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Katie NotesCapitalism vs socialism chart – they don’t get itImperialism primary sourcesIndustrial revolution DBQSOL ContentCauses of the French RevolutionInfluence of Enlightenment ideasInfluence of the American RevolutionEvents of the French RevolutionStorming of the BastilleReign of TerrorOutcomes of the French RevolutionEnd of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVIRise of NapoleonRepresentative composers, artists, philosophers, and writersJohann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composerWolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical composerVoltaire: PhilosopherMiguel de Cervantes: NovelistEugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)New schools of art and forms of literaturePainting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people ( forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).TechnologiesAll-weather roads improved year round transport and trade.New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transportLatin America in 1800Characteristics of the colonial systemColonial governments mirrored the home governments.Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority.HavanaMexico CityLimaS?o PauloBuenos AiresRigid class structureViceroys / colonial officersCreolesMestizosInfluence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin AmericaSlaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800sMexicoHaitiColombiaVenezuelaBrazilContributions of Toussaint L’OuvertureFormer slave who led Haitian rebellion against FrenchDefeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and BritainContributions of Simón BolivarNative resident who led revolutionary effortsLiberated the northern areas of Latin AmericaImpact of the Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823.Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.Legacy of NapoleonUnsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French dominationNapoleonic CodeAwakening of feelings of national pride and growth of nationalismLegacy of the Congress of Vienna“Balance of power” doctrineRestoration of monarchiesNew political map of EuropeNew political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism.The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.Unification of ItalyCount Cavour unified Northern Italy.Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.Unification of GermanyOtto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.Industrial RevolutionOriginated in England because of its natural resources (e.g., coal, iron ore) and the invention and improvement of the steam engineSpread to Europe and the United StatesRole of cotton textile, iron, and steel industriesRelationship to the British Enclosure MovementRise of the factory system and demise of cottage industriesRising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the worldTechnological advances that produced the Industrial RevolutionSpinning jenny: James HargreavesSteam engine: James WattCotton gin: Eli WhitneyProcess for making steel: Henry BessemerAdvancements in science and medicineDevelopment of smallpox vaccination: Edward JennerDiscovery of bacteria: Louis PasteurImpacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countriesPopulation increaseIncreased standards of living for many but not allImproved transportationUrbanizationEnvironmental pollutionIncreased educationDissatisfaction of working classCapitalismAdam Smith’s The Wealth of NationsRole of market competition and entrepreneurial abilitiesImpact on standard of living and the growth of the middle classDissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in societySocialism and communismKarl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das KapitalResponse to the injustices of capitalismImportance to communists of redistribution of wealthThe nature of work in the factory systemFamily-based cottage industries displaced by the factory systemHarsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wagesChild labor that kept costs of production low and profits highOwners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborersImpact of the Industrial Revolution on slaveryThe cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.Social effects of the Industrial RevolutionWomen and children entering the workplace as cheap laborIntroduction of reforms to end child laborExpansion of educationWomen’s increased demands for suffrageThe rise of labor unionsEncouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditionsLobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and childrenWanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and managementNationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.Forms of imperialismColoniesProtectoratesSpheres of influenceImperialism in Africa and AsiaEuropean dominationEuropean conflicts carried to the coloniesChristian missionary effortsSpheres of influence in ChinaSuez CanalEast India Company’s domination of Indian statesAmerica’s opening of Japan to tradeResponses of colonized peoplesArmed conflicts (e.g., events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)Rise of nationalism (e.g., first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)Unit 4 – Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony, 1750-1914Dominated