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Chapter 3: The Philosophy of the ConstitutionWrite down the Preamble to the constitution.Define sovereignty.Define a republic.Define ‘welfare state’Chapter 5: Nature of the Federal SystemWhat is the difference between a federation and a confederation?What are the essential features of a federal country? (4)When it comes to the following issues, what is the key difference between the American, Canadian, and Indian federations?Residuary powers of legislationAmendment of the constitutionExistence of state constitutionsRedrawing territorial boundaries of states (Page 358)Representation in the upper house of the parliamentDivision of public services (who administers union/ state laws?)System of courtsCan the Rajya Sabha be described as a ‘federal chamber’?Outside of a proclamation of emergency, can the Parliament legislate on state subjects? (Page 60)List the procedure and the relevant Article for the above. What was the ‘Desai Award’? (Page 65)Justify the statement: The constitution of India is neither purely federal nor purely unitary, but is a combination of both.Which 2 articles contain provision for delegation of powers from one level of government to the other? (Page 65)Chapters 6 and 7- Territory of the Union, and CitizenshipWhich Part of the constitution deal with issues related to the territory of India? Which Articles does this contain? Which Schedule is relevant here? What is the difference between ‘Union of India’ and ‘territory of India’?How many union territories have an elected legislature? Name them.Which constitutional amendment relate to the acceptance of Sikkim into the Union of India?Describe the procedure for reorganization of state boundaries under the Indian constitution (3 points)What is the role of the state legislature in this regard?Which Part of the constitution deal with issues related to citizenship? Which Articles does this contain? Which Schedule is relevant here? Name the five ways in which a person can become a citizen of India.Delineate the domicile requirement for public employment at (a) union government level (b) state government level.What is the appropriate legislative body for each of (a) and (b) above?Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights and Fundamental DutiesDelineate the key distinction in the fundamental rights provided by the English and the American pare the position of Fundamental Rights under the Indian constitution with that under the American constitution.List all the Articles under Part III of the Indian Constitution.Differentiate between executary and self-executary Fundamental Rights.What was the major change brought in FRs by the Janata part? Via which Amendment?Which Article imposes certain restrictions on FRs? List these restrictions (3)How did the 42nd amendment affect FRs?What is the difference between rights listed in Part III of the constitution and those listed in other parts of the constitution?Can Part III of the constitution be amended? Explain the current position in this matter. (Page 86)In case FRs are violated, in which circumstances is it appropriate to invoke Article 32 and approach the Supreme Court? (Page 89)Can Article 14 be said to be violated if a body other than the State violates it (say, an education institute)?Under Article 14, differentiate between Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Laws.List the 6 freedoms included in Article 19. “Article 22 of the constitution continues to be on the Constitution as a necessary evil”- elaborate. Name the one major condition attached to the use of Article 22 by the state. Does the latest Child Labour (Amendment) Act violate Article 24 of the Constitution?Define a ‘secular state’ (Page 124). List the Articles under Part III that aim to ensure that India is a secular state.Describe the evolution of the Right to Property in India, with special emphasis on changes brought in by the 25th, 42nd, and the 44th amendments.List the 2 exceptions to the rule that the state does not have to pay the full compensation in case it acquires someone’s property. Which Article of the constitution contains restrictions under which FRs might not be applicable?Are the fundamental rights guaranteed against the actions of :The executive?The legislature?Foreign nations?The President?Private individuals?Private organizations?(Check Page 136)Name the various kinds of writs that the SC can issue. (5).Define prerogative writs. (Page 137)What is the difference between powers of SC and HC when it comes to issuing of prerogative writs?Which Articles contain these writs for the SC/ HCs?Describe the meaning of Habeas Corpus. Describe Mandamus. Discuss the applicability/ inapplicability of mandamus. Describe Prohibition.Describe Certiori. Discuss the SC’s power to issue Prohibition and Certiori to lower courts.Describe Quo WarrantoCan the SC issue these prerogative writs under a proclamation of emergency? (Page 146)Differentiate between Articles 358 and 359.Which part of the constitution contains Fundamental Duties? Which Articles does this part contain?How many Fundamental Duties are there? List all.Chapter 09- Directive Principles of State PolicyWhich Part of the constitution contains the DPSP?Which Articles fall under it?What ideology best describes the theme of DPSPs?What is the main difference between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs?In