Noun and Predicate Phrases - UTA



Noun Phrases and Predicate Phrases

(Diagram the phrases outside the parentheses.)

1. Money talks.

2. Everything hurts.

key

S - sentence

NP – noun phrase

N – noun

NGer – noun gerund

PredP – predicate phrase

VP – verb phrase

V - verb

3. Accidents happen.

4. Politicians lie.

5. Memories fade.

6. Elephants remember.

7. Walking relaxes.

8. Laughing hurts.

(The diagrams begin on page 39.)

|PROPER NOUNS |COMMON NOUNS |

|God (used as a name) |(a) god |

|Book of Jeremiah |(a) book |

|Uncle Pedro |(my) uncle |

|Father (used as a name) |(my) father |

|Lake Superior |(a picturesque) lake |

|the Capital Center |(a) center (for advanced studies) |

|the South |(a) south wind |

|University of Wisconsin |(a good) university |

|Geology 101 |geology |

|Environmental Protection |(a federal) agency |

|Agency | |

Personal Prounouns: Prop

(Diagram.)

1. They lumber.

2. It happens.

3. He listens.

| |1st I |

| |2nd You |

|Singular |3rd He/She/It |

| |1st We |

| |2nd You |

|Plural |3rd They |

4. She fawns.

5. I think.

Determiners: Det

key

DET - determiner

Art – article (definite of indefinite)

Dem – demonstrative

Q – quantifier

Poss - possessive

NP/poss – possessive noun (dog’s bone)

(Diagram.)

1. Some things change.

2. The dog’s paw bled.

3. That kid’s parents smoke.

4. Your vote counts.

5. These days drag.

6. 618 soldiers died.

7. That spy’s car flies.

8. All thirty children passed.

9. My sister’s boyfriend’s hamster died.

10. The town’s many problems vanished.

11. These two colors match.

(Check your diagrams with the 1C diagram section in the back.)

Adjective Phrases: AdjP

(Diagram.)

1. The hot liquids synthesized.

2. His old car died.

3. This lavender dress sparkles.

4. The endangered condor subsists.

5. His heavy heart ached.

6. The restrained audience gasped.

7. Their exotic flowers wilted.

8. That very young girl won.

9. The more cunning animals survive.

10. Mom’s new china shattered.

(The section continues.)

Adjective Phrases: AdjP

(Continue diagramming.)

11. The young cubs fed.

12. Some restless refugees escaped.

13. A few broken pieces glistened.

Compound Nouns

(Diagram.)

1. My print cartridge leaks.

2. The entire speaker box shook.

3. Four more soccer teams qualified.

4. The bank manager retired.

5. Their water tank arrived.

6. My neighbor’s chicken coop collapsed.

7. Your grandmother’s blood pressure dropped.

8. A mysterious road sign appeared.

9. This rusty can opener works.

10. The old post office reopened.

Prepositional Phrases: PP

(Diagram.)

1. The fight against injustice continues.

2. Activists in a crowd shout.

key

AdjP – adjective phrase

Adj – adjective

Deg – degree modifier

PP – prepositional phrase

prep – preposition

3. A moment of clarity transpired.

4. The giraffes in the zoo escaped.

5. That group of young scouts returned.

6. This flush of hearts wins.

7. The roof beams in the middle collapsed.

8. The available apartment above the pet shop reeked.

9. The acrylic landscape paintings by his Japanese friends arrived.

Direct Objects and Reflexive Pronouns

(Diagram.)

1. Edison invented the light bulb.

2. Nature admits no lie. 1

3. I live a charmed life.

4. She hurt herself.

| |1st I |

| |2nd You |

|Singular |3rd He/She/It |

| |1st We |

| |2nd You |

|Plural |3rd They |

5. The story wrote itself.

6. Oppression enrages wise men.

7. Loose lips sink ships.

8. They excused themselves.

9. Mark Rothko’s late paintings achieved a new luminosity.

10. The machine threatens all achievement.2

(The section continues.)

Direct Objects

(Continue diagraming.)

11. Their criticism evokes harsh responses.

12. We fed ourselves.

13. Her simple faith in the immediate future gave me hope.

14. He trained himself.

15. The Western phallocentric tradition poses a problem.

Adverb Phrases

key

AdvP – adverb phrase

Adv – adverb

(Diagram.)

1. The Festival of Chicano Literature began in Los Angeles in 1973.

2. My parents put a live teddy bear in my crib.1

3. Obedient women rarely make history.

4. That comment really hits a cord.

5. This book completely overwhelmed me.

6. It touched me sharply in all its aspects.

7. It places the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric

arbitrariness of history.

8. This compelling work vividly demonstrates the presence of suppressed histories.

9. Calmly, the explorers cut their way through the tall

grasses to the edge of the canyon.

Section One Review

(Diagram.)

1.The firm fired several employees without a word of warning.

2. Year after year, this convention attracts scientists of international renown.

3. This year we made no profit from our bake sale.

4. This experiment shows the error of our theory.

5. Children test their parents’ boundaries quite frequently throughout adolescence.

6. In this course, we study the structure of English sentences objectively.

7. The true significance of this historical event escaped notice at the time.

8. At recess, the children devised new games for themselves.

9. From the dugout, the boy ardently cheered for the rest of his team.

10.) The winners of this year’s contest receive an anthology of contemporary poetry as punishment for their diligence.

