Medical Terminology



Medical Terminology

Anterior (ventral) – nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal) – nearer to or at the back of the body

Superior (cephalic or cranial) – towards the head or the upper part of a structure

Inferior (caudal) – away from the head or towards the lower part of the structure

Medial - nearer to the midline of the body or a structure

Lateral – away from the midline of the body

Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body

Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body

Proximal – nearer to the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or structure

Distal – farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk of a structure

Superficial – toward the surface of the body

Deep – away from the surface of the body

ABDuction - To move away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb

ADDuction – To move inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb

Inversion – Turning the foot medially resulting in the sole moving inward

Eversion – Turning the foot latererally resulting in the sole moving outward

Pronation – rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving posteriorly, or down.

Supination – rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving anteriorly, or up.

Dorsiflexion – movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg. Moving the toes towards the shin

Plantar flexion – Extension of the ankle resulting in the forefoot moving away from the body. Pointing the toes

Sign – objective indicators that are observable by others

- swelling, bleeding

Symptom – experienced only by the patient; subjective

- nausea, dizziness, sore throat

Etiology – the causes of a disease or injury

Diagnosis – establishing the cause and nature of a disease or injury and the opinion derived from the evaluation

Prognosis – a prediction of the outcome of a disease or injury

ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS

Clinical Subdivisions

Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant

RUQ LUQ

Right Lower Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant

RLQ LLQ

Injury Classifications

When dealing with sports injuries, it is vital that correct medical terminology is used to avoid confusion.

1. Sprains

- injuries to ligaments

- ligaments are connective tissue that connect bones to bones

- 3 categories:

a. 1st degree sprain

mild, minimal swelling, and only minor ligament damage

b. 2nd degree sprain

- damage to ligament (partial tear)

- increased pain, swelling, and abnormal motion

c. 3rd degree sprain

- complete ligament tear

- extensive damage, pain, and swelling

- significant hemorrhage – discharge of blood

2. Strains

- injuries to muscles, tendons, or the junction between the 2 – the musculotendinous junction (MTJ)

- MTJ is most common location of a strain

- Grading system follows same system as sprains

3. Contusions

- a bruise

- probably the most common sports injury

- signs and symptoms:

a. pain, stiffness, and swelling

b. ecchymosis – discoloration

- if improperly treated, can lead to a condition known as myositis ossificans – the growth of bonelike structures in the muscle tissue

4. Fractures

- a break or crack in a bone

- 2 classifications

a. open fracture

bone pierces through the skin; must control bleeding

b. closed fracture

bone does not pierce through the skin

- types of fractures

a. Greenstick

incomplete break in the bone

b. Impacted

broken ends of the bone are wedged into each other

c. Comminuted

bone breaks into several fragments

d. Spiral

occurs due to twisting, the break is ragged

- Signs and Symptoms of Fractures

▪ Pain at fracture site

▪ Sound or sensation of something breaking

▪ Crepitation – grating or grinding sound

▪ Deformity – swelling, protrusion, limb shortening

▪ LOSS OF FUNCTION DOES NOT ALWAYS ACCOMPANY A FRACTURE

- First Aid for Fractures

▪ Protect injured area

Splint: only if no increase in pain

In the position that you find it

Immobilize the joint above and below the

fracture

▪ Check for proper circulation distally – no circulation is a medical emergency

▪ Control bleeding

5. Stress Fractures

- develop over a long period of time

- stress to bone exceeds recovery rate

- may not be visible with x-rays

- may be diet related, especially in females

6. Dislocations

- “the displacement of contiguous surfaces of bones comprising a joint” (Booher and Thibodeau, 1989)

a. Subluxation

partial displacement

b. Luxation

total displacement

- involves extensive damage to ligaments

7. Bursitis

- an inflammation of a bursa sac

- a bursa is a fluid- containing sac that reduces friction between 2 surfaces

8. Tendinitis

- inflammation of a tendon

- Tendons are connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

COMMON TREATMENT FOR SPORTS INJURIES:

R = rest

I = ice

C = compression

E = elevation

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