case there is a law enacted to implement DPs, can it be quashed on the grounds of violating any of the Fundamental Rights?If the union government wants to direct a state government to implement some of the DPSPs, which Article(s) of the constitution can it invoke?What is the point of DPSPs?Chapter 10: Procedure for Amendment of the ConstitutionWhich Article contains the procedure for amendment of the constitution?Theoretically, describe the distinction between the three kinds of amendments of the constitution.Can the state legislatures propose a bill to amend the part of the constitution relevant to them (Part VI)?What are the 2 major differences between ordinary legislation and legislation for amending the constitution?Is previous assent of the President required to introduce constitutional amendment bills?Is Part III of the constitution amendable? (Page 171)How many times has the constitution been amended till date?Name the last 2 amendments.List some major changes introduced in the constitution by the 42nd and 44th amendments.What is the current position on items in the 9th schedule? Can more be introduced?Chapter 11- The Union ExecutivePresidentDescribe how the President of India is elected.Are state MLCs allowed to vote in the President’s election?Which members of the Rajya Sabha vote in the election for the President?What are some of the arguments against direct election for President in India (2)?List the eligibility criteria for the President (4; especially see c).Can sitting Governors of any of the states be appointed President? Can Ministers at the center/ in the states? Who does the President swear his oath to?If a President resigns, who does his hand his resignation to?How many grounds for impeachment of a sitting President are specified in the constitution? What are these?Describe the procedure for impeachment of the President (4 points)What Article of the constitution delineates this procedure for impeachment?How much does a President get paid? Pension?Name the 5 ways in which a vacancy might arise in the office of the President.In which of these cases is the VP allowed to serve as President until the vacancy is filled?Vice-PresidentDescribe the procedure for election of the VP. Is it any way different from the election of President? (Trick question)Do all members of the Rajya Sabha vote in the VP’s election?Describe the eligibility criteria for the VP (4). Are these in any way different from those for the President?How can a sitting VP be removed? What are the functions of a VP?What does the constitution say about when the VP should start discharging the functions of the President?What happens when both President and VP’s offices are empty at the same time?While the VP is acting as President, does he still remain the Chairman of Rajya Sabha?Who adjudicated disputes arising out of elections of a Presidentor VP? Is the election of the president valid in case there were some vacancies in either house of Parliament at the time of election?What about vacancies in some of the state legislatures? What if a state government isn’t appointed at the time of election?In case the election of the President is declared void by the appropriate authority after a short amount of time (say, a month) after the election, what happens to the actions that the President might have taken while in office, albeit for a very short period of time?What if this time period is longer? Say, a year after the elections?Can the Parliament modify the procedure for election of the President?Powers and duties of the PresidentHow would you define the ‘executive’ power of the state?What are the constitutional limits on the President’s powers (2)?What does the 42nd amendment say about the constitutional limits on the President’s powers? When was it enacted?What changes did the 44th amendment introduce to the above?Name the 5 major heads under which the powers of the President can be divided. What are the administrative powers of the President?Name the 16 kinds of dignitaries that the President appoints. What is the ‘spoils’ system? Comment on this in the Indian context.What are the military powers of the President? What role, if any, does the legislature play in this regard? (Article 352)What are the diplomatic powers of the President?What are the legislative powers of the President? What kinds of legislations require prior assent of the President before being introduced in Parliament (6)? Which of these applies to state bills?Can these be invalidated on account of not having seeked such prior assent? List the four different kinds of Presidential vetos.Which of these vetos apply in the case of USA?For each of the four kinds of vetos, discuss the applicability in Indian case.In what cases do you think Pocket Veto can legitimately be used in India?What veto powers does the President have with regards to bills passed by state legislatures? Does this also apply to money bills?Which article of the constitution delineates provisions for ordinances?Can the President issue ordinances while both houses of parliament are in session? What about only one of the houses being in session? Can ordinances be re-promulgated with both houses in session? Can the judiciary review ordinances made by the President?What are the pardoning powers of the President? (Article 72)In which cases can the president exercise his power of pardon?Are these open to judicial