Phrase Structure Rules (as of Test 1)

|Prop (Subj NP) |Prop (Obj NP) |Possesive (Poss) |Reflexive (Prox) |

|I |Me |My |Myself |

|You |You |Your |Yourself |

|He/She/It |Him/Her/It |His/Her/Its |Himself/Herself/Itself |

|We |Us |Our |Ourselves |

|You |You |Your |Yourselves |

|They |Them |Their |Themselves |

Intransitive, Transitive, & Linking Verbs: VPI, VPT, VPL

(Diagram, and label all the verbs from unit one.)

1. The heart is forever inexperienced.1

2. Policy sits above conscience.2

3. A good beginning makes a good ending.3

4. The road to excess leads to the palace of wisdom.4

5. We are never hypocrites in our sleep. 5

6. The crisp air felt invigorating.

7. The body never lies.6

8. Law is a bottomless pit.7

9. Ornette Coleman’s experimental jazz music sounds discordantly pleasant.

10. A young doctor means a new graveyard.8

11. Events expand with the character.9

12. The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.10

13. Almost always dreams appear obtusely connected to conscious life.

14. Grammar is the grave of letters. 11

Present, Past, and Future Verb Tenses

(Diagram.)

1. Mary laid the baby on my lap.

2. That approach will misguide everyone.

3. On Fourth Street, the subway starts every morning at five.

4. Daily, she weaves.

5. He loves her.

6. His heart lies on his sleeve.

7. I volunteered my time last summer.

8. Now I work with welfare mothers.

9. CIA officials met with him.

10. Deborah gave him the letter at breakfast.

11. We will rebuild this place with love.

12. The movement against ignorance will combat a variety of evils.

Perfect Tenses: Present Perfect, Past Perfect ,and Future Perfect Tenses

key

perfpres – has, have

perfpast – had

Vpart – past participle

Aux – auxiliary

Fut – will

(Diagram.)

1. I have danced in Brazil.

2. Often, students have malingered on Fridays.

3. This proposed amendment has gained support.

4. She has forgiven him.

5. You have delighted me.

6. By sunset, across Lake Merritt, they will have started the

jazz festival.

7. Many people had lost faith in the President by election time.

8. The current violence has stymied the latest UN efforts.

9. At this rate we will have finished our beer by halftime!

10. This Confederation has enacted a policy of wage restraint.

11. Repeatedly, war has filled the streets with blood.

12. In time, you will have experienced some of life’s bitter disillusionments.

13. My work has been my escape.

14. During intermission, he had sensed a strange fear from the woman beside him.

15. By the time of the revolt, many organizations will have intervened.

16. You have drunk enough!

Perfect Tenses:Present Perfect, Past Perfect ,and Future Perfect Tenses

(Continue diagramming.)

17. The hot coffee has fogged my glasses again!

18. They will have worshiped in secret for most of their lives.

19. These brilliant cicadas have formed underground for seventeen years as buried nymphs.

20. By the end of spring, our delphiniums will have blown away.

21. We have insisted on rights for children.

22. Now this flank of fajitas has tenderized overnight in my famous pineapple marinade.

23. I have prayed in Mecca.

24. You had time.

25. They have had plenty of time.

26. She has written a novel about evolution.

27. After the symposium, the majority had already left.

28. Defiantly, she has laid each color in a sequence of exaggerated light.

29. My sister’s parrot has eaten entire kumquats in one bite.

30. At the toll of the bell, we will have lain together too long.

Progressive Tenses:

key

progpres – am, is, are

progpast – was, were

progpart – been

progθ – be

Vprog – progressive inflection (-ing)

1. Life is moving too fast.

2. The young comedians were facing an obdurate crowd.

3. You will be landing in Rio De Janeiro in twenty minutes.

4. The chocolate has been melting in my car.

5. Before the wreck, we already had been waiting for an hour in traffic.

6. In July, I will have been living as an American for thirteen years.

7. I am writing about the origins of the Civil War .

8. The white flower was leaning near the window.

9. My wife will be presenting her new book of poetry at the Insomniac Café on Wednesday.

Progressive Tenses:

10. Lies have been preventing boredom for millennia.

11. The river had been cutting into the rock for ages.

12. The deficit will have been increasing dangerously by next year.

13. We are sacrificing a lot of our time.

14. My friends were planning a surprise for me.

15. These poems will be inspiring you.

16. We have been dancing all night.

17. The horsemen had been hunting for Mephistopheles.

18. Commercials have been manipulating our perceptions.

19. Education has been providing a healthy investment for human capital.

20. We are failing our low-income children.

21. She will have been waiting for us.

22. The richest countries are developing the deadliest weapons.

23. The poorest countries have been using them.

24. By now, Diana’s friends will be drinking with them at Jeff’s house.

25. Corporate interests have been manipulating the world’s water supply.

26. The earth will have been entering its final ice age by that time.

27. Hope will always be sustaining the movement for peace.

28. The candidates have not been discussing the 35 million underprivileged Americans.

29. Violence has had a long-standing place in many whites’ images of blacks.

30. Single women are representing half of the poor families in America.

More Auxilaries

key

Supp – ‘do’ (in negations & questions)

Emph – ‘do’ (only for emphasis)

neg - negative

Mod – modals

(will) would

shall should

can could

may might

must

(Diagram.)

1. Did you hear that noise?

2. That drunk sailor did not remember his old songs.

3. I do have the ring.

4. She does leave her trash everywhere.

5. Do you know that bar in Chinatown?

(The section continues.)