by growing European imperialism, no longer limited to coastal areasCommercial penetration, even in non-colonies (previous dominant empires)All leaders had to decide what Western elements to adopt and imitateStarts: During 1750, forces creating the Industrial Revolution took shape: rapid population growth, expansion of manufacturing, new inventionsEurope’s dominance: French seize Egypt, Britain controls India, China’s markets open, Britain and France defeat Russia, US opens JapanEnds: outbreak of WWI, which led to end of West’s dominance (Japan’s rise, Russian revolution)Industrial revolutionTechnological change – application of fuel-powered engines as key source of energy (instead of people or animals). New automatic processes for manufacturing.Fueled by population pressures, prior development of manufacturing, science, government policies (patents), investment capital and trade revenueStarted in Britain in textiles – Watt’s steam engine. Later, American interchangeable partsTransformed human use of nature and environmentSocial changes – urbanization, suburbanization; leisure and family changed, women’s roles receded into the homeIncreased military power of the West, economic dominance forced increased dependency and opened othersPopulation movements (529)Decline in Western birthrates – children less useful for workDrew workers from farms into cities, immigrants to industrial areasSlave trade ended, immigrants recruited instead – Asian minorities across the worldDiversity in the Age of Western DominanceConversion to Islam in sub-Saharan AfricaLatin American nation building after independenceIncorporation of US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Russian and Japanese modernizationChina and Ottomans maintained independence but lost groundAfrica colonizedMajor Themes TransformedHuman ability to change the environment expandedTransportation and military technologies made isolation near impossible, international agencies arose and set rules. Made more connectionsSocial and economic inequalities increased within and between civilizations. Women’s role devalued. People had to accept rules and roles they did not choose (taxes, means of production)GlobalizationExpanded global trade and communication from steamship, telegraph, radio and telephone. International companies formed. Political responses lagged. Cultural globalization, as well as hegemony, occurredChapter 23 – The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914(535) two main themes of Western society in this time periodPolitical upheaval (age of revolutions)From monarchies to votingExportation of Western European institutions to the US and AustraliaNew cultural styles, diplomatic upheavals (Germany and US, alliance system)The Age of Revolution (536)Forces of changeCultural: intellectual activity of Enlightenment challenging inequalities and illiberties. Gap between intellectuals and mercialization stirring the economy. Rich businesspeople challenged dominance of aristocrats; artisans and peasants challenged changesPopulation revolution – efficient border patrols limiting disease spread, improved nutrition (potato). Decrease in infant mortality so more people and more people having babiesPeople driven into working class because nothing left to inheritCaused expansion of domestic manufacturing (proto-industrialization)Property-less class of wage workers changed behaviorsThe American Revolution (537)War for independence, resisting tax and trade controlsColonists create a new government; aid from French, won freedom and established a Constitution based on Enlightenment principlesCrisis in France in 1789 (538)Enlightenment thinkers wanted to limit power of church, aristocracy, and monarchy. Middle-class wanted more political say. Peasants wanted more freedom from landlordsFrench government unable to reform and generally ineffective. Louis XVI compelled to create a true parliament from the assembly, middle-class majority created new government with strong parliament and individual rightsThe French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases Civil war as aristocrats and church resisted and neighbors were opposed. Radicals invented the guillotine, beheaded the king and others – Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre. Revolutionary armies defeated French enemies and captured territoryNationalism created – loyalty to the regime and country – and replaced older loyaltiesRadicals fell, calm period, then Napoleon Bonaparte turned the republic into an authoritarian empire, limiting freedom and parliament but creating a bureaucracyNapoleon started wars and captured most of western Europe, but failed in invasion of Russia and defeated by Britain-led alliance in 1814 and 1815Spread the idea of equality and attack on aristocracy, church, and guilds throughout Europe. Created nationalism across Europe (part of his defeat), opportunities for national loyalty in Germany in ItalyA Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy (541)Congress of Vienna in 1815, diplomats established balance of power to prevent France from going crazy again. Kept about 100 years of stability but not internal peaceTried to restore monarchies, conservatives wanted that. Liberals wanted to open up government to representation and protect rights from the government. Also were radicals who