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Punctuation Practice1. Patterson Tower the recently completed office building is a monument to concrete ugliness.2. The movie that I wanted to see is no longer playing.3. Each person who enters the contest must send in two box tops.4. John decided nonetheless not to buy the car.5. The Mississippi River which once flowed north into Hudson Bay flows south into the Gulf of Mexico.6. Your cat watching the dog intently walked carefully away.7. The cat that was watching the dog most intently walked carefully away.8. TV commercials sometimes the most entertaining parts of a program are essentially flashy corporate propaganda.9. The dam project which many in the government consider to be a sign of national strength will destroy hundreds of villages and vast areas of wildlife habitat along the river banks.10. The free-jazz musician Sun Ra claimed to be from Saturn.11. The woman who did not attend the meeting said that she had to study for her chemistry exam.1 2. He did not however intend to return the money he borrowed.1 3. West Point cadets, who break the honor code, are expelled.1 4. She was as a matter of fact chiefly interested in becoming a Hollywood celebrity.1 5. Raul's wife, Conchita, is president of the local Red Cross.1 6. The German writer, Hermann Hesse, is a favorite with American college students.1 7. The courthouse which was renovated recently was built in 1878.1 8. Saul having forgotten to save his work lost all of his revisions when his computer crashed.1 9. St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus, wrote his handbook of spiritual exercises in the sixteenth century.20. The book, that your sister gave you for your birthday, won a National Book Award.21. The girl who teaches swimming at the neighborhood pool has a great deal of patience.22. The girl who enjoyed teaching swimming decided to major in physical education at college.23. The high school course that was most valuable to me was typing.24. Maria wearing an original dress of her own design was the center of attention.25. Dogsled mushing which has been his favorite sport for years requires a lot of effort.26. Dauphin Island located off the coast of Alabama is a favorite spot for fishermen.27. He saw his favorite movie Star Wars eight times.28. Two of her friends Kate and Beth are planning to share an apartment with her next summer.29. Citizen Kane considered by many critics to be the greatest American film ever made won only one Academy Award.30. The officer who made the arrest had been investigated previously for excessive use of force.31. My niece wearing a yellow jumpsuit is playing in the living room.32. The Green party candidate who had the least money lost the election.33. Apples which are my favorite fruit are the main ingredient in this recipe.34. Professor Benson grinning from ear to ear announced that the exam would be tomorrow.35. Tom the captain of the team was injured in the game.36. Students who cheat only harm themselves.37. The baby wearing a yellow jumpsuit is my niece.38. The candidate who had the least money lost the election.Practice:Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate from an American medical school in 1849. She was a medical pioneer helping to found the first medical college for women. She taught at the school which was affiliated with the New York Infirmary. Blackwell who published books and papers on medicine practiced pediatrics and gynecology. She moved to England in 1869 when she was forty-eight.The history of aspirin began with the ancient Greeks. Physicians who sought to relieve their patients’ pain recommended chewing willow bark. Willow bark contains a chemical that is similar to aspirin.Our language has adopted the words garage and fanfare from the French. Italians insist that Marco Polo the thirteenth-century explorer did not import pasta from China. Pasta which consists of flour and water and often egg existed in Italy long before Marco Polo left for his travels. A historian who studied pasta says that it originated in the Middle East in the fifth century. Most Italians dispute this account although their evidence is shaky. Wherever pasta originated, the Italians are now the undisputed masters, in making and cooking it. Marcella Hazan, who has written several books on Italian cooking, insists that homemade and hand-rolled pasta is the best. Most cooks must buy dried pasta lacking the time to make their own. The finest pasta is made from semolina a flour from hard durum wheat. Pasta manufacturers choose hard durum wheat, because it makes firmer cooked pasta than common wheat does. Pasta, made from common wheat, tends to get soggy in boiling water. American colonists first imported pasta from the English who discovered it as tourist in Italy. The English returning from their grand tours of Italy were called macaronis because of their fancy airs. A hair style with elaborate curls was also called macaroni. The song “Yankee Doodle” refers to this hairdo when it reports that Yankee Doodle “stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni.” The song a creation of the English was actually intended to poke fun at unrefined American colonists. Commas after introductory elements ____ 1. As the boat turned about a dozen dolphins began to follow it.____ 2. Since we moved into town, our fuel bill has tripled.____ 3. Having chosen nursing as a career Susan enrolled in many science courses.____ 4. Usually, I have time to eat breakfast.____ 5. From outside the twelve-mile fishing limits off the coast of Maine, a strange phenomenon has been reported.____ 6. When he was in high school he was known only as an athlete.____ 7. Before you decide what courses to take, you should consider the amount of work you are willing to do.