More Verbal Auxiliaries

(Continue diagramming.)

6. Have you been there before?

7. Have you looked beyond the surfaces?

8. Did you hear about the development of human embryonic stem cells from a cloned

human blastocyst?

9. Toxins in our air can pollute a mother’s breast milk.

10. The World Bank should stop plans for industrial timber production in the world’s

rainforests.

11. Do you understand the potential dangers to the Southwest from aging stores of chemical

weapons?

12. A hydrogen economy may begin in twenty-five years.

13. It may be our innate instincts.

14. With some intensification, the purple light could grow brighter in pulses.

15. Our hard labor may not be suffiecient for Wolf Larsen.

16. The shuttle may have difficulties in its orbital approach.

17. He might grouse about the mess again.

18. Can you do the right thing?

19. On the other side of the bridge, the snow should be melting.

20. The cold rains did seem the end of this early spring.

21. Many citizens will not vote.

22. She may ask her after dinner.

Passive Voice: passpres, passpast, passθ

(Diagram.)

1. In the sales department, some sacrifices are needed.

2. I am being obscured by snowflakes.

3. The environmentalist group on campus is harassed often for their furious enthusiasm.

4. In Arizona, a band of bank robbers were captured with incriminatory evidence.

(The section continues.)

Passive Voice: passpres, passpast, passθ

(Continue diagramming.)

5. During the Cold War, the security of some countries was threatened by their own leaders.

6. The hotel suite with the ocean view was booked for two weeks.

7. This French mahogany table was shipped from a dealer in Boston.

8. The agency will be granted enough money for a dramatic increase in staff.

9. Some knowledge has been ingrained in our DNA.

10. Dawn has been outdone in Mazatlan only by the majestic sunsets.

11. Children are given mixed messages all the time.

12. The solution has been distilled properly.

13. A paean has been performed often during times of trouble.

14. Soon, college life will have been reduced to a boring memory.

15. We have been beguiled again

16. After elections, the enthusiasm of voters will have been lost.

17. Innocent lives are being sacrificed.

18. On that network, the news was being made for the audiences’ entertainment.

19. Justice is not being served by our current system.

20. Their sense of obligation to the entire community was being reduced by some of their

outdated ideals.

21. Thousands of local citizens are being reached with grassroots activity.

22. The diet market has been turned into a nightmare.

key

prt - particle

phrasal – phrasal verb

1. Will you drop off the movies?

2. Look up the word!

3. Nydia called the wedding off.

4. This morning I woke up at dawn.

5. I ran over a kid’s bike.

6. Get down!

7. Do not leave your sister out from the game. .

8. They should cheer her up.*

9. Chip some money in for gas.

10. Our receipts do not add up.

11. Draw up some diagrams.

Section Two Review

(Diagram.)

1. Three years into a major drought, dwindling water supplies are becoming a serious concern in many urban areas.

2. My new friends have inspired these short stories.

3. Do not be lulled into a false sense of security by these crooks!

4. Did you see this article about your mother in the paper?

5. You could consistently bring extra flyers to the meetings.

6. Can a judge remain objective under these circumstances?

Coordinating Conjunction: Cjc

(Diagram.)

1. Federico and Sergio drilled through the coarse ground.

2. Go and wake up your luck. Persian proverb

3. Many schools are lacking resources, yet we are cutting back on education funding.

4. The morning shines and I am wide awake.

5. We do not believe in rheumatism and true love until after the first attack. Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach

6. Restlessness and discontent are the necessities of progress. Edison

7. The human mind always makes progress, but it is a progress in spirals. Madame de Stael

8. The storm ruined our work, so we’ll need more concrete and dirt.

9. They reviewed each permutation yet remained confused.

10. History is often kind to leaders, for they often write it.

11. Rules and models destroy genius and art. William Hazlitt

12. You can choose your friends, but you only have one mother. Max Shulman

13. The highest, most varied and lasting pleasures are pleasures of the mind. Arthur Schopenhauer

14. Repetition rules everywhere, and nothing is found only once in the world. Goethe

Conjunctive Adverb: Advc

(Diagram.)

1. Leave him; besides, you deserve better.

2. Clean my room; next, clean yours.

3. He denounced the new stadium; then he discouraged investing in low-income jobs.

4. Many brokers gain wealth from judicious work; Jeff, however, finds other means.

5. Youth violence has dropped; even so, kids are killed everyday by guns.

6. My mother blamed my hormones; however, she never understood brain development.

7. The stamped date on foods encourages waste; after all, the date only reflects the peak quality.

8. Her paintings of construction sites were vivid; moreover, they raised issues of poverty.

9. The group appeased the aggressors; as a result, the aggression eased temporarily.

10. We discussed the environment; specifically, we informed them of military pollution.

11. Certainly, they will sear through the tanks; the bullets are encased in uranium.

12. Her legal career has been brilliant; at the same time, she has been loving to all.

13. In the book, the boy became the hero; nevertheless, his family was left behind.

14. Her characters discovered their roots; furthermore, they developed a deep sense of self.

15. People’s compassion created this new legislation; indeed, in time, all our children will have equal opportunities.

Subortinating Conjunction: Cjs

(Diagram.)

