Lab name:
(Backside of cover page)
Vision of the Institute
To impart quality technical education with a focus on Research and Innovation emphasising on Development of Sustainable and Inclusive Technology for the benefit of society.
Mission of the Institute
• To provide an environment that enhances creativity and Innovation in pursuit of Excellence.
• To nurture teamwork in order to transform individuals as responsible leaders and entrepreneurs.
• To train the students to the changing technical scenario and make them to understand the importance of Sustainable and Inclusive technologies.
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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-560078
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|MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT |
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|PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES [PSOs] |
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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-560078.
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
SYLLABUS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
|C508.1 |Students will be learning the testing procedures of fuel and lube oils, their standards and its importance. |
|C508.2 |Students will be given an insight to the Transesterification process used for bio-fuel preparation. |
|C508.3 |Students will be learning the practical aspects of dismantling and assembling of various types of engines. |
|C508.4 |Students will be equipped with testing procedure of various types of engines for its performance characteristics. |
|Subject Code |10MEL58 | |IA Marks |25 |
|Hours/Week |03 | |Exam Hours |03 |
|Total Hours |42 | |Exam Marks |50 |
PART – A
1. Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel Pensky and Marten’s (Closed) / Cleavland’s (Open Cup) Apparatus.
2. Determination of Calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
3. Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods, Saybolt and Torsion Viscometers.
4. Valve Timing/Port opening diagram of an I.C. engine (4 Stroke/ 2 Stroke).
5. Use of planimeter
21 Hours
PART – B
1. Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, Volumetric efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, SFC, FP, A:F Ratio
Heat balance sheet for
(a) Four stroke Diesel Engine
(b) Four stroke Petrol Engine
(c) Multi Cylinder Diesel/Petrol Engine, (Morse test)
(d) Two stroke Petrol Engine
(e) Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine.
21 Hours
Scheme for Examination:
|One Question from Part-A |15 Marks [05 Writeup+10] |
|One Question from Part-B |25 Marks [05 Writeup+20] |
|Viva Voce |10 Marks |
|Total |50 Marks |
COURSE OUTCOMES
|C508.1 | Students will develop the fuel testing skills for any given fuel/lube samples. |
|C508.2 |Students will have an idea about various fuel blending techniques. |
|C508.3 |Students will apply the knowledge learnt to trouble shoot any faulty engine. |
|C508.4 |Students will be able to practically assess the performance characteristics of any given engine in real time. |
CO-PO MAPPING
|CO |PO1 |
|1. |FLASH & FIRE POINT OF A GIVEN SAMPLE BY ABEL’S APPARATUS |
|2 |FLASH & FIRE POINT OF A GIVEN SAMPLE BY PENSKY MARTIN APPARATUS |
|3 |FLASH & FIRE POINT OF A GIVEN SAMPLE BY CLEAVLAND OPEN CUP APPARATUS |
|4. |VISCOSITY OF OIL USING REDWOOD VISCOMETER |
|5. |VISCOSITY OF OIL USING SAYBOLT VISCOMETER |
|6. |VISCOSITY OF OIL USING TORSION VISCOMETER |
|7. |CALORIFIC VALUE OF SOLID FUEL- LEWIS THOMSON CALORIMETER |
|8 |CALORIFIC VALUE OF LIQUID FUEL-BOMB CALORIMETER |
|9. |CALORIFIC VALUE OF GASEOUS FUEL-JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER |
|10. |VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM-FOUR STROKE ENGINE |
|11. |PORT TIMING DIAGRAM-TWO STROKE ENGINE |
|12. |PLANIMETER |
|13. |PERFORMANCE TEST ON A TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE |
|14. |PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE WITH A DC GENERATOR |
|15 |PERFORMANCE TEST AND HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL ROPE BRAKE LOADING |
| |ARRANGEMENT |
|16 |PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO MULTI FUEL ENGINE |
|17 |MORSE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG WITH A.C ALTERNATOR [MPFI-VERSION ENGINE] |
EXPERIMENT NO: 01
Date:
ABEL’S FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUS
Aim:
To determine the flash and fire points of kerosene oil.