____ 8. Nevertheless I do not want to meet him.____ 9. To give Jane a good look at the university Mr. Benson drove up for the Day on Campus.____ 10. Since the dog had started to run a way to catch him had to be found.____ 11. Of course the movie that I had rushed to see didn't start on time.____ 12. Her secondhand car was in excellent condition when she bought it.____ 13. As I mentioned the rules can be broken occasionally.____ 14. Having decided to eat only natural foods he had to give up all of his favorite junk food snacks.____ 15. To estimate the costs he consulted a repairman by phone.____ 16. To succeed in politics is not necessarily desirable.____ 17. Making up his mind quickly Jared ordered lasagna while we were still reading the menu.____ 18. However he tried to use the bottle opener it wouldn't work.Each of the following sentences needs either a comma or a semicolon. Put in the necessary punctuation.1. Many companies make sugar-free soft drinks, which are flavored by synthetic chemicals the drinks usually contain only one or two calories per serving.2. Mr. Leyland played the viola professionally for many years and he now conducts a community orchestra.3. The crab grass was flourishing but the rest of the lawn, unfortunately, was dying.4. The hill was covered with wildflowers it was a beautiful sight.5. As I turned around, I heard a loud thump for the cat had upset the goldfish bowl.6. The artist preferred to paint in oils he did not like watercolors.7. The house was clean, the table set, and the porch light on everything was ready for the guests' arrival.8. He looked carefully in the underbrush but he failed to notice the pair of green eyes staring at him.9. The foundations of the house had been poured but, to his disappointment, nothing else had been done because of the carpenters' strike.10. The computer could perform millions of operations in a split second however, it could not think spontaneously.11. I thought registration day would be tiring but I didn't know I'd have to stand in so many lines.12. The dog, growling and snarling, snapped at me I was so frightened that I ran.13. The snowstorm dumped twelve inches of snow on the interstate subsequently, the state police closed the road.14. Professors are supposed to be absent-minded and I've seen plenty of evidence to support that claim since I've been in college.15. The suspect said that he had never met the victim however, the detective knew that he was lying.16. In the first place, it was snowing too hard to see the road in the second place, we had no chains.17. I have read Soul on Ice but I have not read The Invisible Man.18. San Francisco is my favorite city in fact, I plan to spend two weeks there this summer.19. The quarterback made a brilliant pass and the end crossed the goal line for the winning touchdown.20. Large supermarkets fascinate me I can find everything from frozen chow mein to soybean flour in one place.21. Ron and Mike were both in English class this morning they gave an interesting presentation on their research.22. The obstacles are not insurmountable but they are real and formidable.23. Riding a bicycle is excellent exercise I ride mine every day.24. I am not interested in a trip to Asia this year however, I would like to go to Europe.25. Not all highly educated people enjoy traveling, but many world travelers are particularly well educated.26. Jack worked overtime to pay off his education debts at least, that was his explanation for his long hours.27. Katherine has given up smoking about five times but she cannot seem to break the habit.28. His work may be almost totally forgotten but he would certainly be surprised to see how much current scholarship simply echoes his ideas.29. Our dog seems to have a built-in alarm clock he wakes us up at exactly the same time every morning.30. The passengers on the plane were initially alarmed by the loss of altitude but the pilot and the crew kept them calm.31. I realized at once that something was wrong I was not, however, the only person who was concerned.32. I had to complete the assignment by Friday otherwise, I would have failed the course.33. Ralph decided to be a chemist but he changed his mind after taking Chem. 121.34. I finished reading The Nation and then I went to bed.35. We always go to the mountains in the fall they are at their prettiest at that time of year.36. Tim went to the candy store quite often the clerk even knew his name.37. Criticism of capitalist expansionism does not surface in most discussions of the worldwide ecological crisis indeed, proposed solutions rarely deviate from a basic message of further technological "progress."38. The president has pledged to cut taxes repeatedly and the public has responded enthusiastically.39. The office was closed consequently, I could not pay my bill.40. The air was beautifully clear it was a lovely day.He left the scene of the accident and tried to forget that it had happened.Oil which is lighter than water rises to the surface.Madame de Stael was an attractive gracious lady.Nice is a word with many meanings and some of them are contradictory.The contractor testified that the house was completed and that the work had been done properly.Some people refuse to go to the zoo because of pity for creatures that must live in small cages.Taxicabs that are dirty are illegal in some cities.The closet contained worn clothes old shoes and dirty hats.The uninvited guest wore a dark blue tweed suit.After surviving this ordeal the trapper felt relieved.Mark Twain's early novels I believe stand the test of time.December 7 1941 will never be forgotten.The field was safe enough wasn't it?Write to the editor of the Atlantic 8 Arlington Street Boston Massachusetts 02116.He replied "I have no idea what you mean."After a good washing and grooming the pup looked like a