After

Although

As

As if

As long as

As soon as

Because

Before

Even Though

If

In case

Once

Provided (that)

Since

So (that)

Though

Unless

Until

When

Where

Where as

Wherever

While

1. Even though you abhor soy milk, try this ice cream.

2. Where the school cares, the students care. Jerome Bruner

3. Come over so that you can see my new work.

4. I avoid supermarkets because I prefer the charm of our local food markets.

5. I will choose since it is my birthday.

6. If you surrendered to the air, you could ride it. Toni Morrison

7. We should see a play unless you have plans.

8. If you obey all the rules, you miss all the fun. Katherine Hepburn

9. After the storm regained its strength, we lit candles and read poetry.

10. Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. Matthew 6:12

11. Enjoy your wine while I play you a song.

12. On Easter, before we went to mass, the family had menudo.

Content Phrase: ContP, Cjcp

(Diagram.)

1. That many people do not vote worries me.

2. It is true that in 1929 Joan Riviére characterized womanliness as a masquerade.

3. Rakmanujan’s poetry reveals that folklore can offer a vision of postmodernity.

4. That binary opposition forms instability encapsulates Derrida’s idea of deconstruction.

5. That discourse represents the limits of philosophy illustrates the ideas of Wittgenstein.

6. Similarly, Derrida argues that nothing exists outside language or the text.

7. It was only after many viewings that the book designer’s joke dawned on me.

8. That one’s art can invoke thought and action in another person is incredible.

9. Many Europeans thought Surrealist poems were too erratic and nonsensical.

Section Three Review

(Diagram.)

1. The myth that some dialects are inferior is alive and well in many school districts.

2. If you enjoyed your meal, tell your friends; If you were disappointed, tell us!

3. Computers may excel at many tasks, but when it comes to language, humans are unbeatable.

4. Pinker’s argument that language is an instinct fills an entire book.

5. The museum owns several paintings by Murillo, Mondrian and Modigliani but does not display them currently.

Relative Phrase: Rel P, ProR

key

Rel P – Relative Phrase

ProR – relative pronoun

(Diagram.)

1. Dignity is a matter which concerns only humankind. Livy

2. Hope is the only good thing that disillusion respects. Marquis de Vauvenargues

3. People who trust us educate us. George Eliot

4. The order which hangs over human existence is mysterious.

5. Shakespeare whose biographical details are sparse remains mysterious and controversial.

6. Confused diction and trite images belong to poets whose hands smell strongly of

infelicity.

7. Knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind. Plato

8. Students who study hard test well.

9. Humans are a peripatetic species, whose genetics appear fairly homogneous.

Non- Relative Phrase: Non- RelP

(Diagram.)

1. In 1764, J. Winckelmann wrote History of the Art of Antiquity, which

supplemented his meager salary from Cardinal Albani.

2. Education empowers our children, who are the future.

3. Postmodernism, which deals with ontology, suggests that language changes

our judgment of reality.

4. Legal drugs, which are advertised in many commercials, are highly profitable.

5. Richard, who speaks Spanish, volunteers with a local ESL program.

6. My roommate, who goes out every night, complains to me about his grades.

7. Post-war poets, many of whom were Surrealists, challenged traditions.

8. Siblings from different households exhibit similar tastes and vices, which

biologists commonly note.

9. The amendment was passed by a small majority, which amounted to a

margin of a few hundred people.

Gerund Phrase: Ger P, VGer

key

Ger P – Gerund Phrase

VGer – Gerund phrase verb

Ger - Gerund

(Diagram.)

1. Justifying a fault doubles it.

2. Kleptomaniacs can’t help helping themselves.

3. Reading great books from the past resurrects great minds.

4. The students gathered signatures for increasing local health benefits.

5. Examining the effect of cultural assimilation on tradition pervades Achebe’s works.

6. By substituting an essentially different dramatic imagination, O’Neill destroyed former

conventions.

7. Constructing sentences for diagramming became the bane of my consciousness.

8. Stevens dismissed promoting a literary reputation, so that he could concern himself with

perfecting his work.

9. Experiencing performance art involves focusing attention on the art instead of

the art object.

Infinitive Phrase: Inf P, IM

(Diagram.)

1. To side with the truth is noble.

2. If you want to be happy, be. Tolstoy

3. Melanie expected him to surrender.

4. Stan began to snuffle with excitement.

5. We make up horrors to cope with the real ones. Stephen King

6. We do not have the right to abandon the poor.

7. A police state finds it cannot command the grain to grow. JFK

8. By capturing the unexpected, Antonioni’s films use the camera’s gaze to question

reality.

Participle Phrase: Part P, part

1. Those young scholars heading to New York are going to research early modern art.

2. Taking a break, Professor Carter roams the Met.

3. The European collection featuring Buonisnesgna entices her to the second floor.

4. Struck with adoration, she admired a fifteenth-century Venetian painting of a monk.

5. Holding a white lily, St. Dominic resembles Mr. Giuliani.

6. The professor, inspecting the face, remarks that “Dominic’s nose is longer and more

angular.”

7. Stoically ennobled, the monk wears a tuft of hair above his forehead.

8. The facial detail captured with light and dark colors depicts a heavy-lidded gaze.

9. Enthralled, Carter reread the painter’s biography.

10. Ordained as the patron saint of astronomy, St. Dominic allows Crivelli to explore the

time’s burgeoning interest in individuality.

Absolute Phrase: Abs P

(Diagram.)

1. The brisket cooking slowly, a hickory smoke filled the air.

2. Belinda’s heart racing, Laertes glances her way as he collapses onstage.

3. The edit being nearly completed, Bosquez called her publisher.

4. The sun setting, Trouffaut filmed crowds leaving a park.

5. O’Keefe’s art appears mystical, detached wings decorating desert landscapes.

6. His diabolic language being examined, Iago coerces with linguistic duplicity and

dramatic irony.

