to a message, and adjust his or her communication accordingly. (pg 101)Person-centered message: a tailor-made message for a specific individual and context; reflects the communicator’s ability to anticipate response and adjust accordingly (pg 101)What is the relationship between similarities between people and uncertainties?Similarities between persons reduce uncertainty, while dissimilarities produce increases in uncertainty (pg 128)Uncertainty reduction: increase knowledge of what kind of person another is, which provides an improved forecast of how a future interaction will turn out (pg 127).ATB, the degree of intimacy reflected in discourse is what?Depth of penetration (pg 115)Walter labeled CMC relationships that were more intimate than relationships between physical partners as what?Hyperpersonal – Walther uses the term hyperpersonal to label CMC relationships that are more intimate than romances or friendships would be if partners were physically together. (pg 143)Social exchange theory argues the following except__?These ARE concepts of social exchange theory (pg 117-119)Outcome: the perceived rewards minus the costs of interpersonal interaction Comparison Level: the threshold above which an interpersonal outcome seems attractive; a standard for relational satisfaction Comparison Level of Alternative: the best outcome available in other relationships; a standard for relational stabilityWhich of the following statements about ELM is true?Elaboration: the extent to which a person carefully things about issue-relevant arguments contained in a persuasive communication.Consists of the central route (message elaboration) and the peripheral route (no message elaboration) (pg 207)Story ProblemWalther study about the usefulness of social information processing found ___?“People meeting online can being a relationship just as effectively as if they had met face-to-face” (pg 142)“Anticipated future interaction wasn’t part of Walther’s original conception of SIP, but now he sees it as a way of extending psychological time. Walther discovered that members of an online conference or task group start to trade relational messages when they are scheduled for multiple meetings. Its as if the ‘Shadow of the future” motivates them to encounter others on a personal level.” (pg 142)Social exchange theory; values are found in what?A person’s inner core (pg 114)What does the poker game at the end of brain games illustrate?We only pay attention to what’s importantWhy is expectancy violation theory important in intercultural communication?People from different cultures have different social expectancies/norms. Violating norms can be negative or positive.“The size and shape of out personal space depends on our cultural norms and individual preferences” (pg 85)Which metaphor best describes social exchange theory?The onion metaphorWe tell someone something at one level of the onion and they exchange information at the same level.Process of avoiding information that is likely to create dissonance is called what?Selective exposure – the tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because its incompatible with their current beliefs. (pg 219)Story ProblemThe purpose of interpretive research is to do what?“Create understanding, identify values, inspire aesthetic appreciation, stimulate agreement, reform society, and conduct qualitative research.” (Pg 31)Pearce and Cronen, CMM theory, coordinated management of meaning, said that stories are important?Persons in conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create (pg. 70)Pearce and Cronen note that the stories we tell and the stories we live are always tangled together, yet forever in tension because one is the stuff of language and the other is the way we act. (Pg 73)Qualitative research is interested in ___?“Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meaning people bring to them.” A focus on meaning and significance (pg 33-34)Tabloid magazines and twitter are criticized for disassociating us with reality, why?Our reality is becoming centered on passive observation. Gossip is irrelevantSocial media is becoming an integral part of organic relationships, why?People are using it to stay connected or to reconnect with people from the past. It bridges the gap of physical distanceParalinguistic’s refers to ____?How you say something, the styleVocal communication that is separate from actual language. Includes tone, inflection, volume, and pitchNOTESELM = Elaboration Likelihood ModelElaboration Likelihood – if you are really into the topic of a person’s speech then you are going to pay more attention to their speech (central); opposed to, if you don’t really care about what they are saying, you will just start judging their outfit or how many times they say “like” or “um” (peripheral). CMC = Computer-Mediated CommunicationWalther Social Information Processing Theory – relationships online are just as effective as face-to-face CMM = Coordinated Management of MeaningEvery conversation has an afterlife. Tomorrow’s social reality is the afterlife of how we interact today. ................
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