went further than liberals (more for lower class)Also socialists and nationalistsRevolutions in 1820 and 1830 1820 Greek nationalists against Ottoman Empire, rebellion in Spain1830 France got a liberal monarchy; Italy and Germany; Belgium to create new countryUS and Britain also, expanded voting rights to contain these forcesIndustrialization and the Revolutions of 1848Industrialization created unrest for factory workers, fear for skilled artisans. Lower-class protestsFrench revolted first, got rid of monarchy for good. Spread to Germany, Austria, Hungary who demanded social reforms that the conservatives and middle-class rejectedSome changes, no more serfdom, but no big lasting changes. Other forces changed the situation so money/business, not aristocracy dominatedThe Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 (543)Industrialization and urbanization increased by rail and canal links; improved sanitation and other solutions to growth problems; crime rates droppedAdjustments to Industrial Life (544)Demographic transition: Birth rates dropped as death rates declined, children seen as responsibility not worksHealth improved, people got luxuries. Especially advancements for childrenCorporations expanded, labor organized, peasant protests declined as they organized or educated their children and became less isolatedPolitical Trends and the Rise of New NationsMore political stability: Liberals learned to compromise and conservatives reformed, so more stability. Disraeli (Britain) and Bismarck (Prussia) granted working-class voting rights. Also, nationalism was used to support exiting social order, sometimes using foreign policyUnification of Italy (Cavour) and Germany (Bismarck), both used wars to expand power relative to the other provincesThe Social Question and New Government Functions (547)After 1870, all governments expanded roles and size; civil service exams. Schooling expanded, creating political loyalty and social agendas and nationalism. More welfare programs, especially Germany and Britain. Social issues replaced constitutional issues in debate (the social question)Socialism. Marx says propertyless proletariat would be repressed until it revolts, achieving full freedoms for all people, ending the need for classes and governments. Socialism grew in the new politics with unionization, but when in power, worked to moderate reformsFeminist movements sought political and economic equality for womenCultural Transformations (550)Emphasis on Consumption and LeisureNew opportunities for new middle class, popular consumption possible with factory production, advertising creates fads. Mass leisure culture emerged with entertainment, vacations, and sports.Growing secularism, belief in progress and planning, but also leisure/passionAdvances in Scientific Knowledge (551)Science and rationalism continued to dominate religion, universities found applications, kept idea of progress. Science applied everywhere: technology, medicine, agriculture, biology (Darwin and evolution), physics (Einstein’s theories), social sciences (Freud in psychology)New Directions in Artistic ExpressionArt glorified the irrational: romanticism (emotion and impression key to human experience and nature). Broke with traditions, art for art’s sake.So no clear synthesis in Western culture at or between levels, people worried that these tensions could become dangerous.Western Settler Societies (552)Industrial Revolution expands West’s power – need new markets, and new raw materials and agriculture, so more came from Africa and Latin America. Expanded military advantage: steamships let guns go inland, rifle and machine gun. Colonies spread due to nationalistic rivalry, business seeking profit, and missionaries. [still 3 Gs]Also create settler societies as in South Africa, America, Australia, New Zealand. Lots of European immigrants that brought Western culture.Emerging Power of the United States (554)Less important than other colonies, then focused on internal development and westward expansion. Influenced revolutionary activity in EuropeCivil War boosted industrialization, transcontinental railroad developed, weapons manufacturers looked for new markets after the war and other industries followed.Diplomacy and art not influential until WWIEuropean Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New ZealandStayed part of British empire, who managed their rights better than the American colonies. Settled western Canada with new immigrants and railroads. Ignored the aborigines in Australia, converted the Maori in New Zealand. All parliamentary systems, all dependant on BritainDiplomatic Tensions and World War I (558)Unification of Germany and full division of influence of rest of the world caused new political alignments and balance of power conflicts – France moved toward Britain, both opposed GermanyThe New Alliance SystemTriple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, and France. Both developed large armies in peacetime. Austria and Russia both faced internal trouble and played in the Balkans.Balkan nationalism – some won independence from Ottomans, then were fought over by empire neighbors; Russia encouraged and Austria was threatened by nationalism for Slavic minoritiesSerbian nationalists assassinate Austrian archduke, mobilizing the alliances into a warDiplomacy