7. The colors intensified by natural light, this simple landscape manifests a solitary

freshness and grandeur.

8. The camera turning toward the window, nature appears again as a psychological

complexity.

9. A lioness lifted and turned her head, her senses scanning for further signs of

danger.

10. Acapulco waters lapping behind us, we are sitting here on the lip of land

and water.

(Diagram.)

1. We study literature to understand our shared humanity.

2. One writer tells us that humor is emotional chaos remembered in times of tranquility.

3. Why can I not think of a sentence that contains every structure we have examined?

4. “It is time to start living the life we have imagined.” (Henry James)

5. Imagine reading Pinker’s book for pleasure!

6. Children who feel that they get no respect often fail to respect others.

7. Why can we not have highways unspoiled by plastic bags caught on fences?

8. All factors being equal, we can expect the same results we have seen in previous experiments.

Prepositions

Common Irregular Verbs

-----------------------

Advc

1B

Section

1B

For a full chart of personal pronouns check the Ax appendix, A1-b

1 Thomas Carlyle

2 Rainer Maria Rilke

A full list of determiners appears in the appendix.

V

N

PredP

NP

VP

The direct object completes the meaning of the verb by naming a receiver of the action.

Section

1G

prep

Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things. The following are used in the subjective (nominative) case:

Singular: I, you, she/he/it

Plural: We, you, they

NP

N

PP

NP

Deg

Adj

AdjP

N

NP

N

NP

}

DET

N

NP { }

Base Form (VØ)

arise

awake

be

beat

become

begin

bend

bite

blow

break

bring

build

burst

buy

catch

choose

cling

come

cost

deal

dig

dive

do

drag

draw

dream

drink

drive

eat

fall

fight

find

fly

forget

freeze

get

give

go

grow

hang (suspend)

hang (execute)

have

hear

hide

hurt

N

V

VP

PredP

NP

S

1G

A list of prepositions appears in the appendix.

Section

1F

Proper nouns are the names of specific persons, places, and things. All other nouns are common nouns.

1F

1. Remember adverbs add description to a verb: the where, the when, the how, the why, etc. of an action or event

2. There can be multiple Adverb Phrases in a PredP

3. Adverb Phrases are movable!

Art

Dem

Q

Poss

NP Poss

We will have been receiving

We will be receiving

We were receiving

The reflexive pronouns are used to name a receiver of an action identical with the doer of the action: I hurt myself. I bought some clothes for myseal with the doer of the action: I hurt myself. I bought some clothes for myself. They are also used to intensify a noun or pronoun: They ate all the food themselves.

{

Section

R1

R1

ø

Vpart

perfθ

1C

(Deg) Adj

Aux

Section

1D

Aux

perfpast

1D

Sometimes there can be two determiners; then at least one is a Q.

Section

2C

Fut

Section

2C

Section

1C

2C

˚˚ The participle form is not used in this section.

+ N. Scott Momaday, In the

Presence of the Sun

Fut

Aux

VP

Base (Vθ) Past Tense (Vpast) Participle (Vpart)˚˚

give gave given

lie lay lain

lay laid laid

Writers and speakers frequently confuse the various forms of lie (meaning “to recline or rest on a surface”) and lay (meaning “to put or place something”). Lie is an intransitive verb: The tax forms lie on the table. The verb lay is transitive: Mary lays the tax forms on the table.

A list of common irregular verbs appears in the appendix, along with more information about verb tenses.

ø

ø

The future tense uses the auxiliary will with the base form of the verb.

Vθ

Section

2B

2B

A listing of linking verbs appears in the appendix.

Transitive verbs take direct objects, intransitive verbs take no objects, and linking verbs take words or word groups that complete the meaning of the subject by either renaming it or describing it. All these verbs may or may not take adverbial modifiers.

V

N

V

VPT

PredP

NP

PredP

1, 10Henry David Thoreau

2 William Shakespeare

3English proverb

4William Blake

5William Hazlitt

6Martha Graham

7John Arbuthnot

8German Proverb

9Emerson

11Elbert Hubbard

ø

VPL

part

-ing

(with neg /in questions )

Vpart

“will”

“have”

“be”

“do”

“do”

“be”

2A

AdjP/NP

V

VPI

PredP

Section

2A

Section

R1

R1

AdjP

Aux

Vpart

VP

VP

Vpart

Aux

VP

perfpres

More complex time relations are indicated by the perfect tenses. A verb in one of the perfect tenses (a form of have plus the past participle) expresses an action that was or will be completed at the time of another action.

2C

progθ

Aux

Fut

Aux

VP

Vprog

progpast

Aux

2D

Section

2D

VP

Vprog

progpres

Aux

VP

Vprog

Fut

perfpres

progpart

Aux

Aux

VP

progpart

Aux

Aux

VP

Vprog

Vprog

perfpast

A full description of progressive tenses appears in the appendix.

Aux

Aux

VP

Vprog

Aux

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

perfθ

progpart

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

PAST PROGRESSIVE

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

2D

Section

2D

2E

Section

2E

PRESENT PERFECT

FUTURE

PAST

PRESENT

Section

2G

PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT

2G

}

Active-voice sentences can be transformed into the passive voice, with the subject receiving the action instead. Active Voice: The little snake studies the ways of the big serpent. Passive Voice: The ways of the big serpent are studied by the little snake. The “by”-phrase is usually admitted in the passive voice. The passive voice is appropriate if you wish to emphasize the receiver of the action or to minimize the importance of the actor: Many native Hawaiians are forced to leave their beautiful beaches to make room for hotels and condominiums.