Apparatus Required:
1. Abel’s apparatus,
2. Thermometer,
3. Sample Oil.
Procedure:
1. Oil cup is cleaned and then kerosene(light oil) is poured into it up to the filling mark,
2. The oil cup is placed in a container, which contains water up to a certain level,
3. Now, the oil under test is heated and heating process is accompanied with continuous stirring which ensures uniform distribution of heat,
4. The test flame is introduced for 5°C rise in temperature. No stirring is done during the application of test flame,
5. If a distinct flash is visible in the two observation parts, record the temperature .This corresponds to flash point,
6. Heating is continued and test flame is introduced by opening the lid for temperature rise of every 5°C. Oil ignites and continues to burn for atleast 5 seconds .This temperature corresponds to fire point,
7. Heating is stopped after obtaining fire point.
Observation Table:
|S.NO |Temperature of Oil |Inference |
|Units |(°C) | |
|1. | | |
|2. | | |
|3. | | |
|4. | | |
|5. | | |
|6. | | |
|7. | | |
|8. | | |
|9. | | |
|10. | | |
Result:
Flash Point of given Sample is _____OC,
Fire Point of given Sample is _____OC.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 02
Date:
PENSKY MARTIN FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUS
Aim:
To determine the flash and fire points of SAE-40 lubricating oil.
Apparatus Required:
1. Pensky Martin apparatus,
2. Sample Oil,
3. Thermometer.
Procedure:
1. Oil cup is cleaned and then SAE Oil (Heavy Oil) is poured into it up to the filling mark,
2. The oil under test is heated and heating process is accompanied with continuous stirring which ensures uniform distribution of heat,
3. The test flame is introduced for 5°C rise in temperature. No stirring is done during the checking of test flame,
4. If a distinct flash is visible in the two observation parts, record the temperature .This corresponds to flash point,
5. Heating is continued and test flame is introduced by opening the lid for temperature rise of every 5°C. Oil ignites and continues to burn for atleast 5 seconds .This temperature corresponds to fire point,
6. Heating is stopped and the apparatus is allowed to cool.
Sketch:
[pic]
Figure-1: Pensky Martin Apparatus
Observation Table:
|S.NO |Temperature of Oil |Inference |
|Units |(°C) | |
|1. | | |
|2. | | |
|3. | | |
|4. | | |
|5. | | |
Result:
Flash Point of given Sample is _____OC,
Fire Point of given Sample is _____OC.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 03
Date:
CLEAVELAND (OPEN CUP) FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUS
Aim:
To determine the flash and fire points of diesel oil.
Apparatus Required:
1. Cleaveland Open Cup apparatus,
2. Sample Oil,
3. Thermometer.
Procedure:
1. Oil cup is cleaned and then diesel oil is poured into it up to the filling mark,
2. The oil under test is heated and heating process is accompanied with continuous stirring which ensures uniform distribution of heat,
3. The test flame is introduced for 5°C rise in temperature. No stirring is done during the checking of test flame,
4. If a distinct flash is visible in the two observation parts, record the temperature .This corresponds to flash point,
5. This is a open type heating and hence for every 2°C temperature rise, test flame is introduced and point at which all oil ignites is called fire point.
6. Heating is stopped and the apparatus is allowed to cool.
Sketch:
[pic]
Figure-2: Cleaveland open cup apparatus
Observation Table:
|S.NO |Temperature of Oil |Inference |
|Units |(°C) | |
|1. | | |
|2. | | |
|3. | | |
|4. | | |
|5. | | |
Result:
Flash Point of given Sample is _____OC,
Fire Point of given Sample is _____OC.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 04
Date:
REDWOOD VISCOMETER
Aim:
To determine the viscosity of the given specimen oil (Diesel Oil) at different temperatures.
Apparatus Required:
1. Redwood Viscometer,
2. Thermometer,
3. Collecting Flask (50 ml),
4. Stop Clock,
5. Diesel oil.
PROCEDURE:
1. The weight balance is set to zero reading,
2. The specimen oil is poured into the flask and its initial temperature is found out, also the mass of the flask with the oil is noted down,
3. Time taken by the specimen oil to fill 50ml flask is noted down. During the flow the stop wire is lifted up,
4. Set the voltage to 150V and start reading the heated oil. Note down the time taken to collect 50ml of oil for every 10°C rise in temperature. Also weigh the flask with oil,
5. Then determine kinematic, dynamic viscosity and redwood number.
Sketch:
[pic]
Figure-3: Redwood viscometer apparatus
Formulae Used:
1. Kinematic Viscosity
[pic]
2. Redwood Number
[pic]
3. Specific gravity,
[pic]
Where, W1 = Weight of empty flask, W2 = Weight of flask with oil.
