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AP Psychology Summer assignment: Due the 1st day of class, printed out. Do not wait to the last minute. They are not something that can be completed in one night. You may access the AP textbook on google books. PsychologyName: _______________________________Unit I Reading GuideIntroduction: In order to be successful in college courses, reading the textbook is a key to that success. AP Psychology requires reading and studying outside of class. Do not simply skim the readings looking for the answers or bolded vocabulary, make sure you read each module actively and take time to understand what you are writing. If you are willing to put in the necessary effort, you will succeed. Directions: Read unit 1 in your textbook. The following questions/assignments must be written in your own handwriting. You should be putting the information from the book in your own words! (This makes you think more deeply about the information, which will help you, understand it and remember it better.)Unit I: Psychology’s History and ApproachesModule 1: Psychology’s History (pgs. 1-8)Identify and explain the significance of the following in the development of psychology. Pull out what is most important. Wilhelm Wundt _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________G. Stanley Hall _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Edward Titchener _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Structuralism ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________William James __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Functionalism __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mary Whiton Calkins ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Margaret Floy Washburn _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________John B. Watson (you may have to use pgs. 271-272) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________B.F. Skinner (you may have to use pgs. 275-276) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Behaviorists ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sigmund Freud _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freudian Psychoanalysis _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Psychodynamic Approach_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Humanistic Psychologists _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Carl Rogers (you may have to use p. 572) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Abraham Maslow (you may have to use p. 393) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cognitive Psychology ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define the following terms: Empiricism __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Introspection __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Experimental Psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cognitive Neuroscience __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PsychologyBehavior _____________________________________________________________Mental Processes _______________________________________________________Module 2: Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches (pgs. 9-19)Identify and explain the significance of the following psychologists. Ivan Pavlov (you may have to use pg. 266-267) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Jean Piaget (you may have to use pgs. 476) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Charles Darwin ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the nature vs. nurture debate? Provide an example of a topic relating to this. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the general conclusion of the nature vs. nurture debate? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the different levels of analysis of psychology? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define the biopsychosocial approach (this will come up again when we talk about disorders). ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Summarizing the table on page 12, as well as the information in the reading, fill in the chart on the next page on the different approaches in psychology. Psychology’s ApproachesPerspectiveFocusSample Question (just pick one)BehavioralBiologicalCognitiveEvolutionaryHumanisticPsychodynamicSocial-culturalExplain the focus of each of the following of psychology’s subfields. Some of these are discussed more in-depth in Module 3; refer there for additional information.Psychometrics ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Basic research ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applied research ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain the difference between psychiatrists and psychologists. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did Dorothea Dix contribute to psychology? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who is Martin Seligman? What is positive psychology? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Close-up: I highly encourage you to read and make note of the study tips in this section. They are research based, trusted methods for learning material. If you internalize these methods now, you are far more likely to be successful in the rest of your high school classes and in your future college career. (Trust me! )Module 3: Careers in Psychology (pgs. 20-25)Basic research careers:Cognitive psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Developmental psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Educational psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Experimental psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Psychometric psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Social psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applied research careers: Forensic psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Health psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Neuropsychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Rehabilitation psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________School psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sport psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Helping professions:Clinical psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Community psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Counseling psychologists __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unit II: Research MethodsModule 4: The Need for Psychological Science (pgs. 29-37)What are the three reasons that we can’t rely solely on intuition and common sense? Be sure to explain all three of these reasons in detail. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is critical thinking? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Module 5: The Scientific Method and Description (pgs. 38-45)Define AND give an example for each of the following.Scientific method ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theory ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hypothesis _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Operational definitions ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Replicate (no example needed for this one) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe each of the following three different ways to tests a hypothesis: Descriptive methods _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Correlational methods _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Experimental methods _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read pg. 40-42. Complete the chart of advantages and disadvantages of each research method. While advantages and disadvantages are not clearly given, many of them are implied in the reading—you should have at least 2 per box! There is a table on pg. 53 that can also help you with this. Research Method & DefinitionAdvantagesDisadvantagesCase StudiesNaturalistic ObservationSurveysUsing the methods above, what would be the best research method to use to study each of these? Explain why. People who have one or more hobbies report more job satisfaction than people with no hobbies. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conjoined twins are stared at by younger children more often than by adults.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unmarried cab drivers talk more with their customers than do married cab drivers.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________More men than women report fantasies of making large sums of money. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe an example of the wording effect in surveys. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is a sampling bias? What happens if you have a sampling bias in a survey (or even an experiment)? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________All surveys and experiments start with a representative sample. For example, if the population I want to survey is all students in Wyoming, I would take 10 students from each high school in Wyoming. Those 10 students per school would be my representative sample and I would make sure that they have the same age, gender, ethic, religious, etc. background as all the students in Wyoming. Define population. _________________________________________________________What is the population in this study that I want to do? _____________________________Define random sample. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How could I make sure that they students in Wyoming that I am giving this survey to are a random sample? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Module 6: Correlation and Experimentation (pgs. 46-55)What is a correlation? Give an example of one. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define the following: Correlation Coefficient ______________________________________________________Scatterplots _______________________________________________________________Negative correlation ________________________________________________________Give an example of a negative correlation. ___________________________________________________________________Positive correlation _________________________________________________________Give an example of a positive correlation. ___________________________________________________________________Correlation Coefficients range from -1 to +1. What does it mean when a score is very close to -1 or +1 (for example, the coefficient is -.98 or +.87)?_______________________________________________________________________________Give an example of where correlation does not prove causation. _______________________________________________________________________________What is an illusory correlation? Give an example.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Briefly define the following about experiments:Experiment _______________________________________________________________Experimental Group ________________________________________________________Control Group ____________________________________________________________Randomly Assign __________________________________________________________Double-Blind Procedure _____________________________________________________Placebo Effect ____________________________________________________________Independent Variable _______________________________________________________Confounding Variable ______________________________________________________Dependent Variable ________________________________________________________Each of the following is a hypothesis of an experiment. For each one list the Independent Variable (IV), Dependent Variable (DV), Experimental Group (EG), and Control Group (CG). “There will be a statistically significant difference in graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors who participate in an intensive study program as opposed to at-risk high-school seniors who do not participate in the intensive study program.”IV: ________________________________________________________________DV: _______________________________________________________________EG: _______________________________________________________________CG: _______________________________________________________________“After watching a videotaped re-enactment of a bank robbery, people will recall more about the robbery while being questioned under hypnosis by a police officer as opposed to not being under hypnosis.”IV: ________________________________________________________________DV: _______________________________________________________________EG: _______________________________________________________________CG: _______________________________________________________________“A new drug will increase the maze running performance of older rats.”IV: ________________________________________________________________DV: _______________________________________________________________EG: _______________________________________________________________CG: _______________________________________________________________What is validity? _________________________________________________________________Why is random assignment so important? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Module 7: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life (pgs. 56-63)*Statistics is the hardest part of research methods in psychology—please read this carefully! If you need to take extra notes to be clear on terms, do that. Why is it important to understand basic statistics in psych? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define the following: Descriptive statistics ___________________________________________________________Histogram ___________________________________________________________________Measures of central tendencyMode _________________________________________________________________Mean _________________________________________________________________Median _______________________________________________________________Measures of variationRange ________________________________________________________________Standard deviation ______________________________________________________What does it mean when data has a skewed distribution? How does this happen? Why could this be misleading?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why is standard deviation the most useful way of measuring how much scores deviate from one another? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the normal curve or normal distribution? Draw it below. Be sure to include everything in Figure 7.3, including the percentages under each section of the curve. Let’s see how much you understand this normal curve stuff! You take the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test (a type of intelligence test we’ll talk about next semester) and you score a 115. What percentage of people will score at or below your score? ________________________Define inferential statistics. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What three principles should you keep in mind to make sure your generalizations are reliable?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define statistical significance. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the number that psychologists stick to—for results to be statistically significant their odds of occurring by chance are less than _______ %? Module 8: Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology (pgs. 64-70)What is culture? Why does culture and gender matter in psychology? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read the section on ethics animal research (pgs. 66-67) to help you respond to the following scenario. Having read the ethics section explaining the question of animal research, would you approve the following research? Why or why not?Professor King is a psychobiologist working on the frontiers of a new and exciting research area of neuroscience canned brain grafting. Research has shown that neural tissue can be removed from the brains of monkey fetuses and implanted into the brains of monkeys that have suffered brain damage. The neurons seem to make the proper connections and sometimes are effective in improving performance in brain-damaged animals. These experiments offer important animal models for human degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Professor King wants to transplant tissue from fetal monkey brains into the entorhinal cortex of adult monkeys; this is the area of the human brain that is involved with Alzheimer’s disease. The experiment will use 20 adult rhesus monkeys. First, the monkeys will be subjected to ablation surgery in the entorhinal cortex. This procedure will involve anesthetizing the animals, opening their skulls, and making lesions using a surgical instrument. After their recovery, the monkeys will be tested on a learning task to make sure their memory is impaired. Three months later, half of the animals will be given transplant surgery. Tissue taken from the cortex of monkey fetuses will be implanted into the area of the brain damage. Control animals will be subjected to the sham surgery, and all animals will be allowed to recover for two months. They will then learn a task to test the hypothesis that the animals having brain grafts will show better memory than the control group. Professor King argues that this research is in the exploratory stages and can only be done using animals. She further states that by the year 2030 about 72 million Americans will have Alzheimer’s disease and that her research could lead to a treatment for the devastating memory loss that Alzheimer’s victims suffer. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the four basic ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association (APA) that guide researchers with human participants. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What does an IRB do? Why is it important?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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