Section

2G

2G

Section

2E

2E

After helping verbs that are a form of do, use the base form of the verb. The helping verb do, does, and did are used in three ways: (1) to express a negative meaning with the adverb not or never, (2) to ask a question, and (3) to emphasize a main verb used in a positive sense.

Fut

Perf

Prog

Supp

Emph

Mod

Pass

perfθ

passpart

perfpres

passpast

Aux

Aux

VP

Vpart

Aux

Aux

Fut

Aux

VP

Vpart

perfpast

passpart

Aux

Aux

VP

Vpart

passθ

Aux

Fut

Aux

VP

Vpart

passpast

Aux

VP

Vpart

passpres

Aux

VP

Vpart

passpast

passpres

progprog

Aux

Aux

VP

Vpart

progprog

Aux

Aux

VP

Vpart

7

6

V

5

* When the direct object is a pronoun, the pronoun must separate the verb and particle.

VPI

phrasal

V

VPT

prt

2

4

3

Many verbs consist of a verb followed by a preposition look-alike known as a particle. Such as: down, on, off, up, in, and out. Transitive two-word verbs can be separated by the direct object unless their meaning is corrupted by the separation. Intransitive two-word verbs are phrasal verbs: The plane took off at noon [not took at noon off].

Section

2H

1

S NP PredP

}

}

}

PredP VP (NP) (AdvP)+

}

PredP VP (NP)

(Det) (AdjP) N (PP)

NP ({ }

2H

Prop

Aux

AdvP

1Woody Allen

Section

1H

1H

We are receiving

We have been receiving

We had been receiving

ø

give

Nouns can be combined to form compound nouns. These are very common, and new combinations are invented frequently. They consist of a noun modified by a noun in front of it: California condor, lap dog, and fish tank.

will

COMPOUND

R2

N

NP

Section

1E

1E

1G

Section

1G

V

VP

PredP

Adv

Section

1D

1D

Section

R2

NGer

V

VP

PredP

NP

S

A gerund is a noun formed from a verb, denoting an action or state (the living is easy). The gerund is formed with –ing.

Look for: Necessitates . . .

We had been given

We are given

We were given

We will be given

We have been given

We will have been given

We are being given

PROGRESSIVE PAST

We were being given

(Det) (AdjP) N

NP ( { }

Prop

(Det) N

Prop

NP { }

Prop

S NP PredP

NP N

PredP VP

VP V

Particles (prt) and Phrasal Verbs

3A

Section

3A

The coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) connect grammatically equal elements.

3B

DET

PredP

{

}

Rel-P

PP

Non-RelP

ContP

{

NP( {

ContP( Cjcp S

}

(Det)(AdjP)N

Prop

Prox

ContP

Art

Dem

Q

Poss

NP Poss

Det({ }

Fut

Perf

Prog

Supp

Emph

Mod

Pass

Aux({ }

}

}{

(NP)

(AdjP)

VPT NP (ADVP)+

VPI (ADVP)+

VPL {

PredP({

InfP

ContP

S( (Advc) (neg) V (prt)

PP( prep NP

AdjP( (Deg) Adj{ }

ContP( Cjcp S

RelP(S

ContP(S

Non-RelP(S

InfP(S

GerP(S

PartP(S

AbsP(S

{

(Det)(AdjP)N

Prop

Prox

ContP

GerP

InfP

PartP

(Deg)Adv

PP

NP

Cjs S

AbsP

InfP

PartP

AdvP( {

}

}

Do smile!

AdvP( {

(Det) (AdjP) N (PP)

Prop

Prox

NP

AdjP (deg) adj

{

}

(Deg) Adv

PP

NP

3C

Section

3B

Functioning as a single adverb or an adverb phrase, conjunctive adverbs serve to join two independent clauses. A complete list of them appears in the appendix.

Section

3C

Joined with a subordinating conjunction, subordinate clauses create a temporal, locational, or logical connection to an independent clause. They cannot stand alone.

Subordinating Conjunctions

3D

Section

3D

Using the decoder “that,” content phrases usually relate what people are thinking, saying, or feeling, so they often involve words dealing with cognition.

L

I[pic]

PP prep NP

AdvP

Det

Referring back to a noun or pronoun of a noun phrase, the relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, or that) introduces a relative phrase that adds information to the noun phrase it modifies. For example: The man who robbed us was never found.

Section

4A

Section

R3

R3

4A

4C

By adding an informative but unnecessary description, the non-relative or non-restrictive phrase uses a relative pronoun to refer back to the noun or pronoun of the noun phrase it modifies. For example: Jack, who always wore a hat, was never found

Section

4B

4B

Section

4C

Gerund phrases are built around gerunds (verb forms ending in –ing), and they are always part of a noun phrase. (Kleptomaniacs can’t help helping themselves. / Justifying a fault doubles it.) Remember from 1A that a gerund is a noun formed from a verb, denoting an action or state (The living is easy).

4E

Section

4E

Always adding description to either a noun or pronoun, the participle phrase functions in noun or adverb phrase by building a sentence with a predicate phrase that includes a present or past participle: That man smoking the pipe tips well. / Frightened by the bear, they could not sleep.