new dog.Because of their opposition to institutions that force creatures to live in captivity some people refuse to go to the zoo.Men who are bald are frequently the ones who are the most authoritative on the subject of baldness.Vests which were once popular have been out of vogue for several years.As a celestial goddess she regulated the course of the heavenly bodies and controlled the alternating seasons.I hope that some day he will learn how to be polite.There was no question that John's painting a huge colorful and ugly mural was the worst entry in the art exhibit.Werner von Braun Willy Ley and Edward Teller noted authorities in the field of rocket development have done much to guide the missile program of the United States.Mr. Cready's ability to say the wrong thing at the wrong time is I believe amazing.Running around the house the dog was abruptly stopped by a fence.If the opposition should win our candidate would never have any political future.Gracefully lightly and daintily the ballerina moved across the stage.Glamour the woman's fashion magazine recently incorporated with Charm another fashion journal.Joe was born on May 7 1955 and his best friend was born exactly two months later on July 7 1955.Mr. and Mrs. Kwon my parents' best friends sat in front of us at the football game.November 11 1918 the armistice ending World War I was signed."Oh no" Max exclaimed "I think that Dr. Holmes was referring to Eliot the novelist not Eliot the poet."Below the fields stretched out in a hundred shades of green.To understand the purpose of the course the student needs to read the syllabus.All students are eligible to receive tickets but must go to the athletic office to pick them up.Thomas Paine's pamphlet appeared in Philadelphia Pennsylvania on January 9 1776.You don't want any more hamburgers do you?The problems involved in this operation are I think numerous.Celene who does not usually tell anyone what she feels said she didn't want to go to the dance.To get tickets for some Broadway musicals one has to order three months in advance.Listening to the radio Jun heard an announcement that Spangler his own dog was lost.I used to live at 16689 Sutton Avenue Milpitas California but we have since moved to 1895 Holland Way Dubuque Iowa.The Valley of the Moon the name of a section in Napa County California is the heart of the state's wine producing area.Chris did not see how he could organize write and proofread this paper in only two hours.By the pilings of the old pier I found four starfish a clam and a sea anemone.Yes Helen did mention that all three of you were coming for lunch.I believe therefore that fraternities are good influences on a college campus.The girl with the bright friendly smile wore a bright green scarf to celebrate St. Patrick's Day.As he read the Chekhov story he became aware of the Russian's genius.Dauphin Island located off the coast of Alabama is a favorite spot for fishing.She was as a matter of fact mainly interested in showing off her vocabulary.I often go to the seashore and collect rocks there.Before reaching the summit the climbers were forced by a storm to turn back.Did you know that James Agee the novelist and poet was also a film critic?Lady Jane Grey was the queen of England from July 10 1553 to July 19 1553.Joseph registered for English 101 History 204 and Biology 106.After discussing "Rain" we agreed that Somerset Maugham could really tell a good story.Squaw Valley California the scene of the winter Olympics in 1960 is a ski resort.Tomorrow I believe is the last day to register to vote in the November general election.To perform well on Saturday afternoon the athlete must train every day of the week.Understanding history increases your understanding of today's world.15 Meg Fischer my cousin hopes to graduate from law school in two years.He reads everything: road maps want ads and cereal boxes.Having cut the roses she decided to bring them to her friend in the hospital."When" Jaime asked "will you return my book?"Exercise 20 Coordination and subordinationCombine the following sentences, using coordination and subordination to turn one independent clause into a phrase that modifies the other.Example: According to an article in Time magazine, the effectiveness of bilingual educationinconsistent testing of bilingual students and ais difficult to measure because of a shortage of bilingual textbooks and teachers. shortage of bilingual textbooks and teachers. Another factor is inconsistent testing of bilingual students.In January 1998, the school board in Santa Barbara, California, abolished the city'sbilingual-education program. Four hundred Latino families called for a school boycott.In June of the same year, voters across the state passed a measure called English for theChildren. The measure placed children with limited English skills in intensive English-only classes.Arizona voters approved a similar initiative in 2000. That initiative was also calledEnglish for the Children.In 2002, an English-only initiative modeled on the California and Arizona measures wasput before voters in Massachusetts. Another was put before voters in Colorado.The English-only initiative in Massachusetts was approved. The English-only initiative inColorado was rejected.The future of bilingual education has become a powerful political issue. Educatorsnationwide are monitoring the fate of state bilingual programs.Detractors of bilingual education often argue that bilingual education keeps studentsdependent on their native language. Proponents assert that bilingual education keepsstudents from becoming alienated and allows them to keep up with academic material.Spanish speakers comprise a large percentage of students in bilingual programs. They are not the only group involved in bilingual programs.New City offers bilingual