The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible - 43.2 The Drop

The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible

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Hebrew Letters, Words and Roots Defined Within Their Ancient Cultural Context

Jeff A. Benner

Cover design by Jeff A. Benner. Ancient Inscription photo taken at the University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archeology and Anthropology by the author. The inscription reads "Sh'ma" meaning hear (see Duet 6.4) and is inscribed on a piece of broken pottery dated 586 to 450 BCE.

"The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible," by Jeff A. Benner. ISBN 1-58939-776-2.

Published 2005 by Publishing Inc., P.O. Box 9949, College Station, TX 77842, US. 2005, Jeff A. Benner. All rights reserved. Any part of this book may be copied for non-profit educational purposes only, without prior permission. Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932420

Acknowledgments

I would first like to thank my wife Denise for her patience and encouragement. I am extremely blessed to have been privileged with her as a gift from above and the one who has been my continual companion and confidant. She has always supported me in this endeavor and allowed me the space and time for research and writing. Without her devotion and inspiration this work would never have come to fruition.

I am also grateful to Dr. Larry S. Hirsch. Without his initial introduction into Hebrew thought and language and his instruction in Biblical studies I would never have started this journey into the Ancient Hebrew thought, culture and language.

Also my friend Michael Calpino who continually supported my studies in the Hebrew language, listened to my discoveries and assisted me by working out many word and root origins and meanings.

I would also like to thank the hundreds of people who have supported my work at the Ancient Hebrew Research Center Website with their suggestions, corrections and encouragement.

There are also many great Hebrew scholars who, with their research and work, have laid the foundations for me and others interested in the Hebrew culture and language who are much deserving of our thanks.

The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................. 3

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 8

PURPOSE OF THE LEXICON ........................................................................................... 8 The written word ..................................................................................................... 8 The word meaning ................................................................................................... 8 Where is the Hebrew? ............................................................................................. 8 The original Hebrew ............................................................................................... 8

PERSPECTIVE OF THE LEXICON..................................................................................... 9 WEBSITE .................................................................................................................... 10

ANCIENT HEBREW THOUGHT ............................................................................ 11

ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE........................................................................................ 11 APPEARANCE AND FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................ 12 STATIC AND DYNAMIC ............................................................................................... 13

THE ANCIENT HEBREW ALPHABET ................................................................. 14

EVOLUTION OF THE HEBREW ALPHABET ................................................................... 14 THE AYIN AND GHAH................................................................................................. 16

One Word - Two Meanings.................................................................................... 16 Greek Transliterations of the Ghah....................................................................... 17 Impact on Ancient Hebrew Studies........................................................................ 17 THE SAMECH, SHIN AND SIN ...................................................................................... 18 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL HEBREW ALPHABET ......................................... 18 Letter Characteristics............................................................................................ 19

THE RECONSTRUCTED ALPHABET................................................................... 20

AL.............................................................................................................................. 20 BET ............................................................................................................................ 21 GAM........................................................................................................................... 22 DAL............................................................................................................................ 22 HEY............................................................................................................................ 23 WAW.......................................................................................................................... 23 ZAN............................................................................................................................ 24 HHETS........................................................................................................................ 25 THET .......................................................................................................................... 25 YAD ........................................................................................................................... 26 KAPH ......................................................................................................................... 26 LAM ........................................................................................................................... 27

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The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible

MAH........................................................................................................................... 27 NUN ........................................................................................................................... 28 SIN ............................................................................................................................. 28 AYIN .......................................................................................................................... 29 PEY ............................................................................................................................ 29 TSAD .......................................................................................................................... 30 QUPH ......................................................................................................................... 30 RESH .......................................................................................................................... 31 SHIN........................................................................................................................... 31 TAW ........................................................................................................................... 32 GHAH ......................................................................................................................... 32 HEBREW ALPHABET CHART....................................................................................... 33

THE HEBREW ROOT SYSTEM ............................................................................. 34

PARENT ROOTS .......................................................................................................... 34 CHILD ROOTS............................................................................................................. 34 ADOPTED ROOTS........................................................................................................ 35 RECONSTRUCTION OF ROOTS ..................................................................................... 36

THE HEBREW LANGUAGE ................................................................................... 37

VERBS........................................................................................................................ 37 Person ................................................................................................................... 37 Number .................................................................................................................. 37 Gender................................................................................................................... 37 Tense ..................................................................................................................... 37 Voice...................................................................................................................... 38 Mood ..................................................................................................................... 38 Verb Conjugations................................................................................................. 38

NOUNS ....................................................................................................................... 39 Noun Derivatives................................................................................................... 39 Feminine Derivatives ............................................................................................ 39 Combination Derivatives....................................................................................... 39 Plural Nouns ......................................................................................................... 39 Grammatical Tools................................................................................................ 40

DETERMINING THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF HEBREW WORDS ..................................... 40 LETTER EVOLUTION................................................................................................... 41 ANCIENT HEBREW PRONUNCIATION .......................................................................... 42

Spirants and Stops ................................................................................................. 42 Vowels ................................................................................................................... 42 Syllables ................................................................................................................ 42 Masoretic Vowels .................................................................................................. 43 Transliterations ..................................................................................................... 44

LEXICON FORMAT.................................................................................................. 45

PARENT AND ADOPTED ROOT FORMAT...................................................................... 45 CHILD ROOT FORMAT ................................................................................................ 46

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