An infinitive phrase builds a sentence using an implied noun phrase, and a predicate phrase whose VP consists of the to (IM) plus the base form of the verb (Vθ): To side with the truth is noble./ To pass, she studied./ They were able to cope with this problem.

Section

4D

4D

4F

Section

4F

Functioning as an adverb phrase, an absolute phrase modifies a whole phrase or sentence, not only one word. Its predicate phrase consists of a present or past participle.

R4

Section

R4

Section

R4

R4

I

Section

1A

1A

{

Art

Dem

Q

Poss

NP Poss

Det

PP prep NP

AdvP(

(Deg) Adv

PP

NP

{

A degree modifier precedes the adjective to tell us the extent of that quality (ex. very tall, slightly crooked).

An adjective is a word used to modify, or describe, a noun. An adjective usually answers one of these questions. Which one? What kind of?

In English, it almost always goes before the N.

VP (NP) (AdvP)

+

}

{

Writing Labs

Online Writery

Purdue University Online Writing Lab

The University of Michigan OWL: Online Writing and Learning



Past Participle

kept

known

laid

led

lent

let

lain

lost

made

proved, proven

read

ridden

rung

risen

run

said

seen

sent

set

shaken

shot

shrunk, shrunken

sung

sunk

sat

slain

slept

spoken

spun

sprung

stood

stolen

stung

struck, stricken

sworn

swum

swung

taken

taught

thrown

waked, woken

worn

wrung

written

Past Tense

kept

knew

laid

led

lent

let

lay

lost

made

proved

read

rode

rang

rose

ran

said

saw

sent

set

shook

shot

shrank

sang

sank

sat

slew

slept

spoke

spun

sprang

stood

stole

stung

struck

swore

swam

swung

took

taught

threw

woke, waked

wore

wrung

wrote

Base Form (VØ)

keep

know

lay (put)

lead

lend

let

lie (recline)

lose

make

prove

read

ride

ring

rise (get up)

run

say

see

send

set (place)

shake

shoot

shrink

sing

sink

sit (be seated)

slay

sleep

speak

spin

spring

stand

steal

sting

strike

swear

swim

swing

take

teach

throw

wake

wear

wring

write

Past Participle (Vpart)

arisen

awaked, awoke

been

beaten, beat

become

begun

bent

bitten, bit

blown

broken

brought

built

burst

bought

caught

chosen

clung

come

cost

dealt

dug

dived

done

dragged

drawn

dreamed, dreamt

drunk

driven

eaten

fallen

fought

found

flown

forgotten, forgot

frozen

gotten, got

given

gone

grown

hung

hanged

had

heard

hidden

hurt

Past Tense (VPast)

arose

awoke, awaked

was, were

beat

became

began

bent

bit

blew

broke

brought

built

burst

bought

caught

chose

clung

came

cost

dealt

dug

dived, dove

did

dragged

drew

dreamed, dreamt

drank

drove

ate

fell

fought

found

flew

forgot

froze

got

gave

went

grew

hung

hanged

had

heard

hid

hurt

}

PP

ContP

RelP

NonRelP

AdjP((Deg)Adj{ }

(Deg)Adv

PP

NP

Cjs S

InfP

beneath

beside

besides

between

betwixt

beyond

by

by dint of

by means of

by reason of

by virtue of

by way of

concerning

considering

despite

down

during

ere

except

for

for the sake of

from

in

in accordance with

in addition to

in the case of

(=in the event of)

in the case of

in front of

in lieu of

in opposition to

AdvP( {

S((Advc) NP PredP (NonRelP)

VP((Aux)+ (neg) V (prt)

(AdvP)+

(ContP)

(InfP)

Appendix

Ax

A-2b

until [or till]

unto

up

upon

via

with

within

without

In place of

In regard to

Inside (of)

In spite of

Instead of

into

like

of

off

on

on the account of

on behalf of

on top of

onto

opposite (to)

out of

outside (of)

over

owing to

past

pending

regarding

regardless of

short of

since

through

throughout

to

toward(s)

under

underneath

aboard

about

above

according to

across

after

against

along

alongside (of)

alongwith

amid [or amidst]

among [or amongst]

apart from

around [or round]

as

as against

as between

as compared with

as for

aside from

aslant

astern of

as to

at

athwart

barring

because of

before

behind

below

A-1f

Appendix

Ax

PP

RelP

Non-RelP

ContP

InfP

PartP

NP( {

}

Section Four Review

Section Four Review

(VPart)

(VPast)

Past Participle

misunderstood

mown, mowed

offset

put

quit,quitted

rent

rid,ridded

sawn,sawed

sought

sold

sewn, sewed

shorn, sheared

shed

shoned, shined

shown

shut

slid

slung

slit

smelt,smelled

sown,sowed

sped,speeded

spelt,spelled

spent

spilt,spilled

spun

spat,spit

split

spoilt, spoiled

spread

stuck

stunk

stridden, strid

striven,strived

swept

swollen/

swelled

Past Tense

misunderstood

mowed

offset

put

quit, quitted

rent

rid,ridded

sawed

sought

sold

sewed

sheared

shed

shone, shined

showed

shut

slid

slung

slit

smelt,smelled

sowed

sped,speeded

spelt,spelled

spent

spilt,spilled

spun,span

spat,spit

split

spoilt,spoiled

spread

stuck

stank

strode

strove,strived

swept

swelled

Base Form (VØ)