classes in several languages. They include Chinese, Albanian, and Vietnamese.Bilingual education is at the center of immigration and education issues. It is an issue that is unlikely to disappear.Exercise 26 Comma with independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunctionAdd commas where necessary in the following sentences.Example: The history of Lhasa is unsettledAfor the city has often been under the harsh military rule of the Chinese.Lhasa is the capital of Tibet and it sits 11,800 feet above sea level.The Chinese have attempted to modernize Lhasa but an ancient aura still pervades the city.The Potala Palace, the "Palace of the Gods," dominates Lhasa and this immense, eleven-story complex of buildings is where the Dalai Lama has traditionally lived.Lhasa was founded in A.D. 400 as a fortress but after the Potala Palace was built, Lhasa became a religious center.The Tibetans banned Europeans from this "Forbidden City" so many Europeans tried to enter the city illegally.Europeans have long been fascinated by the city and it has been portrayed in several movies.Lhasa was the spiritual center of Tibet as early as the seventh century and it was briefly the national capital during the ninth century.Lhasa was the home of a variety of-religious edifices and treasures but many of them were damaged in the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s.Lhasa's population has grown rapidly since the 1960s and now the majority of the people living there are Chinese.Since 1990, much of the historic area has been transformed by rapid urban development and the authenticity of Lhasa as a living historic city continues to be threatened by ongoing demolition.Exercise 27 Comma after introductory word, phrase, or clauseFor help in punctuating introductory words, phrases, or clauses, see pp. H-57-H-58 in the Handbook section of The St. Martini Guide to Writing, Eighth Edition.Add commas where necessary in the following sentences. (Not all sentences need commas.)Example: Sometime in the late 1980s^the U.S. government began a plan to build a courthouse and office building in lower Manhattan.To get permission to build the government had to do an environmental impact study.During this environmental impact study consultants discovered that the proposed building would be built on top of an African slave burial ground.After an outside team of archaeologists concluded that most of the burial ground had already been destroyed by previous construction the building went ahead.But once construction was underway construction workers uncovered a large burial ground with more than four hundred bodies.Naturally the construction was immediately stopped.Now a research team at Howard University is gaining insights into the lives and struggles of those buried there.At a public lecture Dr. Michael L. Blakcy, director of the African Burial Ground Collection at Howard University, discussed the history of the cemeteryAccording to Dr. Blakey the burial ground is the largest African cemetery in North America.Along with his team of researchers Dr. Blakey is trying to answer questions about the lives of the people buried there.10. Without preserving the remains, it would be impossible to answer these questions.Exercise 28 Comma with nonrestrictive word group; transitional, parenthetical, or contrasting expression;absolute phraseAdd commas where necessary in the following sentences. (Not all sentences need commas.)Example: Travelers who will be boarding international flights this year are advised to take special precautions^such as bringing extra identification and avoiding the most popular routes.Drivers who break the law should go to jail where they might learn a good lesson.The students in Psychology 101 crowded into the stuffy lecture hall sweating and fanning themselves.The professor cool and commanding strode into the room.The books that are on that shelf are recent purchases.I slept soundly on the hard ground but not comfortably.The moon filled my window lighting my room with a soft glow.The woman who just walked in the door is the artist.For example, the painting on the far wall which is titled Full Moon in August just sold for $10,000.9.My dog Tracey her tail wagging would howl when she saw my father's car.10. My shoes caked with mud I waited in the anteroom.Exercise 30 Comma with a trailing participial phraseAdd commas where necessary in the following sentences. (Not all sentences need commas.)Example: On March 28, 1979, an accident happened at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant^creating panic among workers.The level of water surrounding the reactor core suddenly dropped causing the reactor core to overheat.The emergency cooling system was shut off resulting in severe core damage.A small amount of radioactive gas escaped from the containment building causing a slight rise in individual human exposure levels.The media immediately jumped on the story providing daily coverage.Officials at Three Mile Island turned away people trying to get a closer look.There were news reports about the radioactive gas emissions prompting large numbers of people to leave towns near the plant.Fortunately, engineers were able to prevent a meltdown saving the surrounding country side and its citizens.The incident gained national attention changing many people's view of nuclear power.After the accident, the government became wary of nuclear power imposing stricter safety standards and closing some reactors.10. The potential for a major disaster was now clear stopping the growth of the nuclear power industry.Exercise 31 Commas with direct quotations and expressions used in dialogueAdd commas and quotation marks where necessary in the following sentences.Example: ^These things are definitely not there by accident ^"says Lynn D. Jones, a