review?Differentiate between pardon, commutation, respite, and reprieve.What are the differences in pardoning powers of the President and State Governors?Can the governors do anything at all in case of death penalty?What are the powers of the President with respect to the following:Judiciary (1)Administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribal Areas (4 points)Administration of SCs and STs (3)Union Territories (special case of Andamans, Lakshadweep, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli)Governance of a state (2)What are the 3 cases where the President can exercise his emergency powers?The Council of MinistersHow many ministers can a government have?What are the different categories of ministers listed in the constitution?How many of these exist in practice?Differentiate between ‘Council of Ministers’ and the ‘Cabinet’; which category of ministers attend Cabinet meetings?Can a person who is not an MP in either house of the Parliament be appointed as a minister?Who chairs the Cabinet? PM or President?What happens if the PM dies? (does the Council of Ministers continue to function until the party that commands a majority in Lok Sabha chooses another PM?)What is the only exception to the provision that the President of India has to act on the advice of his council of ministers?What happens in case a PM is defeated in the Lok Sabha floor test? Can the President then act of his own volition?Attorney General for IndiaWhat is the role of the Attorney General of India?What are the qualifications required of a person to be considered for the post of Attorney General?What is the procedure for selecting the Attorney General?How long is an AG appointed for?Does the AG hold his office at the pleasure of the President?Can the Attorney General speak in the Lok Sabha? Rajya Sabha?Can she vote in either house? Both houses?What are the perks that the Attorney General gets?The AG is equal in rank to:A member of parliamentA judge of the supreme courtA judge of the high courtAn IAS officer of the Secretary rankCan the Attorney General carry out his private practice while in post?Comptroller and Auditor GeneralWhat is the role of the CAG?Does the CAG execute this role only in relation to the union, or also for states?Does the CAG serve at the pleasure of the President?What are the grounds on which a CAG may be removed?Name 2 provisions by which it is ensured that the independence of the CAG is maintained.What is the term limit for the CAG?Is there an age limit?The CAG is equal in rank to:A member of parliamentA judge of the supreme courtA judge of the high courtAn IAS officer of the Secretary rankWhich of these functions does the CAG perform?Controls the issue and receipt of money from Consolidated fund of the Centre and the StatesPrepares the accounts of the various departments and ministries of the central governmentAudits these accountsGives policy recommendations based on his findingsDoes the CAG act both as a comptroller as well as an auditor? If not, why not?Does the jurisdiction of the CAG extend to companies that are financed by the government in any way? Is there a majority criterion? Does the above also apply to industrial and commercial undertakings carried on by the Government through Private Limited Companies?Chapter 12: The Union LegislatureWhich house of parliament can bring about a motion of no confidence? (Rajya Sabha? Lok Sabha? Both?)What is the maximum sanctioned strength of the Rajya Sabha?What is the current strength? (244)How are MPs nominated to the Rajya Sabha from each state? From Union Territories?What is the maximum sanctioned strength of the Lok Sabha? How is this split between states, UTs, and nominated members?Are there any reserved seats in Lok Sabha? In Rajya Sabha? How does the constitution of India guarantee uniformity of representation:Between states?Between different constituencies within a state?Why did the constituent assembly not decide on proportional representation for the Lok Sabha?For what duration does the Lok Sabha sit? When can it be dissolved?For what duration does the Rajya Sabha sit? When can it be dissolved?What are the emergency provisions for extending the normal term of the Lok Sabha beyond 5 years? (list 2 points)Differentiate between adjournment, proroguing, and dissolution of the house.What is the effect of each of the above on pending business such as notices, motions, resolutions, and bills?What is the maximum time period allowed between when the Parliament is prorogued and when it is summoned again?If the Lok Sabha is dissolved, what happens to the bills that were introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha, but were pending in the Rajya Sabha?If the Lok Sabha is dissolved, what happens to the bills that were introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha, but were pending in the Lok Sabha?What are the qualifications for a person to become an MP in the Lok Sabha? Rajya Sabha?Name the 5 grounds on which someone can be disqualified from membership of either house.Explain the absence without permission clause for an MP having to vacate his seat in parliament.What are the benefits that MPs draw? Do they get any pensions?How is the speaker of the Lok Sabha selected?What is the procedure for removal of the LS speaker? (2)What part can the speaker play during the proceedings for her removal? (can she vote? Can she speak?)What are the voting powers of the speaker of the LS in course of normal proceedings?What are the 2 special powers of the Lok Sabha speaker that are not available to the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?How is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha selected?What are the privileges enjoyed by the MPs individually?