misunderstand

mow

offset

put

quit

rend

rid

saw

seek

sell

sew

shear

shed

shine

show

shut

slide

sling

slit

smell

sow

speed

spell

spend

spill

spin

spit

split

spoil

spread

stick

stink

stride

strive

sweep

swell

Past Participle (Vpart)

borne

bereft,bereaved

besought,beseeched

beset

bet, betted

bade,bid,bidden

bound

bled

bred

broadcast

cast

crept

cutd

deepfrozen/-freezed

fed

felt

found

fled

flung

forbade,forbad

forcast

forgiven

forgone

forsaken

ground

hamstrung

heaved,hove

hit

held

knelt, kneeled

knitted,knit

leant, leaned

leapt, leaped

learnt, learned

left

lit, lighted

lost

meant

met

miscast

misled

misspelt, misspelled

mistaken

Past Tense (VPast)

bore

bereft,bereaved

besought,beseeched

beset

bet, betted

bade,bid

bound

bled

bred

broadcast

cast

crept

cut

deepfroze/-freezed

fed

felt

found

fled

flung

forbade, forbad

forecast

forgave

forwent

forsook

ground

hamstrung

heaved,hove

hit

held

knelt, kneeled

knitted, knit

leant,leaned

leapt, leaped

learnt, learned

left

lit, lighted

lost

meant

met

miscast

misled

misspelt, misspelled

mistook

Base Form (VØ)

bear

bereave

beseech

beset

bet

bid

bind

bleed

breed

broadcast

cast

creep

cut

deepfreeze

feed

feel

find

flee

fling

forbid

forcast

forgive

forgo

forsake

grind

hamstring

heave

hit

hold

kneel

knit

lean

leap

learn

leave

light

lose

mean

meet

miscast

mislead

misspell

mistake

Common Irregular Verbs

A-2b

Appendix

Ax

(VPart)

(Det)(AdjP)N

Prop

Prox

ContP

GerP

InfP

PartP

(Deg)Adv

PP

NP

Cjs S

AbsP

InfP

PartP

AdvP( {

}

…

Non-RelP

ContP

InfP

PartP

{

(VPast)

NP( {

S( S Cjc NP

NP( NP Cjc NP

PredP( PredP Cjc NP

VP( VP Cjc VP

AdvP(AdvP Cjc AdvP

AdjP( AdjP Cjc AdjP

S( (Advc) NP PredP

ContP( Cjcp S

}

(Deg) Adv

PP

ProP

Prox

ContP

AdvP( {

Emphimp

Aux

Vθ

(NP)

|To Lay |Active |

|Present |The hen lies on her couch. |

|Past |The hen lay on her couch. |

|Future |The hen will lie on her couch. |

|Present Perfect |The hen has lain on her couch. |

|Past Perfect |The hen had lain on her couch. |

|Future Perfect |The hen will have lain on her couch. |

|Progressive Present |The hen is lying on her couch. |

|Progressive Past |The hen was lying on her couch. |

|Progressive Future |The hen will be lying on her couch. |

|Progressive Present Perfect |The hen has been lying on her couch. |

|Progressive Past Perfect |The hen had been lying on her couch. |

|Progressive Future Perfect |The hen will have been lying on her couch. |

Section Two Review

R2

Section

R2

ø

ø

part

-ing

(with neg /in questions )

Vpart

“will”

“have”

“be”

“do”

“do”

“be”

Aux

Fut

Perf

Prog

Supp

Emph

Mod

Pass

ø

+

+

+

S( (Advc) NP PredP

S( S Cjc NP

NP( NP Cjc NP

PredP( PredP Cjc NP

VP( VP Cjc VP

AdvP(AdvP Cjc AdvP

AdjP( AdjP Cjc AdjP

“will” (

“have” part

“be”-ing

“do”V(

“do” V(

“I’” V(

“be” Vpart

}

Fut

Perf

Prog

Supp

Emph

Mod

Pass

Aux

{

+

VP( (Aux) V

Look for: Necessitates . . .

NP

AdjP

{

VPT N (AdvP)

VPI (AdvP)

VPL{ } (AdvP)

PredP(

}

}

Rel-P

PP

Non-RelP

ContP

InfP

{

}

Rel-P

PP

Non-RelP

ContP

{

InfP( S

}

(Det)(AdjP)N

Prop

Prox

ContP

GerP

InfP

NP( {

GerP( S

}

(Det)(AdjP)N

Prop

Prox

ContP

GerP

NP( {

}

(Det)(AdjP)N

Prop

Prox

ContP

NP( {

ContP( Cjcp S

}

(Deg) Adv

PP

ProP

Prox

ContP

S

PredP

Suppimp

neg

Aux

Vθ

(NP)

S

PredP

S

Vimp

VP

PredP

(NP)

AdjP / NP

VP

VP

In imperative sentences, which give advice or commands, the subject is an understood you. [You] Hitch your wagon to a star. [You] Don’t litter.

Imperative Sentences: Vimp, Suppimp, Emphimp

Section

2F

2F

(Diagram.)

1. Dance with your friends!

2. Do not litter!

3. Use the force!

4. Do not yell!

5. In a straight line, walk forward!

6. Do not forget about your recyclables.

7. Go to class!

8. Do not disrespect me!

9. Join the Peace Corps!

10. Rock the vote!

11. Don’t set your wit against a child. Jonathan Swift

Be kind/a pal.

Do not worry.

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