graduate student helping other scholars analyze artifacts found under the hearths of some eighteenth-century homes in Maryland.These artifacts were buried there by slaves, and according to anthropologist Mark P. Leone We are seeing not a history of oppression, but a history of response to oppression.Discussing the round artifacts, Dr. Robert Farris Thompson explained In the Kongo religion, the shape of the soul is round, like a miniature sun.Well I was rather surprised to read this New Tork Times article.It's strange isn't it to think of these objects being hidden for so many years, only to be dug up and put on display in a museum.The curator of the museum said We have a team of artists and experts making an accurate, realistic setting for the artifacts.Just think if you have an old house, you might be surprised to learn what is under the floors.Look it says here that people in Kongo still use the sort of items found in the excavation.This find is so exciting because of its specificity says Robert Farris Thompson.Our mandate from the African American community, our collaborator in the formulation of our research, was to discover what conditions were like in freedom Leone explains.This study shows that white society wasn’t able to quash the slaves’ expression of African culture doesn’t it.Exercise 32 Commas with coordinate adjectivesAdd commas and quotation marks where necessary in the following sentences.Example: I took my curious^unsuspecting friend on a tour of the many mineral springs in Saratoga Springs, New York.Our first stop was High Rock Spring, a large limestone cone to which the Mohawk Indians brought the old ailing Sir William Johnson in 1771.The sulfuric bitter-tasting pungent water may have cured Johnson, but it made us nauseous.From there we ventured to the Governor and Peerless Springs, which have very different flavors, the one metallic sour and unpleasant, the other carbonated and somewhat sweet, but just as nauseating as the first.After several more equally foul mineral springs, we arrived at Fernell Spring, which surprised us with its clear sweet pure taste; several local people were filling plastic gallon water jugs from the spring.Our favorite spring was the Island Spouter, a whimsical miniature geyser that had created its own island made of yellow white and rust-colored layers of carbonate deposits.As early as, 1535, the French navigator-explorer Jacques Cartier was told of miraculous healing limestone-trapped water at Saratoga Springs.After the Revolutionary War, the waters drew people to the magical Saratoga Springs, and inexpensive modest inns were built to accommodate them.By 1877, Saratoga had blossomed into a fantastic elegant prosperous town.At Saratoga Spa State Park, just south of the center of town, you can soak in the springs under ornate arched colonnaded bathhouses.Today Saratoga is also known for horse racing, which brings wealthy glamorous people and loyal racing fans together for a month every summer.Exercise 33 No comma with compound items that are not independent clausesDelete unnecessary commas in the sentences below. (Not all sentences contain unnecessary commas.)Example: Some researchers now think that there is a connection between mental illness and genius, and that some of our greatest artists have been afflicted.For example, Virginia Woolf, the English novelist, may have been manic-depressive, and may have committed suicide while depressed.Another famous example is the painter Vincent Van Gogh, who spent much time in institutions, and who cut his ear off.A Johns Hopkins University psychologist has studied the connection between art, and mental illness for many years.She has compiled a list of artists with mental illnesses, but has included too many, according to her critics.Other researchers disagree with her, arguing that the mental illness theory is merely the latest attempt to connect illness with genius, and that past attempts have singled out epilepsy, syphilis, and alcoholism.Is it fair to these artists, long dead, for us to diagnose them, and arbitrarily label them mentally ill?Many psychologists want to understand creativity, and its link to mental disorder and discover ways to apply this knowledge.Scientists are beginning to see just how the brain works, and arc learning how it develops from childhood to adulthood.Creativity and madness seem to be two extremes of the same phenomenon, but they don’t occur together in most people.It is impossible to find the mix of personality traits that leads a person to create Romeo and Juliet, or to develop the theory of evolution.Exercise 34 No comma with a restrictive word groupDelete unnecessary commas in the sentences below. (Not all sentences contain unnecessary commas.)Example: In her article/ That Fine Madness, Jo Ann C. Gutin reports on recent speculation about the connection between madness and genius.Some researchers now think that the poet, John Keats, who died of tuberculosis, might have suffered from manic depression as well.A symptom of tuberculosis, that is similar to one of manic depression, is hyperactivity alternating with extreme passivity.Tuberculosis, which was usually fatal in the nineteenth century, also caused its victims to feel occasionally exhilarated.In artists, who were near death, this mental state supposedly inspired great works of genius.This mental state was so widely acknowledged, that it was given the Latin name sfesphthisica.This belief in the powers of tuberculosis was so strong, that literary critics thought that literary genius would disappear if a cure for tuberculosis was found.The nineteenth-century novelist, Katherine Mansfield, wrote the most significant body of her work while she was fighting a losing battle with tuberculosis.The setting for The Metric Mountain, a novel by the