(3)Write notes on exceptions and checks on these individual privileges.What are the privileges enjoyed by the MPs as a collective body?(3)What is the procedure for introduction of an ordinary Private Members bill? Can private members introduce money bills?Say a non-money bill is passed in one house, and has been lying on the floor of the other house, with no vote. After how long can a joint sitting be called by the President?Which Article details the provisions of the Joint Sitting?List 3 circumstances in which joint sitting can be called.Can the government call a joint sitting for the land bill before it is discussed in the Rajya Sabha?(For the above two, see: )When is a bill deemed a money bill? (Name 3 main provisions, and the Article that contains these provisions)Who has the final say in deciding which bills are money bills? (President/ Supreme Court/ Lok Sabha Speaker/ Rajya Sabha Speaker)Write a note on the powers of Rajya Sabha with regards to money bills.What is a Finance Bill? How is it different from money bills? (2)With regards to finance bills of the first class, what are the powers of the Rajya Sabha?With regards to finance bills of the second class, what are the powers of the Rajya Sabha?Which Article of the constitution contains the provisions for a joint sitting of the two houses? What happens if the President says there is going to be a joint sitting for a bill originating the Lok Sabha, and then the Lok Sabha collapses? Does the joint sitting still happen?Who presides over joint sittings?In which condition will the Vice President preside over the joint sitting?What are the various kinds of bills for which joint sitting cannot/ does not need to be called? (2)Can joint sittings be used for constitutional amendment bills?What is another name for the annual budget? (Finance bill/ Annual financial statement/ Appropriation Act/ Statement of expenditure)?Differentiate between expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and the amount voted on by the Lok Sabha.Differentiate between the Appropriations Bill and the Annual Finance Bill.In what ways does the Parliament exert control over the government’s proposed expenditure? (3)Write a note on the Committee on Estimates, covering its numerical strength, composition, term limit, and functions. Write a note on the Committee on Public Accounts, covering its numerical strength, composition, term limit, and functions. When the CAG exists, what is the need for the above committee?What are the two main accounts into which any money credited to the Government of India goes? What is the role of the Contingency Fund of India?What are the powers of the Parliament with regards to sanctioning of expenditure from the above 3 funds?Does the Rajya Sabha hold a position of equality with the Lok Sabha? Name 2 provisions apart from money bill provisions that put the RS at a disadvantage.Name 2 special powers of the Rajya Sabha that the Lok Sabha cannot override. Chapter 13: The State Executive General StructureWhich part of the constitution deals with governance of states?Do all states have an independent structure of government?Does every state have an exclusive Governor?How is the Governor of a state elected?What are the grounds mentioned in the constitution according to which the Governor of a state can be removed?Why did the constituent assembly decide to have an appointed Governor as against an elected one?What are the Governor’s powers with respect to the appointment and removal of:Minsters of the state governmentJudges of the High CourtMembers of state public service commissionMembers of Anglo-Indian community in the state assemblyNominated members of the state legislative council (how many members can the Governor nominate?)Which Article of the constitution details the provisions of what to do when the constitutional machinery in a state breaks down?The Council of MinistersIn what ways do the constitutional powers of the President and the Governor differ? (1 major)In which cases can the Governor of a state act ‘in his own discretion’?Can the above decision of the Governor be challenged in:Local courts?High Court?Supreme Court?When can the Governor dismiss the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers?What is the role of the Advocate General? Qualifications required? What is the state-level equivalent of the CAG?Chapter 14: The State LegislatureWhich part of the constitution contains the provisions for governance of states?How can a Legislative Assembly be constituted/ dissolved for a state? What is the parliament’s role? What is the state assembly’s role?What is the maximum and minimum allowed sizes of the LC?What fraction of the MLC is elected? Nominated? Who all indirectly elect MLC? (Name 4)What are the maximum and minimum allowed sizes of the legislative assemblies?What are eligibility criterions for becoming an MLA? MLC? How is the age criterion different from that for MPs of LS and RS?Can the Parliament make laws that determine eligibility criteria and ground for disqualification for MLAs?In deciding questions related