4. Density of Fuel = Specific gravity x Density of Water,
5. Dynamic viscosity, [pic]
|S.NO |Temp of Oil |Time for Collecting oil ‘T’ |Weight of Oil in Flask |Specific Gravity‘S’ |Redwood Number |Kinematic |
| | | |‘W2’ | | |Viscosity |
|Units |°C |Sec |Gm | |m2/Sec |Ns/[pic] |
|1 | | | | | | |
|2 | | | | | | |
|3 | | | | | | |
|4 | | | | | | |
TABULAR COLUMN:
GRAPHS:
1. Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature,
2. Dynamic viscosity vs Temperature.
.
RESULT:
The Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity of the given Specimen oil are determined.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 06
DATE:
TORSION VISCOMETER
Aim:
To determine the viscosity of the given specimen oil (SAE-40) at
different temperatures.
Apparatus Required:
1. Torsion Viscometer,
2. Thermometer,
3. Stop Clock,
4. Lubricating Oil.
PROCEDURE:
1. The oil SAE-40 is filled in the oil cup so that the cylinder at the end of the side gets completely immersed inside the oil. It is then placed on the stand. The initial temperature of the oil is noted down.
2. The indent on the side of the circular disk is made to coincide with the needle point using the rotating rod.
3. Now the torsion disk is rotated by 3600 and then to rotate freely. Then the degree (angle) at the mark coincides and stops, then it reverses its direction.
4. The value of Redwood seconds (t) is noted down from the chart provided for the given angle.
5. The experiment is repeated for every 10°C rise in temperature of the oil.
6. Kinematic viscosity is then calculated using the formulae.
Sketch:
[pic]
Figure-5: Torsion viscometer Apparatus
FORMULAS USED:
1. Kinematic Viscosity
[pic]
TABULAR COLUMN:
|S.NO |Temperature of Oil |Angle of Torsion |Redwood Seconds |Kinematic Viscosity |
|Units |°C |Deg |Sec |[pic] |
|1 | | | | |
|2 | | | | |
|3 | | | | |
GRAPHS:
1. Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature.
RESULT:
Thus the Kinematic Viscosity of the given Specimen oil is determined.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 07
DATE:
LEWIS THOMSON CALORIMETER
AIM:
To determine the calorific value of the given Solid fuel (Coal).
APPARATUS:
1. Lewis Thomson calorimeter,
2. Glass jar,
3. Beaker,
4. Thermometer.
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|Symbol |Particulars |Quantity |
|M |Mass of fuel burnt, Kg | |
|Wm |Weight of water in calorimeter, Kg | |
|WC |Weight of copper calorimeter, Kg | |
|CPW |Specific heat of water, KJ/Kg.K | |
|CPC |Specific heat of Copper Calorimeter , KJ/Kg.K | |
|t1 |Initial temperature of water, °C | |
|t2 |Final temperature of water, °C | |
|KCLO3 |Potassium Chlorate | |
|KNO3 |Potassium Nitrate | |
FORMULA USED:
1. Calorific Value of Solid Fuel (Coal )
[pic]
PROCEDURE:
1. Coal (1gm), Potassium Chlorate (8.25gm), Potassium Nitrate (2.75gm) are separately weighed, mixed together and they are grinded in a crucible to obtain a smoother uniform mixture,
2. This powdered mixture is poured into a small cylindrical metal container, with a few match sticks vertically inserted, with their burning side projected out of a mixture side.
3. Water is filled in the beaker up to the marked level which constitutes 2000 cc of water. The initial temperature is noted.
4. The fuel mixture is ignited and the container is immediately covered by the cylinder of calorimeter. The whole apparatus is immersed in the beaker.
5. The metal container liberates the hot gases. The gas gets accumulated in the beaker, while the heat increases the temperature of water. The final temperature is then noted.
6. Heat liberated by coal = Heat absorbed by water. This is then used to calculate the evaporative value of coal.
RESULT:
The calorific value of solid fuel (Coal) is _________________KJ/Kg
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 08
DATE:
BOMB CALORIMETER
AIM:
To determine the calorific value of the given Liquid fuel (Diesel).