German novelist, Thomas Mann, is a tuberculosis sanitarium before World War I.But as the epidemic continued, it claimed a larger and larger circle of people, and societal attitudes toward it changed. Victims, who were poor and disadvantaged, were blamed for having an unhealthy lifestyle.Now we know that tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Exercise 35 Eliminating commas that separate the main elements of a sentenceDelete unnecessary commas in the sentences below. (Not all sentences contain unnecessary commas.)Example: In 1989, oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez, damaging the habitat^of thousands of animals.About 2,100 kilometers of Alaskan shoreline, were damaged by oil.More than 30,000 bodies of birds, mammals, and fish, were picked up from the shore and water within the first few months.However, this number, represents only a small percentage of all the animals killed.Scientists, aghast at the damage, speculated that some animal groups would not recover.For over fifteen years now, scientists have been conducting follow-up studies, on the animals of Prince William Sound.The cleanup of spilled oil was slow to be organized because Exxon, and other oil companies, were not prepared for the disaster.Although many volunteers tried to save injured animals, they could not save every animal, or clean the entire shoreline because of the huge size of the spill.Alaska's important salmon and herring industry, was the biggest economic concern.The spill, has further spurred environmentalists to prevent further oil development in Alaska.10. In 1991, Alaska and the federal government, came to an agreement with Exxon regarding damages caused by the oil spill.Exercise 36 Eliminating commas with noncoordinate adjectives or before or after a seriesFor help in punctuating noncoordinate adjectives and items in a series, see pp. H-66-H-67 in the Handbook section of The St. Martin's Guide to Writing, Eighth Edition.Delete unnecessary commas in the sentences below. (Not all sentences contain unnecessary commas.)Example: The murre, a large/black/and white bird of the auk family, was one of the animals most affected by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.About 74 percent of the oil-covered, blackened, animal carcasses picked up after the spill were murres. Investigators used earlier, scientific, research studies to get an idea of how many murres had been in the colony before 1989.Not surprisingly, most comparisons of pre-spill and post-spill numbers showed that the crucial, breeding populations were significantly reduced.However, some, post-spill surveys found higher, post-spill, murre populations.Researchers have been frustrated, saddened, and humbled, in their attempts to get an accurate idea of the damage to the murre populations.The thick-billed murre breeds in dense, colonies on cliff ledges in Arctic, and subarctic regions around the world.In winter its throat and cheeks become snowy, white.As with many other Arctic species, such white coloring serves as a kind of protective camouflage.9.The slightly smaller, common murre is similar in appearance and habits.10. It is a darker, brown on the back, and its longer bill lacks a white line.Exercise 37 Other unnecessary commasDelete unnecessary commas in the sentences below. (Not all sentences contain unnecessary commas.)Example: The "String of Pearls," as the Nez Perce National Historical Park is called, consists of thirty-eight separate locations/along the route/that the Nez Perce took fleeing the U.S. Army in 1877.Created in 1992 by Congress, the Nez Perce National Historical Park has locations that include the Nez Perce homeland in eastern Oregon, archaeological sites in the area, and, battlefields from Oregon to Montana where the fleeing Nez Perce fought the U.S. Army.In 1863, some of the Nez Perce had signed a treaty with the U.S. government requiring them to move to a reservation, in central Idaho.Other Nez Perce members were determined to stay in the homeland and so, did not sign.This group (the "nontreaty Nez Perce") were considered outlaws, by the U.S. government.The nontreaty Nez Perce tried to ignore the treaty, but, as they had expected, they were, eventually, ordered to move.Unwillingly, they began their move, but, before they had gone far, some of their members killed some settlers in revenge for earlier cruel treatment.These events brought on the army, and in July 1877, the Nez Perce fought the army, at White Bird Canyon.Three months later they reached Bear Paw in north-central Montana, where they fought their last battle.There, four hundred Nez Perce, the remaining band of nontreaty Nez Perce, attempted to wait out siege, but, they lasted only six days.Surrounded by, U.S. soldiers and suffering from hunger and cold, the Nez perce surrendered. Exercise 38 SemicolonsEdit the following sentences to correct errors in semicolon use. Also correct related punctuation such as commas.Example: As automobiles became more powerful and dependable, people began to think of driving across the country; as a resultAthe Interstate Highway System was created.The Lincoln Highway, the first cross-country road, went through Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Illinois, Omaha, Nebraska, and Salt Lake City, Utah.Created between 1913 and 1915 along existing roads, the Lincoln Highway was paved, in addition, it was free of tolls, unlike most other paved roads.Previously, drivers had had to give way to horse-drawn vehicles, because horses often panicked at the sight of automobiles, drivers were obligated to pull off the road to hide their vehicles from the horses' view.The early automobiles were open; exposing the interior to the elements: dust, rain, snow, and mud.With closed cars came plans for travel to distant states, tourism and