to eligibility and disqualification of MLAs, whose ruling is supreme?PresidentGovernorHigh CourtSupreme CourtCompare the functioning of the State Legislative Councils with that of the Rajya Sabha, specifically with regards to (a) money bills (b) ordinary bills.What provisions exist for calling a joint sitting of the LA and LC?For how long can the Rajya Sabha sit on a bill before the President is allowed to call for a joint sitting?For how long can the State LC sit on a bill before the bill is deemed approved by the Assembly? (Check answer- page 261)What happens to bills that originate in the council and are defeated in the assembly?Although the LC is pretty much useless, name 2 potential benefits of the existence of LCs.What kinds of vetos are available to the Governor of a state?Can the Governor veto a money bill?Can the Governor reserve a money bill for the President’s consideration?What happens if an ordinary bill is presented to the Governor, he sends it back to the assembly, and the assembly passes it again in the same form? How is this provision different from the relationship between the President and the Lok Sabha? (Check answer- page 266)What are the ordinance making powers of the Governor? Can he make ordinances regarding union/state/concurrent subjects without the advice of his council of ministers?In what cases does the Governor have to have the prior assent of the President before making ordinances? (3)Name the main, most contentious privilege of the State Legislatures. In this regard, what kind of judicial scrutiny is allowed? What kind is not? Explain both.Chapter 15: The State of Jammu and KashmirWhat is the difference between the Governor’s positions when it comes to Jammu and Kashmir v/s other states?In case of J&K, whom does the residuary power to legislate on subjects outside of the 3 lists mentioned in the 7th schedule reside with?What does ‘Governor’s rule’ in case of Jammu and Kashmir imply? How is it different from President’s rule?What are the kinds of emergency provisions that can not be used in the case of Jammu and Kashmir?Which part of the Indian constitution corresponds to Directive Principles of States Policy?Which part to Fundamental Rights?Does the CAGs jurisdiction extend to Jammu and Kashmir?Chapter 16: Administration of Union Territories and Acquired TerritoriesWhich constitutional amendment named Lakshadweep as a separate UT? Which state was it a part of before that?Which Article gives the President the right to appoint an Administrator for each UT?Name the 3 entries in the state list of the 7th schedule where the Government of Delhi has no legislative powers.Who has the absolute right to make legislation for UTs? (Check page 287)PresidentParliamentAdministrator of the UTNone of the aboveName the high courts under whose jurisdiction the following UTs/ states fall:LakshadweepAndaman and Nicobar islandsChandigarhDelhiPondicherryDadra and Nagar HaveliDaman and DiuMizoramArunachal PradeshChapter 17-19: Panchayats, Municipalities, and Co-Operative SocietiesWhich parts of the constitution correspond to amendments 73 and 74?Which Articles do the above amendments correspond to?Which amendment of the constitution corresponds to voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperatives? Which Article of the constitution did the above amendment modify?Define ‘Gram Sabha’.Write a note on the system of reservations in panchayats for SCs, STs, OBCs, and women.What are the provisions for reservations for the post of Chairman?Till when are these reservations going to exist?Can the state make a law that dismisses a Panchayat while its term is still ongoing?What are the necessary qualifications for a person to be chosen as a member of a Panchayat? (Focus on the differences between qualifications for state legislature and for panchayats)What is the procedure for removal of a State Finance Commissioner?What is the appropriate authority to raise concerns related to irregularities in delimitation of constituencies/ allotment of seats/ any other matter related to Panchayat elections?High CourtSupreme CourtState Election CommissionAny authority nominated by state legislatureWhich Part and Article of the constitution did the 74th amendment affect?In which cases/ conditions is it permissible for the state government not to constitute any form of institution of self-government in an urban/ semi-urban area?What is the recommended composition of municipalities?When are ward committees created?What are the provisions for reservations for the post of Chairman of a committee/ municipality?With regards to matters listed in the 11th and 12th schedules, whose writ runs supreme? (State, or the LSG institutions?) (check)What are DPCs and MPCs? Describe their composition. Chapter 20: Administration of Scheduled AreasWhich schedules of the constitution contain provisions for the governance of scheduled areas?Who has the final say in determining which areas are scheduled areas? (Governor/ President/ High Court/ Supreme Court)List the special powers of the Governor with respect to the scheduled areas in the 5th schedule.How can the provisions of the 5th schedule of the constitution be modified? (Check page 306)How are areas listed in the 6th schedule different from those listed in the 5th schedule?Chapter 21: Organization of the Judiciary in GeneralAt which level of the judiciary is there a differentiation between