APPARATUS:
1. Bomb Calorimeter,
2. Oxygen Cylinder with regulator and accessories,
3. Pellet Press,
4. Crucible,
5. Beckmann’s Thermometer,
6. Ignition Wire,
7. Fuel Sample.
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|Symbol |Particulars |Quantity |
|‘m1’ |Weight of the empty Stainless Steel crucible |‘m1’= ___gm |
|‘m2’ |Weight of the Benzoic Acid Sample |‘m2’=___gm |
|‘m3’ |Weight of benzoic acid sample pellet and weight of the crucible |‘m3’=___gm |
|M |Actual weight of the sample |‘M’ =___gm |
|T1 |Initial Temperature of water before firing |‘T1’=_______OC |
|T2 |Final Temperature of water after firing |‘T2’=_______OC |
NOMENCLATURE USED:
Calorific Value of Standard Benzoic used (H) = 6319 Cal/gm,
Heat liberated by Nichrome Wire,
(E1) = 0.335 Cal/mg X Weight of Nichrome Wire,
Heat liberated by cotton thread,
(E2) = 4.180 Cal/mg X Weight of Cotton Thread,
Rise in temperature due to combustion of fuel sample, (T) = T2 – T1,
Water Equivalent of the calorimeter = W Cal/OC,
Weight of the nichrome wire taken,
(33 Gauge, 0.25mm diameter, 10cm Std Length) = 18.4 mg,
Weight of cotton thread taken (10cm Std Length) = 5 mg.
FORMULA USED:
Calorific Value of Liquid Fuel (Diesel )
[pic]
PROCEDURE:
1. About one gram of the fuel is weighed in the crucible; a piece of firing wire is stretched between the electrodes in such a manner that it is in close contact with the fuel so that it can be ignited,
2. Often solid fuel made in to pellets can also be determined for its calorific value,
3. The cap is screwed down on the bomb and oxygen is filled in the cup to a pressure of about 20atm. The bomb is then placed in a weighed amount of water taken in the calorimeter,
4. Electrical connections are made, stirring is started and temperature reading is taken with a thermometer reading to 0.01OC,
5. When the thermometer shows a steady temperature the fuel is made to fire and temperature readings are continued for few minutes after the maximum temperature is attained,
6. The water is stirred during the experiment,
7. The bomb is then removed and allowed to stand so that the acid mist may settle down. The pressure is slowly released and the contents of the bomb are carefully washed,
8. In actual practice correction needs to be made for the heat of fuse wire.
9. Heat liberated by Fuel = Heat absorbed by water.
RESULT:
The calorific value of Liquid fuel (Diesel) is _________________Cal/gm.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 09
DATE:
JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER
AIM:
To determine the calorific value of the given Gaseous fuel (LPG).
APPARATUS:
1. Junkers gas calorimeter,
2. Collecting Jar,
3. Thermometer,
4. Sample gas (LPG).
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|Symbol |Particulars |Quantity |
|mw |Mass of water taken, Kg | |
|CPW |Specific heat of water, KJ/Kg.K | |
|t1 |Initial temperature of water, °C | |
|t2 |Final temperature of water, °C | |
| |Gas flow meter reading, LPM | |
| |Time taken for 2000 cc of water collected, Sec | |
|Vg |Volume of gas flow,m3 | |
| |= Time Taken x Gas Flow Meter Reading | |
FORMULA USED:
1. Calorific Value of Gaseous Fuel (LPG )
[pic]
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure the continuous flow of water through the water jacket and pass the measured volume of gas through the gas meter,
2. Adjust the pressure regulator for uniform flow of gas and record the manometer reading,
3. Record the inlet gas temperature and cooling water temperature at the inlet,
4. Ignite the gas using the burner ensuring complete combustion and record the amount of gas taken to heat the 2000 cc of water,
5. Note down the final temperature of water.
RESULT:
The calorific value of the Gaseous fuel (LPG) is_______________KJ/m3
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 10
DATE:
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM-FOUR STROKE CUT SECTION DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:
To draw the valve timing diagram for a four stroke, cut section Diesel Engine.
APPARATUS:
1. Cut Section Model of a Four stroke Diesel Engine,
2. Paper Strips,
3. Torch Light,
4. Measuring Tape.
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MODEL:
|Four Stroke Cut Section Diesel Engine Specification |
|Brake Power |3.7 KW |
|Speed |1500 rpm |
|Compression Ratio |16:1 |
|Circumference of Fly Wheel |1240 mm |
|Diameter of Fly Wheel, m |395 mm |
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the de-compression lever in the vertical position,
2. Bring the TDC mark to the pointer level,
3. Rotate the flywheel till the Inlet Valve moves down (Inlet Valve Opens).
4. Draw a line on the flywheel in front of the pointer. Take the reading.
5. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve goes down and comes to the horizontal position. Take the reading.
6. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the Exhaust Valve Opens, take down the reading.