and SocietyNationalist competition got out of hand. Leaders sought diplomatic victories to distract people from social protest, all aimed to war for national unity, used military buildups to fuel the economy, industry wanted markets, newspapers wanted sales and created popular culture for warActually excited for the warChapter 24 – Industrialism and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global OrderEuropeans now sought raw materials to feed industry, as well as markets. Finally broke balance of payments issue to Asia – exported more than it importedMissionaries still went, but not sponsored by governments. Europe no longer threatened by other peoples, even Muslims, so now fears about internal rivalries drove them.Technology and organization meant that everyone was influenced by European imperialismThe Shift to Land Empires in Asia (564)Europeans partitioned the world, now controlled from Europe rather than local officialsPrototype: The Dutch Advance on Java (565)Dutch intervened in wars and demanded territorial control as reward.Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in IndiaBritish, like Dutch, used local Indian troops (sepoys) when intervening. Fought for local princes, but then became a dominant force on their ownExpansion of British Raj linked to rivalry between Britain and France, fought several global conflicts with Britain almost always winningBritain defeated Indians because they exploited local divisions, bribed and spied on armies, paid soldiers well, and had better artilleryThe Consolidation of British Rule (568)Regional Indian princes took over as Mughals collapsed, but Britain steadily advanced out from Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, the centers of the presidencies. Sometimes British left princely states in tact but controlled them through agents at court.No Indian nationalism, Muslims and Hindus were split, Indian princes fought each other.British used Indian troops in other colonies, and most investment went to IndiaEarly Colonial Society in India and Java (569)Europeans formed a new class on top of old social system, used existing aristocrats and rulers. But also adopted local customs (which were better suited to conditions) and even their dress and work habits.Social Reform in the Colonies (570)By end of 18th century, Britain forced to reform when colonial officials were too corrupt, cheating the company and natives and causing famines. Government took over parts of East India Company, limited Indian participation in empireSocial reform movement started at home, Evangelical religious revival and Utilitarian philosophers wanted to improve Indian society with Western educationWanted to end sati. Felt superior to Indians, consciously sought to transmit their culture to non-Western peoples. (taught them the values that led to independence)Western Education and the Rise of an African and Asian Middle Class (box 571-572)Europeans provided Western education to train their office workers. Could pay them less than Europeans. British wanted to spread science and production, or Western morality. French nationalism was cultural so they taught language and food, and used colonies to keep up population – became full citizens of France if they were schooled.Education helped disparate groups communicate and created a middle class of people united by alienation from other groups, eventually agitating for independence using European valuesIndustrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914 (573)Rivalries and economic competition saw drive for colonies for status, markets, and materials. Colonies could help deal with frequent economic depressions. Communications helped political leaders control colonial decisions (telegraphs, railroads, steamships). Also now driven by public opinionUnequal Combat: Colonial Wars and the Apex of European Imperialism (573)Artillery and better guns let Europeans dominate. There was resistance in war and by guerrillas. Religious leaders helped these movementsPatterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change (576)Tropical dependencies in Africa, Asia, South Pacific: small number of Europeans ruled many peoples. Also settlement colonies, like Canada and Australia or Chile and Argentina, where European settlers and descendants were most of the population. Or, a mix, as in New Zealand or Algeria or Kenya. Europeans and indigenous people foughtColonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies (578)Exploited divisions in colonies to control the people, favored a minority (Christian if possible) to become the civil service and police. Mostly used local elitesIn Africa, little education except what missionaries brought; racial prejudices influenced this. Prevented African middle-class growthChanging Social Relations Between Colonizer and ColonizedWith more Europeans in the colonies, they interacted less with natives. Mixed marriages declined. More missionaries and European pastors, and wives, helped this trend.White racial supremacy peaked before WWI. Thought to be backed by science. Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction (580)Europeans used locals to manage, taught them Western-techniques.Colonized people forced to cheaply produce raw materials, basically forced labor. Economies reorganized – roads and railroads – to send materials to ports to ship to Europe. Expansion of mining, much land converted to commodity production. Profits went to EuropeansSettler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific (582)Indigenous peoples wiped out in the Americas and Australia. In other places, indigenous peoples remained and competed with European immigrantsSouth AfricaCape Town a Dutch shipping station, but Boers moved inland. When British took over, Boers moved further inland and fought with Zulus and other Bantu people. British were forced to fight the Boer War, won, but then let whites control blacksPacific TragediesAlways ends poorly for the indigenous peoples as cultures are disruptedNew Zealand: Maori hit by alcoholism and prostitution, guns made their fights more deadly, and got diseases. But then adopted Western techniques and Christianity. Then British farmers and herders arrived in 1840s, fought the Maori, but they eventually retained much of their cultureHawaii: locals decided some Westernization could create a unified kingdom, so he did and brought in Western merchants and missionaries. Diseases hurt population, so imported Asian workers. Westerners exploited the economy more. Hawaiian monarchs weakened, planters asked for relationship with USChapter 25 – The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920From Colonies to Nations (590)Creoles, and majority, resented colonial governments, but upper classes feared lower class alliesCauses of Political ChangeInfluenced by American Revolution, the non-radical parts of the French Revolution, and the Haitian RevolutionToussaint L’Overture led slave rebellion against the French who failed to maintain itFrance invaded Portugal and Spain, causing confusion about who ruledSpanish American Independence Struggles (591)Conservative Creoles eventually supported a revolution in Mexico in 1821, set up a monarchy but no social changes. Then became a republic after not longSouth America and Caribbean independence chronology reversed colonization. Argentina and Venezuela went first, Peru was last, with Cuba and Puerto Rico (who feared slave rebellion and had Spanish troops). Simon Bolivar led revolt in northern South America, won multiple countries’ independence and created Gran Colombia, which then fell. Southern South America had Hose de San Martin in Rio de la Plata. Both were military commanders who pushed for independence. All independent by 1825, all representative governmentsBrazilian Independence (593)Early movements failed because rich Brazilians feared social revolutionPortuguese royal family fled Napoleon to Brazil, so it was raised to equal status with Portugal and ports were opened to all ships. When king was recalled, Brazilians recognized they would lose their new status. The king’s son, as regent, declared independence and became emperor. Fought the Portuguese briefly, but revolution changed little politically or sociallyNew Nations Confront Old and New Problems (593)Early leaders were egalitarian, abolished slavery (except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil) but much more slowly stopped tax/tribute for American Indians. Elites feared masses were unprepared for democracy, so property or literacy restrictions on voting were common (and no women). Old color distinctions did not disappear easilyPolitical FragmentationRegional rivalries and competition prevented any larger unified nation. Gran Colombia fell as Bolivar lost favor. Argentina could not hold on to neighbors. Andean nations too afraid of neighbors to stay united.Caudillos, Politics, and the Church (595)Wars of independence disrupted economies and caused devastation. Many geographic barriers, poor transportation links.Caudillos – independent local leaders who commanded military loyalties – sometimes captured the government. Army determined when governments could survive or fall, so military spending was unnecessarily highCentralists vs. federalists in many places, liberals (individual rights) and conservatives (strong central government, “corporate” (membership in group) social organization). Public cared little about political ideologyChurch divided conservatives from secular liberals. Church fought back for power.Constitutions and presidents did not last long for first 50 years of independence. Typical of post-colonial countries, needing order and economic security with limited optionsLatin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 (598)European wanted to recolonize South America, but Britain (with naval supremacy) was not on board, and US with Monroe Doctrine was opposed also.Britain became a neocolonial economic force by investing and selling manufactured goods. Open trade hurt local industry and increased dependenceMid-Century StagnationFrom 1820-1850, except Cuban sugar economy, but it was still a colony. European expansion after 1850 triggered demand for Latin American goods. Exports allowed resolution of social issues – could afford to end tribute from Native Americans. Cities and internal markets grew, technology helped transportation problems. Now economies depended on exports.Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics (599)Liberals returned to power, based on positivism (observation and scientific approach to social problems). New leaders believed in progress and education, but not always the publicGeneral economic expansion caused new demands for copper and rubber and other products. Population expanded, economies grew. But landownders expanded their holdings and more tenants and disguised servitudeMexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention (601)1824 constitution did not solve social problems. Santa Anna took control in response to liberal attacks on church and status quo. A caudillo. Instability and financial trouble made Mexico a target – American settlers in Texas, Mexican-American War.Loss triggered nationalism and liberal opposition, new constitution. Also major failure in land redistribution. Conservatives and church were opposed, new civil war, and conservatives convinced Napoleon III to send Maximillian, an Austrial Hapsburg, to be emperor. He tried and failed and was executed by Benito Juarez. Porfirio Diaz became president and virtual dictator, created economic growth but repressionArgentina: The Port and the Nation (602)A colonial backwater until late in the period. Liberals gained power in 1820, as in Mexico, reforms led to more elite power and a conservative/church backlash. By 1862, a new republic and period of prosperity with liberal political reforms.The Brazilian Empire (604)At first autocratic, republican government behind monarchical fa?ade. Regional revolts put down by military. Coffee as major export, intensified slavery and slave trade until 1888. After 1850, economic growth and development, foreign investment, immigrant labor. Monarchy weakened due to war against Paraguay, military entrance in politics, fights with the church. Positivism influenced intellectuals. Abolition hurt the planter class, and the emperor who supported them, so in 1889 a military coup ended itPeasant unrest was one result, violently repressedSocieties in Search of Themselves (606)Cultural Expression After IndependenceEuropeans visited and spread cultures, elites adopted European fashions and neoclassical architectures. Turned to romanticism in 1830s, realism in 1870sOld Patterns of Gender, Class, and RaceNot all groups affected by change. Women gained little, few legal or social rights, though they got more educationColor-based classes legally eliminated but still in practiceEven positivists willing to trade freedom for growth. Large landholdings increased so small white Creole upper class controlled economies and politicsThe Great Boom, 1880-1920 (610)Export-led expansion of tropical crops and raw materials, profited from demand. But it made them vulnerable and still dependent. Also, could result in rivalry and war for control of resources.Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic TransformationRailroads grew and industrialization took place after Diaz became president. Lots of foreign investment. Growth and modernization, but hurt the peasants and urban working class, causing strikes and unrest while Diaz rigged things to keep power. In 1910, middle-class limited protest became a general uprising – the Mexican RevolutionArgentina’s economy expanded rapidly around Buenos Aires. Technological transformation (refrigerated ships) helped exports. Attracted immigrants that helped to Europeanize Argentina, unlike Mexico. Workers and Socialists tried to gain power, leading to repression but some internal reforms after 1910.Uncle Sam Goes South (613)US after Civil War looked toward Latin America to invest and trade, new markets and need raw materials. US became imperialistic after Spanish-American War in 1898, direct involvement in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Created Panama Canal – show of technological and industrial strength of the US.Chapter 26 – Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartland, and Qing ChinaIn early 18th century, appeared that the Ottomans were about to collapse while China was strong, but 100 years later they flipped. But Europe exceeded and defeated bothFrom Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey (619)Weak rulers brought on internal crises and power struggles amongst elites. Local landowners and officials took more power and kept tax revenue. European competition hurt artisans, more European goods came in as merchants were more dependent on Europeans.Austria attacked territories in Hungary and the Balkans. Russia after Peter the Great attacked Caucasus and Black Sea areasReform and Survival (621)European rivalries helped prop up the Ottoman Empire, but the sultans reformed throughout the 19th century, which caused conflict with the elite groups.In the 1820s, Mahmud II slaughtered the Janissaries, forced provincial nobles to submit, then engaged in reforms. Westernized diplomacy and military.Tanzimat reforms from 1839-1876: university education like west, training in science and math. Communications and transportation, newspapers, constitution and legal reforms (helped minorities especially).Artisans resisted reforms and open trade, women did not gain muchRepression and Revolt (623)But now Western-educated bureaucrats opposed the sultan, clashed with old elites. Oppressive sultan overthrown in 1908 by the Young Turks, restored the constitution, retained figurehead sultan. But they lost wars in the Balkans and then WWI, so the empire was lost forever.Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands (624)Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798: showed Muslim ignorance of Europe, relative weakness of Islamic armies (Mamluks supposed to be the good fighters)Muhammad Ali became the ruler after Napoleon left, tried to Westernize his military but could not transform Egyptian society – relied on exports to Europe, especially cotton, and failed to develop industry. Egypt unable to expand territorially, khedives (rulers) still under SultanBankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance (626)Cotton production expanded at expense of food production, Egypt left vulnerable. Khedives wasted revenue and borrowed from Europeans who wanted to build a Suez Canal.Weakness made some call for jihad and return to strict Islam. Others wanted to borrow Western technology and return to innovation.Eventually British invaded to keep up loan payments, controlled without formal colonizationJihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan (627)Sudanese revolt against Egyptian/British control. Sufi-inspired jihad.The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China (629)Manchu nomads from the north invaded and took over China, creating Qing dynasty in the 17th century due to weakness of Ming. Armies handled western nomads, got tribute from the south – bigger than all dynasties except Tang.Manchu kept Ming political system, kept Confucianism, promoted both Chinese and Manchus. Kept examination system and adopted Chinese classics and arts and virtuesEconomy and Society of in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule (630)Society continued old lines of respect for rank and hierarchy. Women were confined to the household.Lowered taxes and labor demands, spent on public works. Could not control landlord class who took more power over peasants, increasing wealth mercial and urban expansion of Song era continued, influx of silver benefitted state and merchants. Overseas trade allowed merchants to link China to the worldRot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration (631)In decline by late 18th century. Exam system filled with cheating, nepotism, and bribery. Wealthy wanted positions for power and wealth, no concern for effects of untrained bureaucrats. State projects diverted for personal wealth, no funds for military or public works (there were floods as dikes eroded). Food shortages, landlord demands caused migrations. Major banditry issues (always a sign of decline). Manchu corruption became obstacle to needed innovation in technology and organization.Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After (632)Thought Europeans were like other nomads and barbarians, but they were sophisticated and strong even if smallerBritish merchants had traded silver for products, but figured out how to hook Chinese on opium (initially from India) to balance trade. Huge addiction problem and balance of trade problem. When China tried to block the trade, war broke out. Gunboats killed junks, Qing forced to relentEuropeans were granted more ports where they could trade, exchange of diplomatic missions (shows equality, China hated that)A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms (634)Massive rebellion from defeat, Taiping Rebellion. Serious challenge to political and Confucian order, proposing women’s rights and mass literacy. But that pushed the local scholar-gentry to ally with the Manchus, defeat rebels, then end corruption and modernize railroads and armies.But Manchus lost war with Japan and still refused full reforms, which scholar-gentry in general helped block. Backed the Boxer Rebellion against foreigners, but they put it down and took more control over ChinaThe Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization? (635)Western-educated sons of scholar-gentry and merchants dreamed of building a Western-style state. Sun Yat-sen was a leader. Middle-class opposed Manchus and foreigners. Another rebellion, provincial officials did nothing, so emperor deposed in 1912 and republican government created.Chapter 27 – Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the WestBoth were used to borrowing/imitating outsiders. Both had politically effective systems and could use the state instead of businessRussia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance (642)Russia Before ReformCatherine the Great onward prevented French Revolution ideas from taking hold. Napoleon’s invasion led to the Holy Alliance – Russia, Prussia, and Austria as conservative and religious monarchs defending the status quo.Russia in 19th century was part of European cultural world, adopted romanticism which blended with traditional folklore and nationalism. So the elite borrowed art, but denied liberal or radical political values and were repressiveRepression helped avoid the revolutions of the 19th century, even helped put them down. Maintained control of Poland despite the nationalist sentiments there. Gained vs. Ottomans in early 19th century.Economic and Social Problems: The Peasant Question (644)Did not keep up with industrialization and fell behind the West. Exports increased by exploiting serfs, not technological change (common in Eastern Europe). Gap shown by Crimean War in 1850s, Britain and France helped Ottomans. Alexander II knew reform was necessary to keep paceThe Reform Era and Early IndustrializationEmancipated serfs in 1861. Aristocrats