courts that can hear civil and criminal cases?National levelState levelDistrict levelSub-district levelDifferentiate between Judicial, Metropolitan, and Executive Magistrates.How many High Courts are there in India in total?Chapter 22: The Supreme CourtWhat is the maximum sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court? (Number of Judges)If there is a lack of quorum of permanent SC judges, name the 2 steps that can be taken by the government to cover up the shortfall. How is the CJI appointed?How are the other judges of the SC appointed?How is the ‘opinion’ of the CJI to be determined in relation to appointment of judges?Which other people have to be consulted before appointing the SC judges?What happens in case there exist differences of opinion regarding such appointments within the collegium members?Are the CJI’s recommendations in this regard always binding on the Government of India?What are the eligibility criteria for someone to be an SC judge? (2 points; one of the points has 2 sub-points)For what term/ tenure is a judge of the SC appointed?Do the SC judges hold their office at the pleasure of the President?How does the constitution secure the independence of the SC judges? (6)Name the 4 ways in which a judge of the SC may cease being a judge of the SC.What is the retirement age for a judge of the SC?On what grounds can a judge of the SC be impeached?Describe the process of impeachment of an SC judge.List 3 main functions of the SC.What happens in case there are conflicting judgments from two different benches of the SC?List 3 ways in which the powers of the Indian Supreme Court are wider as compared to the American Supreme Court.Can all HC judgments be challenged in the SC? Is this true for both civil and criminal side of litigations?Is the above also true for cases that SC decides it wants to hear?List the 3 (2 main) kinds of restrictions that the constitution imposes upon the powers of the legislature via the judiciary.Name the 4 main kinds of jurisdictions of the SC.Describe the original jurisdiction of the SC. Which Article contains these provisions?Which of the following kinds of disputes can be heard by the SC under its original jurisdiction?Union v/s a StateUnion Government v/s citizen ABCState Government v/s citizen ABCState X v/s State YState (X+Y) v/s State ZAside from judging union v/s state and state v/s state, name the 2 other provisions under the original jurisdiction of the HC, with regards to High Courts.Can the SC judge all disputes arising between the union-states, or state-state?If not, name the exceptions.Describe the writ jurisdiction of the SC. Which Article covers it?Describe the appellate jurisdiction of the SC. In which cases is prior HC certification required for SCs intervention under this jurisdiction? Can the SC override this certification?In which two kinds of criminal cases does the right of appeal to SC exist?What is the only tribunal whose judgments/ determination/ sentence/ order etc. cannot be taken up by the SC? Which Article contains these provisions?What is the advisory jurisdiction of the SC? Article?List 2 caveats regarding advisory jurisdiction. (Page 324)Are all judgments by the SC treated as final, or can they be reviewed? If yes, by whom?What is a curative petition?Chapter 23: The High CourtsHow many High Courts exist in India in 2015?Who are additional and acting judges? Differentiate between them. Is there an age criterion for someone to hold the above two ad-hoc positions?Who appoints the judges of the HC, and what is the procedure?Can the HC judges be appointed without the approval of the Chief Justice of the relevant HC? (Page 330)What are the various ways in which an HC judge can cease to be that? (4)What is the procedure for impeachment of an HC judge?Which of the following is true with regards to payment structure for judges:SC judges get paid more than HC judgesSC judges and CJI get paid the same monthly amountHC judges and CJ of the HC get paid the same monthly amountCJI gets paid more than the CJs of HCsList the eligibility criteria for an HC judge (2 points, second has 2 sub-points)Name one critical difference between appointments of judges to the SC v/s that to the HCs (Page 333).In what ways does the constitution aim to protect the independence of the judges of the HC? (4)What is the procedure for deciding on transfers of HC judges from one state HC to the other? What is the procedure for deciding on transfers of HC CJs from one state HC to the other?What is the main drawback of having additional judges?What is the provision due to which the position of an HC judge has become inferior to those of the SC judges? Which constitutional amendment does the above correspond to?Explain the original jurisdiction of the HC as it extends to (a) civil cases (b) criminal cases.Explain certiorari. Under which Articles of the constitution would one invoke this for: (a) SC (b) HC (Page 336)How is the writ jurisdiction of the HCs different from that on the SC?What does locus standi mean?How are District Judges appointed?What is the jurisdiction of the HC with relation to carious kinds of quasi-judicial tribunals established by the union/ state executives?Chapter 24: Distribution of Legislative and Executive PowersWhat are ‘extra-territorial legislations’? In the Indian case, does the union government possess the right to make extra territorial legislations? Do