7. Similarly flywheel is rotated until the Exhaust Valve closes. Tabulate the readings and draw the actual valve timing diagram.
FORMULA USED:-
1. Angle,
[pic]
Where, S= Arc Length in mm,
r = Radius of Fly Wheel in mm
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|S.NO |Valve Position |Arc Length (S) |Angle |
| | | | | |
|Units |Events-Valve Position |cm |mm |Degrees |
|1 |Inlet Valve Opens -Before TDC | | | |
|2 |Inlet Valve Closes -After BDC | | | |
|3 |Exhaust Valve Opens -Before BDC | | | |
|4 |Exhaust Valve Closes -After TDC | | | |
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:
[pic]
Figure-6: Valve timing diagram-4 stroke diesel engine
RESULT:
Thus the actual valve timing diagram is drawn based on the angles obtained from the four stroke, cut section diesel engine.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 11
DATE:
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM-TWO STROKE CUT SECTION PETROL ENGINE
AIM:
To draw the port timing diagram for a two stroke, cut section petrol Engine.
APPARATUS:
1. Cut Section Model of a Two Stroke Petrol Engine,
2. Paper Strips,
3. Torch light,
4. Measuring Tape.
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|Two Stroke Cut Section Petrol Engine |
|Make |Bajaj Chetak |
|Number of Strokes |Two |
|Number of Ports |3 [Inlet Port, Transfer Port, Exhaust Port] |
|Bore x Stroke |56.7 mm x 56.7mm |
|Speed |3,500 rpm |
|Cubic Capacity |145.45 CC |
|Fuel Used |Petrol |
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the TDC and BDC on the flywheel,
2. Rotate the flywheel provided,
3. Observe the position of the piston so that you know the port opening / closing,
4. When the piston reaches the TDC position, the light provided at the TDC begins to glow, which is an indication of piston reaching the TDC,
5. Measure the angle at which the port opens / closes with respect to TDC / BDC with the help of circular protractor provided on the flywheel, so that the angle is obtained directly,
6. With the angles available, draw the actual Port Timing diagram,
7. This Port Timing Diagram can be drawn for Ports in Just Open Position and for ports in Fully Opened Position.
TABULAR COLUMN:
|S.NO |Port Position |Reference to Dead Centers |Angle |
|Units |Events-Port Position |Before/After |Degrees |
|1. |Exhaust Port Opens (EPO) |After TDC | |
| | |Before BDC | |
|2. |Transfer Port Opens(TPO) |After TDC | |
| | |Before BDC | |
|3. |Transfer Port Closes(TPC) |Before TDC | |
| | |After BDC | |
|4. |Exhaust Port Closes (EPC) |Before TDC | |
| | |After BDC | |
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE:
[pic]
Figure-7: Port timing diagram-2 stroke petrol engine
RESULT:
Thus the actual port timing diagram is drawn based on the angles obtained from the Two stroke, Cut section Petrol Engine.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 12
DATE:
PLANIMETER
AIM:
To determine the area of irregular figure by using Planimeter.
APPARATUS:
1. Planimeter,
2. White Sheet,
3. Regular Surface (Drawing Board).
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the figure whose area is to be determined on a smooth surface, preferably on a drawing board,
2. Choose the proportion to be 1:100 as the scale ratio. Now the tracer is set to 12:11 using vernier scale,
3. To start with the lever is kept 90 degrees to the tracer scale and is fixed on the table,
4. Initial values on the scale may be set to zero or can be taken as it is,
5. Using the tracer point the lever is moved on irregular surface to trace the area in clockwise direction and then it is brought back to initial position,
6. The final reading is noted down and the difference between the two readings is multiplied by the proportion chosen to get the area,
7. The percentage error of planimeter is then calculated using the formula given.
SKETCH:
[pic]
Figure-8: Planimeter
FORMULAE USED:
1. % Error of Planimeter,
[pic],
2. [pic]
3. [pic]
TABULAR COLUMN:
|S.NO |Area of the Given |Initial Reading|Final Reading | |Planimeter Area |%Error |
| |Figure | | |Final Reading-Initial Reading | | |
|Unit |cm2 |cm2 |cm2 |cm2 |cm2 | |
|1. |Square Area | | | | | |
|2. |Irregular Area | | | | | |
RESULT:
The area of the irregular figure is determined using planimeter.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
EXPERIMENT NO: 13
DATE:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct a Performance Test on a Two Stroke Petrol Engine and to draw the performance characteristics.