automobiles developed simultaneously.When the Lincoln Highway was planned, each state wanted to control the highway's route through the state, obviously, the states wanted to keep tourists within their borders as long as possible, but the highway planners wanted to create the most direct route.The Lincoln Highway had its own distinct red, white, and blue markers, still, travelers were often confused by the markers from the many competing paved highways that intersected or ran along the Lincoln's route.Some of those competing routes were the White Pole Road, the National Highway, which ran on the same road as the Lincoln through parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio, the Pike’s Peak to Ocean Highway, and the Dixie Highway.These highways allowed anyone with a car to drive conveniently across the country, consequently, increasing numbers of people bought cars.The Lincoln Highway no longer exists; but the current Interstate 80 more or less traces the Lincoln Highway’s route. Exercise 39 ColonsEdit the following sentences to correct any errors in colon, semicolon, or comma use. In some cases, the sentence may be correct as is, but a colon may be another option.Example: I have three children Riley, Robin, and Alexis.Every August, I take them to the mall to buy clothes and school supplies, pencils, note books, folders, and lunchboxes.I buy clothes first because, for me, that chore is the most stressful part of the shopping trip. I line each child up in front of the clothing department and tell him or her to pick out one of each of the following items, jeans, shirt, sweater, shoes.As an incentive for making this choice quickly, I offer prizes of: a candy bar, a piece of toy jewelry, or a comic book to anyone who gets all four items on his or her list in fifteen minutes.Often the results of their haste are amusing purple jeans with an orange plaid shirt, every item the same color, shoes the wrong size.As the kids get older, the clothes shopping will get more difficult; they'll want more clothes, they'll demand more expensive clothes, and they'll take much longer than fifteen minutes to select the clothes.I already know which one of my children will be the most difficult Riley.Next, it's on to the stationery department, where they spend thirty minutes or more gazing longingly at this year's fads in school essentials; multicolored erasers, glow-in-the-dark pencils, and notebooks decorated with holograms.I hold out as long as possible, but I often give in for the usual reason, other shoppers are starting to snicker.But I know one thing, they’re going through the same experience I am.When we are done, we make one last choice, whether to stop at the ice cream store or the candy store for our reward.Exercise 41 Quotation marksRevise the following sentences to add quotation marks and other punctuation when necessary. Example: AHalt!^cried the guard.Rob replied Unemployment won't decline unless interest rates do the same.Did Rob reply Unemployment won't decline unless interest rates do the same?Tropical storms Emily declared occur in Anza-Borrego in August and September.Jeremy had this to say The semester ends Friday, and life begins on Saturday.I overheard Jordan say Why don't we send a telegram that announces The deal can beclosed if you double the advance.Mee-ouch screeched Puma as I stepped on his tail in the dark hallway.The park ranger stopped the backpackers at the trailhead, asking May I see your camping permit, please?Who was it who said The buck stops here?The instructions warned Turn off water source before beginning but I did not read thewarning until it was too late.10. The card beneath the painting said Mark Rothko^ Four Darks on Red; 1958; oil on canvas, which did not help me understand the painting at all.Exercise 42 ApostrophesEdit the following sentences by adding and deleting apostrophes and revising the spelling where necessary. (Not all sentences require apostrophes.)companies Example: The Clean Air Act of 1990 included a clause that allows company's to buy and sellpollution credits.Every manufacturer is required to reduce it's factory emissions, but if a company does more than required, it can sell the right to pollute to other companies under a program called "cap and trade."For instance, lets say that XYZ Company of Ohio reduces its factories emissions 10 percent more than required.ABC Company of New York could then buy XYZs right's, which would allow ABC to reduce its emissions 10 percent less than required.Another goal of the clause is to limit the total amount of pollutant's in certain categories.For example, power companies that use coal-fired plant's have allowances for emitting sulfur dioxide.A company can keep emitting sulfur dioxide until it reaches it's limit; then its obligated to clean up its act and sell the extra emissions allowance to another company on the open market.Recently, some government officials found the Clear Air Act lacking because it left the responsibility of regulating pollution to the states' and because its strict standards might be expensive to enforce.In 2003, Congress passed the Clear Skies Act, a federal program that would continue to reduce emissions while also cutting cost's and making standards for industries more straightforward.Critics call Clear Skies a giveaway to industry's, since it allows power plants to produce more mercury, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides while doing nothing to limit carbon dioxide emissions.10. Some scientists have connected rising level's of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with rising temperature's on earth.Exercise 43 Parentheses, brackets, ellipsis marks, slashes, periods, question marks, and exclamation pointsRevise the following sentences by using the correct punctuation.Example: On January 28J1986Lthe Challenger space shuttle exploded soon after takeoff/The space shuttle Challenger exploded because O-rings used to seal joints on the Solid Rocket Boosters, SRB's, leaked fuel.Investigators later discovered that the O-rings did not work properly at temperatures under 50 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature that day was 36 degrees.Why did NASA executives not know that this would happen!!!!As early as the first shuttle nights, there had been indications that the O-rings were poorly designed!Beginning in July 1985, Roger Boisjoly, an engineer at Morton Thiokol (MTI which produced the O-rings) began writing memos about the problem in an attempt either to solve the problem or to postpone the launch.In one memo, Boisjoly writes, "It is my honest and real fear that" "we stand in jeopardy of losing a flight". . Unfortunately, many of Boisjoly's memos were overlooked ... or intentionally neglected!Boisjoly (and other engineers!) were too far removed from the NASA decision makers to be heeded.Morton Thiokol and NASA did not want to postpone an (already costly) space shuttle mission.Richard Feynman [a prominent physicist] and Sally Ride [the first American woman in space] served on the commission that investigated the tragedy.Exercise 1 Comma splices and fused sentencesRevise each of the following sentences to correct any comma splices or fused sentences.Example: Most Americans know the name of George Washington, they may not know much about the man himself.Correct: Most Americans know the name of George Washington, BUT they may not know much about the man himself.George Washington was born in 1732 in Virginia, he was raised on a farm established byhis great-grandfather.Washington had a big nose and a pockmarked face, however, he was still considered ahandsome man.Washington said this about the war for independence: "Our cause is noble it is the causeof all mankind."At fifteen, Washington became a surveyor his first job was to survey the six-million-acreestate of his neighbor Lord Fairfax.Washington wanted to return to Mount Vernon after the Constitutional Convention hiscolleagues persuaded him to become the country's first president.Washington's vice president, John Adams, was sworn in on April 21, 1789, Washingtonwas sworn in as the first president on April 30, 1789.The British Parliament passed several measures unjust to the American colonists Washington became active in the resistance movement.Washington lost nearly all his teeth a French dentist made him a set from carved rhinoceros ivory.Washington held the first presidential barbecue in 1793, he roasted a five-hundred-pound ox for the party.Our national capital is named for Washington, many American colleges and towns bear his name.Exercise 2 Sentence fragmentsRevise each of the following sentences to correct any fragments.Example: John Adams practiced law in Boston. Before he became one of the most influential people in the early years of the United States/, John Adams practiced law in Boston.John Adams delivered the 1755 Harvard commencement oration in Latin. An accomplishment that earned him a job teaching Latin in a one-room country school.Adams studied to become a lawyer. While he was teaching school.After serving as minister to France and England, Adams returned to the United States.To serve two terms as Washington's vice president.Receiving seventy-seven electoral votes. John Adams was re-elected vice president in 1792.Adams distrusted the rising tide of Jeffersonian democracy in America. Because he washorrified by the French Revolution.Adams accepted the responsibilities of the vice presidency. With energy and seriousness.Adams won the presidency by three electoral votes over the Republican ThomasJefferson. Who, under the electoral system then in use, became the vice president.As the first president to succeed another. Adams had no guidelines to follow on cabinetappointments, patronage, and policy changes.Adams lived ninety years. Longer than any other president. Long enough to see his sonbecome the sixth president.10. Ironically, Adams died on the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1826. The same day that Thomas Jefferson died.Exercise 19 ParallelismRevise the following sentences to make related items parallel.trained Example: Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820, raised in a Quaker family, and with trainingas a teacher.Traveling and with lectures, Susan B. Anthony spread the word about women's suffrage.She was instrumental in securing women's rights to their children, owning property, andtheir wages.Anthony believed that slaves should be free, that drinking should be illegal, and inwomen having the right to vote.With determination, energy, and speaking eloquently, Anthony laid the groundwork forthe Nineteenth Amendment, which gave American women the right to vote.She not only organized the Women's Loyal League and was president of the NationalAmerican Woman Suffrage Association, but The History of Woman Suffrage was compiled with her help.After the Civil War, she was speaking out against the violence inflicted on former slavesand lobbied for full participation of blacks in the suffrage movement.In 1872, Anthony defiantly cast a ballot in the presidential election, was arrested andconvicted, and refusing to pay the $100 fine.She went to Europe in 1883, met women's rights activists there, and helping form theInternational Council of Women.At the age of eighty, she resigned as president of the National American Woman SuffrageAssociation but continuing to speak at its meetings.She never lost her determination and was arguing her cause with every president from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt. ................
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