The Essential Components of Reading
The Essential Components of Reading identified by the National Reading Panel:
|Phonemic Awareness |Phonemes, the smallest units making up spoken language, combine to form syllables and words. |
| |Phonemic awareness refers to the student’s ability to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in|
| |spoken words. According to the National Reading Panel, teaching phonemic awareness to children |
| |significantly improves their reading ability. |
|Phonics |Phonics is the relationship between letters or word families, short vowels, long vowels, and |
| |letter combinations and the sounds they represent. As determined by National Reading Panel, |
| |phonics instruction helps early elementary students develop proficiency in decoding, spelling, |
| |and understanding words. |
|Fluency |Fluency is the ability to read as well as we speak and to make sense of the text without having|
| |to stop and decode each word. The National Reading Panel’s research findings concluded that |
| |guided, repeated oral reading significantly improves word recognition, reading fluency, and |
| |comprehension in students of all ages. |
|Vocabulary |Vocabulary development is closely connected to comprehension. According to the National Reading|
| |Panel, students need to hear, read, understand, and use new vocabulary words in various |
| |contexts to build their comprehension levels. Repetition, aided by quizzes, glossaries, and |
| |crossword puzzles, is paramount to building vocabulary. |
|Comprehension |Comprehension is the level of content understanding a student has after reading a passage. The |
| |National Reading Panel determined that young readers develop text comprehension through a |
| |variety of techniques, including answering questions (quizzes) and summarization (retelling the|
| |story). |
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