APPARATUS:
1. Two Stroke Petrol Engine Test Rig,
2. Stop Watch.
TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:
I. Engine Specifications
Engine : Bajaj
BHP : 2.5 HP
RPM : 2800 RPM
Fuel : Petrol
No Of Cylinders : Single
Bore : 56.7mm
Stroke Length : 56.7mm
Starting : Kick start/ Self start
Working Cycle : Two stroke
Method of Cooling : Air Cooled
Method of Ignition : Spark Ignition
Orifice Diameter : 20mm
II. DC Generator Specification
1. Type : Self Excited, DC Compound Generator.
2. Power : 2.2kW
3. Speed : 3000 RPM (Max)
4. Rated Voltage : 220V DC
III. Resistance Load Bank Specifications
1. Rating : 2.5kW, 1[pic] (Single Phase)
2. Variation : In 5 steps by DC switches
3. Cooling : Air cooled.
PROCEDURE:
1.) Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230V, 50 Hz AC single phase AC supply. Now all the digital meters namely, RPM indicator, temperature indicator display the respective readings,
2.) Fill up the petrol to the fuel tank mounted behind the panel,
3.) Start the engine with the help of kicker provided at the rear end of the engine,
4.) Allow the engine to stabilize the speed i.e. 2800 RPM by adjusting the accelerator knob,
5.) Apply ¼ loads up to 2kW (500W – 2kW),
6.) Note down all the required parameters mentioned below
a) Speed of the engine in RPM.
b) Load from ammeter in amps.
c) Burette reading in cc.
d) Manometer reading in mm.
e) Time taken for consumption of Xcc petrol in seconds.
f) Exhaust gas temperature in 0C.
7.) Load the engine step by step with the use of DC switches provided on the load bank panel.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Brake Power = [pic]………. kW
2. Mass of fuel,[pic],
3. [pic]
4. [pic],
5. Height of Air Column, [pic],
6. Actual volume of air through orifice, [pic],
7. Theoretical volume of air,
[pic],
8. [pic] .
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|S. NO |LOAD |
|Diameter of Cylinder X Stroke Length |70mm X 66.7mm |
|Brake Power, Speed |2.2 KW, 3000rpm |
|Compression Ratio |4.67:1 |
|Loading Arrangement, Type, Efficiency |DC Generator, Self Excited, 3000rpm, 2.2KW, 220V DC, |
| |80%. |
|Resistance Load Bank Specifications |2.5 KW, 1Φ, Air Cooled |
|Orifice Diameter, Co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice |20 mm, 0.62 |
|Fuel Specifications |
|Calorific Value of Fuel |43, 500 KJ/Kg |
|Density of Fuel (Petrol) |720 Kg/m3 |
|Density of Air |1.293 Kg/m3 |
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230v, 50 Hz AC single phase AC supply. Now all the digital meters namely, RPM indicator, temperature indicator display the respective readings,
2) Fill up the petrol to the fuel tank mounted behind the panel,
3) Check the lubricating oil level in the oil sump with the dipstick provided,
4) Start the engine with the help of self-starter arrangement OR with rope and pulley arrangement,
5) Allow the engine to stabilize the speed i.e., 3000 RPM by adjusting the accelerator knob provided on the table,
6) Apply ¼ load (500W heater),
7) Note down all the required parameters such as Speed of the engine, Load from ammeter, Manometer reading, Time taken for consumption of fuel, Temperatures at various points,
8) Load the engine step by step with the use of DC switches provided on the load bank such as,
(i.). 1/2 load (1000W),
(ii.). 3/4 load (1500W),
(iii.).Full load (2000W),
(iv.) 20% overload (2500W).
FORMULAE USED:
1. [pic],
2. Mass of fuel, [pic],
3. [pic],
4. Height of Air Column, [pic],
5. Actual volume of air, [pic],
6. Swept Volume of air, [pic],
7. [pic]
8. [pic],
NOMENCLATURE:
V = DC Voltage in volts,
I = DC Current in Amps,
η GENE = Generator Efficiency,
T1 = Ambient Temperature OC,
T2 = Exhaust gas outlet from the engine OC.