individual state governments?Which Article gives the union/ states such power, if applicable?Is the territorial jurisdiction of the Parliament absolute?If not, where does it not apply? (3)List the major items under each of the 3 lists in the 7th schedule of the constitution.Are disputes arising from legislation over residuary powers justiciable?Name 5 cases where Parliament can legislate on State Subjects.Who does the executive power normally reside with, in case of items covered under the concurrent list?What are the exceptions to the above rule? List 2 of these exceptions. What happens to executive powers under the three lists of the 7th schedule in case of national emergencies as defined under Articles 352/ 360? Chapter 25: Distribution of Financial PowersExplain the distribution of legislative powers to levy taxes. Who does the residuary power belong to in this regard?Name some items of taxation that are under concurrent jurisdiction of the state as well as the center. (See page 352)With regards to the power of taxation of items covered under the state legislative list, explain the restrictions imposed on taxation by states for:Sales Tax (4)Tax on consumption or sale of electricityUnion and state propertiesName the 4 items of taxation that contribute only to union revenues (i.e., are appropriated by the union alone, and are not shared with the states) (Page 354)Name 7 items from which taxes belong exclusively to the states. Name 2 items for which duties are levied by union but collected and appropriated by the states.Name 2 kinds of sales tax that are collected by the union, but assigned to the states within which they are leviable.List 4 items for which tax that are collected by the union, but assigned to the states within which they are leviableWhat kind of taxes are levied and collected by the union, and distributed between the union and the states? (2)Which Article contains provisions for the constitution of the Finance Commission?Explain the composition of the Finance Commission (strength/ qualifications)Explain the borrowing powers of the states. Also list 4 limitations. Chapter 26: Administrative Relations Between the Union and the StatesList 4 ways in which the union exercises control over the state legislature. What is meant by ‘coercive sanction’? Which Article in the constitution delineates the provisions for this?If the union government wants to delegate some of its executive functions to a state, does it need the consent of the state government before it can make such delegation?How many All India Services exist currently?Can new ones be created? If yes, how?What is an inter-state council? How have these functioned?What is the main function of the ‘National Development Council’? What is its composition (4)? Which Article of the constitution asks the union to create the NDC?What is the main function of the ‘National Integration Council’? What is its composition? In case the union government wants to delegate some of its functions to a state government, but the state government doesn’t give its permission, does the union government have any remedy to make sure that the said functions can be delegated to the state government?Can the union government tax the property/ income of state governments?Chapter 27: Inter-State RelationsAlthough the Supreme Court usually adjudicates inter-state disputes, there is one notable exception to this rule. What is the exception?Which Article of the constitution lists this rule?What was the reason behind the creation of Zonal Councils? Which act of Parliament brought these into existence?How many of these Zonal Councils exist today?Which Article of the constitution grants the right to freedom of movement and residence throughout the country?List the Articles of the constitution relevant for provisions/ restrictions on inter-state trade.Which part of the constitution do the above correspond to? Chapter 28: Emergency ProvisionsList the 3 kinds of ‘emergencies’ mentioned in the Indian constitution.Which Article does each one of these correspond to?Which Part of the constitution contains these provisions?For emergency under Article 352, is the actual outbreak of war/armed rebellion a precondition?Is a proclamation of emergency subject to judicial review?How can a proclamation of emergency under Article 352 come to an end? What happens in case emergency is proclaimed under 352 and the Lok Sabha is dissolved before it could vote on the resolution? What role does the Rajya Sabha play here?Does a proclamation of emergency affect the entire territory of India equally?What are the executive powers of the union government during a 352 emergency? What are the executive powers of the union government with respect to the states during normal times? What Articles list these provisions? During a 352 emergency, are state governments suspended?What are the legislative powers of the union government during 352? (2)What are the financial powers of the union government during 352?What is the effect of 352 on fundamental rights? There are two Articles detailing these provisions- list them. Also mention 4 differences between the provisions under the 2 Articles.How many times has a state of emergency under Article 352 been invoked in India? Mention why (causes) and when these happened.During an emergency under 356, are all 3 functions of the state government machinery suspended?In the first instance, how