kept some land, but serfs got most of it even though aristocrats and tsar remained in power. No new political rights, and had to buy the land – money went to aristocrats. Created urban work force, but most people remained agricultural. Peasant uprisings actually increased. Other reforms: legal, local councils had some power but not much. Army reformed, some spread of education that increased literacy. Women got access to education and some careersState sponsored economic development because no middle class. Built trans-Siberian railroad, which linked parts of Russia and helped grain exports to West and opened Asian Russia development. Factories growing, especially metallurgy. Encourage Western investors but not Western goodsStill no middle class or attitude/social changes that accompanied other industrializationProtest and Revolution in Russia (649)Minority nationalism were a problem. Social protest caused by reforms’ limits and industrialization, famines. Students and business leaders wanted a more liberal state. Intelligentsia created radicalism, many were anarchists – turned to terrorism.Alexander II pulled back from reform and was more repressive. Then was assassinated. Successors brought more repression, minorities persecutedMarxism became popular, Lenin revised it to fit Russia and his Bolsheviks. Workers were radical, perhaps because no legal political outlet to fix conditionsThe Revolution of 1905 (650)Russia remained expansionist, active in the Balkans and China. Overextended, punched in Russo-Japanese War in 1904 so lost Korea. Defeat sparked revolution. Tsars created a duma (parliament) and gave rights to peasants. Nicholas II couldn’t give up his powers, so kept up repression and limited the dumaRussia and Eastern Europe (651)Rest of Eastern Europe had less industrialization, earlier emancipation but fewer peasants rights, and more dependence on the West. But cultural production in 19th century along with RussiaJapan: Transformation Without Revolution (652)The Final Decades of the ShogunateShogunate was central bureaucracy with semi-feudal agreements. Agriculture-based taxes failed due to commercialization, but feudalism as expensive as loyalty cost cash. Japan’s culture became more secular and Confucian, Buddhism declined.Some Japanese kept up with Dutch for traders at Nagasaki, learned Western medicine was advanced above Chinese.But economic growth slowed by 1850s, some felt Japan was backward. Rural riots increased against their landlordsThe Challenge to Isolation (653)1853 Commodore Perry showed up and demanded trade for America and Europe. No immediate political change, but samurai caused a civil war and won with US Civil War weapons, shocked the Japanese aristocracy. In 1868 a new emperor promoted by reform group began Meiji RestorationIndustrial and Political Change in the Meiji State (655)Abolished feudalism, used district administrators and centralized political power. Studied Western economy, politics, and technology to guide domestic developmentAbolished samurai class, their uprising was put down, but some became business leaders if they could adoptBureaucracy expanded and opened to examinations, constitution created system of shared power between emperor and Diet (parliament) – model was Germany.Japan’s Industrial Revolution (656)State built railroads and funded industry, destroyed guilds and internal tariffs, directed investment and mines and metallurgy even more closely than Russia. Expanded technical training, banks, commercial laws so development was possible; adapted Western forms for Japanese conditionsPrivate enterprise played a role in textilesDepended on west for equipment and industrial raw materials, not equal, even though it is impressive and avoided dominationSocial and Cultural Effects of Industrialization (658)Massive population growth, better nutrition caused resource strain but low-cost labor, which caused class tension. Universal education stressing science and loyalty, Japanese values – discouraged innovation and indivudalism.Family life staed traditional, women kept in low position, Shintoism grew.Japan needed resources so sought expansion. Sino-Japanese War, they take Korea. Won war with Russia.The Strain of Modernization (659)Poor living standards; generational disputes over fashion and style; political instability in the Diet. All built towards Japanese nationalism which became very strong, preventing revolutions The Separate Paths of Japan and China (box 654)Both were isolated from Western development, but China as more secular and bureaucratic and centralized so it should have been able to adapt. But Japan already knew imitation was good, had more autonomous merchants, a tradition of military competitiveness. China’s control may have been too strong and stopped innovation.Rapid population growth in China was earlier, pressed resources and abilities.China in a period of decline when Westerners showed up but Japan still strong and could be more selective of Western advisorsDefinitionsIntro ImperialismIndustrial revolutionNationalismMetallurgyChapter 23Proto-industrializationNationalism Balance of powerConservativesLiberals RadicalsSocialism Chapter 24SepoysBritish RajChapter 25Caudillos Chapter 27IntelligentsiaProvincialStatus quo ................
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