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
OPERATING CONDITIONS EMPLOYED:
|S.NO |Load |Voltage |Current |Speed |Height of H2O |Time for 10 CC of Fuel|
| | | | | |Column |Consumption |
|Units |KW |% |Kg/KW.hr |m3/sec |m3/sec |% |
|1. | | | | | | |
|2. | | | | | | |
|3. | | | | | | |
|4. | | | | | | |
|5. | | | | | | |
GRAPHS:
1. Brake Thermal Efficiency VS BP in KW,
2. Specific Fuel Consumption VS BP in KW,
RESULT:
Thus the performance test on a four stroke, single cylinder petrol engine is conducted under different loading conditions, readings are tabulated, calculations are done and the characteristics curves are drawn.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
Experiment No: 15
DATE:
PERFORMANCE TEST AND HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL ROPE BRAKE LOADING ARRANGEMENT
AIM:
To conduct a Performance Test and Heat Balance Calculations on a Four Stroke, single Cylinder Diesel Engine with mechanical rope brake loading arrangement and to draw the performance characteristics.
APPARATUS:
1. Four Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig,
2. Mechanical Loading Arrangement.
TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:
|Engine Make, Type and Fuel Used |Kirloskar, Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Diesel|
| |Engine |
|Method of Cooling |Water Cooled |
|Diameter of Cylinder X Stroke Length |80 mm X 110 mm |
|Brake Power |3.7 KW |
|Speed |1500 rpm |
|Brake Drum Diameter (Mechanical Loading Setup) |280 mm |
|Diameter of Rope |15 mm |
|Compression Ratio |16:1 |
|Circumference of Fly Wheel |1240 mm |
|Orifice Diameter, Co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice |20 mm, 0.62 |
|Fuel Specifications |
|Calorific Value of Fuel |42,500 KJ/Kg |
|Density of Fuel (Diesel) |840 Kg/m3 |
|Density of Air |1.293 Kg/m3 |
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the de-compression valve in the vertical position and start rotating the flywheel,
2. Bring the valve to the horizontal position, after 3 to 4 rotations, start the engine,
3. Open the brake drum coolant valve,
4. Attach the weight to the weight hanger of brake drum and note down the spring balance reading,
5. Note the inlet and outlet temperature of the cooling water along with the manometric readings,
6. Note down the time taken for 10 CC fuel consumption using stop watch,
7. Measure the speed of the engine using tachometer,
8. Repeat the procedure with different weights and tabulate the readings.
CALCULATION OF FRICTION POWER:
Friction Power of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine can be calculated by many methods. Willian’s Line method is the one which is commonly used for determination of FP. In this method, BP (KW) is plotted along the positive ‘x’ axis and Mass of fuel consumed (Kg/Sec) is plotted along ‘y’ axis. The extrapolation of fuel consumed to negative ‘x’ axis denotes the measure of FP (KW) of the engine.
FORMULAE USED:
1. [pic],
2. Heat Equivalent to BP, [pic],
3. Mass of fuel, [pic],
4. [pic],
5. [pic]
6. [pic]
7. [pic],
8. Height of Air Column, [pic],
9. Actual volume of air through orifice,
[pic],
10. Swept Volume of air,
[pic],
11. [pic] ,
12. [pic]
NOMENCLATURE:
N = Speed rpm, D = Diameter of Brake drum (330mm),
d = Diameter of Rope m, W = Weights added Kg,
S = Spring Balance Reading N,
T1 = Inlet water temperature of engine jacket,
T2= Outlet water temperature of engine jacket,
T3 = Outlet water temperature from calorimeter,
T4 = Exhaust gas temperature from the engine,
T5 = Exhaust gas temperature from calorimeter.
FORMULAE FOR HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat Input, [pic]
2. Heat Loss to Cooling Water,
[pic]
3. Heat Loss from Exhaust Gases = Heat gained by Calorimeter Water,
Heat Loss from Exhaust Gases
[pic]
4. Heat Unaccounted , [pic]
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|S.NO |
|OPERATING CONDITION EMPLOYED = |
|SL. NO. |PARTICULARS |INPUT |% |OUTPUT |% |
| | | | | | |
|UNITS |VARIOUS PARTICULARS |kJ/min |% |kJ/min |% |
|1 |HEAT INPUT | | | | |
|2 |HEAT EQUIVALENT TO BP | | | | |
|3 |HEAT LOSS TO WATER | | | | |
|4 |HEAT LOSS TO EXHAUST | | | | |
|5 |HEAT UNACCOUNTED | | | | |
|6 |TOTAL | | | | |
GRAPHS:
1. Brake Thermal Efficiency, Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency, SFC VS BP in KW,
2. Willian’s Line Plot.
RESULT:
Thus the performance test and heat balance calculations on a four stroke diesel engine is conducted under different loading conditions, readings tabulated and the characteristics curves are drawn.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
Experiment No: 16
DATE:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO MULTI FUEL ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct a Performance Test and Heat Balance Calculations on a Variable Compression Ratio, Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Multi-Fuel Engine Coupled to an Eddy Current Dynamometer.