long is a proclamation of emergency under 356 valid for?What happens if the Lok Sabha is dissolved before the end of said two months?Once the Lok Sabha reconvenes, how long can a 356 proclamation be extended for? In total, how long?If such a proclamation (356) is to be extended beyond 1 year in total, what 2 conditions should be fulfilled? Which Amendment introduced these restrictions?Is a proclamation of emergency under 356 subject to judicial review?Mention 3 key differences between proclamations of emergency under 352 and 356.What is the role of the Parliament with regards to dissolution of the state assembly under 356?List 10 situations in which the application of 356 would not hold in a court if law, as detailed in the Sarkaria commission report. List 2 sure-shot situations where 356 can be applied in a state. (Page 384)What powers does the union government get under a 360 emergency?How many times since independence has 360 been used?Chapter 29: Rights and Liabilities of the Government and Public ServantsName the various ways in which the union or the states can acquire property (5).In case of ocean materials (land/ minerals etc.) that lie within India’s maritime boundary, whom does the right of ownership belong to?The Union governmentThe ParliamentThe State along whose coast such minerals liePrivate persons can lay claim by purchase of rightsCan the union government carry on trade in an item included in the state list? Name one major difference between when a state government sues a private person, as against when it sues another state government.What are the provisions of the existing tort law under which the Government of India/ any of the states can be sued?Is this distinction also valid for public servants in his personal capacity?What about wrongs conducted by public servants during official duty, but violate the ordinary law of the land? Does the above apply to ministers, while they’re working in their official capacity?What are the provisions for initiating criminal/ civil proceedings against the President/ Governors for acts committed in their personal capacity?Chapter 30: The Services and Public Service CommissionsWhich two matters regarding services under the union/ states are outlined in the constitution? (Page 399)Does the doctrine of all employment under the union/ state being at the pleasure of the President/ Governor mean that a government employee (civil/ military) can be dismissed at any time on any ground?Is there any cause of action for wrongful dismissal if the above happens?Does the above also apply to high officials such as:CJISC judgesHC judgesCECCVCCICCAGWith regards to the above, is there a differentiation between civil and military personnel?Describe the 2 special provisions available to civil personnel in cases of removal from office. In which cases does the government not need to give any opportunity to the civil servant before dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank? (3)Which category of government employees can move the Administrative Tribunal in case of any inconsistency in their appointment/ reduction in rank etc.? (3)Can the decisions of the Administrative Tribunal be challenged in Supreme Court?Can they be challenged in High Court?Who appoints the members of union and state PSCs? Describe the composition condition. (Page 404)What is their term of office? Age conditionality?If any members of the PSCs need to be removed, who removes them in case of (a) Union, and (b) States?What is the procedure for removal of members of the PSCs?Name 4 ways in which the independence of PSC members is sought to be maintained by the constitution.How many All India Services exist? Name them.What is the content of Article 33? Explain the effect of its provisions on the Civil Services.Chapter 31: ElectionsName the two main principles listed in the constitution regarding electionsWhat are the powers of the union/ state legislatures when it comes to drafting legislation regarding elections?Which Act of the Parliament prescribes voting based on single-member territorial constituencies?What is the appropriate authority for deciding on disputes related to elections for:PresidentVice-PresidentPrime MinisterSpeaker of Lok SabhaLok Sabha MPsRajya Sabha MPsMLAsLocal Body MembersDescribe the process of removal of the Chief Election Commissioner. On what ground can he/she be removed?Chapter 32; 33: Minorities, Scheduled Castes and Tribes; LanguagesWhich Articles of the constitution contain provisions for safeguard on religious, linguistic, and other minorities? While granting aid to educational institutions, and their day-to-day functioning, what kind of conditions can the state lay down with regard to minority institutions?How does the constitution define SCs and STs? (Page 420)With regards to declaring a community SC/ ST, whom does he final authority rest with? The President, or the Parliament?How many languages are included in the 8th schedule of the constitution?List provisions regarding use of languages in:Official business of the union governmentOfficial business of the state governmentCommunication between union and statesCommunication between statesIntra-state communicationLanguage to be used in SC, HCsLanguage to be used for Acts, Bills etc.List 2 ways in which the constitution seeks to protect linguistic minorities ................
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