APPARATUS:
1. Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Multi fuel Engine Test Rig,
2. Mechanical Loading Arrangement.
TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:
|Engine Make, Type and Fuel Used |Kirloskar, Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Diesel & Petrol |
| |Engine |
|Method of Cooling |Water Cooled |
|Diameter of Cylinder X Stroke Length |80 mm X 110 mm |
|Brake Power |3.7 KW |
|Speed |1500 rpm |
|Compression Ratio for CI Engine |12 to 16 |
|Compression Ratio for SI Engine |6 to 10 |
|Calorific Value of Diesel, Density of Diesel |42,500 KJ/Kg, 840 Kg/m3 |
|Calorific Value of Petrol, Density of Petrol |43,500 KJ/Kg, 720 Kg/m3 |
|Orifice Diameter, Co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice |20 mm, 0.62 |
PROCEDURE:
1) Fill up the required quantity of Diesel/Petrol to the fuel tank kept behind the panel,
2) Plug the mains cord and Switch ON the control panel so that all the
Indicators will display their respective readings,
3) Allow sufficient quantity of soft water to the Exhaust gas calorimeter and Pressure sensor cooling adopter and also to engine cooling jacket,
4) Make sure that the temperature sensors are in their respective pockets,
5) Start the engine by cranking with the use of handle,
6) Allow it to stabilize the rated speed ie, 1500 rpm. (±25 rpm),
7) Set the compression ratio to the desired level respectively for petrol/diesel fuel,
8) Digital Indicators indicate the respective displays,
9) log the data for zero load, then one complete Zero load cycle data will be acquired,
10) Repeat the same for different load like ¼, ½, ¾ and full load. Maximum load is 24N-m,
11) Now bring back the load to zero and stop the engine by pulling the stop lever,
12) Shut-off the water supply after about 15 minutes, so that the pressure sensor should not get heated,
CALCULATION OF FRICTION POWER:
Friction Power of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine can be calculated by many methods. Willian’s Line method is the one which is commonly used for determination of FP. In this method, BP (KW) is plotted along the positive ‘x’ axis and Mass of fuel consumed (Kg/Sec) is plotted along ‘y’ axis. The extrapolation of fuel consumed to negative ‘x’ axis denotes the measure of FP (KW) of the engine.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Heat Equivalent to BP, [pic],
2. Mass of fuel, [pic],
3. [pic],
4. [pic]
5. [pic]
6. [pic],
7. Height of Air Column, [pic],
8. Actual volume of air through orifice,
[pic],
9. Swept Volume of air,
[pic],
10. [pic] ,
11. [pic]
FORMULAE FOR HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat Input, [pic]
2. Heat Loss to Cooling Water, [pic]
3. Heat Loss to Exhaust Gases, [pic]
4. Heat Unaccounted , [pic]
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
Type of Fuel Used: Diesel/Petrol, Compression Ratio:______________
|S.NO |
|OPERATING CONDITION EMPLOYED = |
|SL. NO. |PARTICULARS |INPUT |% |OUTPUT |% |
| | | | | | |
|UNITS |VARIOUS PARTICULARS |kJ/min |% |kJ/min |% |
|1 |HEAT INPUT | | | | |
|2 |HEAT EQUIVALENT TO BP | | | | |
|3 |HEAT LOSS TO WATER | | | | |
|4 |HEAT LOSS TO EXHAUST | | | | |
|5 |HEAT UNACCOUNTED | | | | |
|6 |TOTAL | | | | |
GRAPHS:
1. Brake Thermal Efficiency, Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency, SFC VS BP in KW,
2. Willian’s Line Plot.
RESULT: Thus the performance test and heat balance calculations on a VCR Multi-Fuel Engine is conducted under different operating conditions and Fuels.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
Experiment No: 17
Date:
MORSE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG WITH A.C ALTERNATOR
[MPFI-VERSION ENGINE]
AIM:
To conduct a Morse test on a four stroke, four cylinder petrol engine, to determine the Indicated Power of the engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Multi-cylinder petrol Engine Test Rig,
2. AC Alternator Loading Arrangement.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
|Engine |HM-50 MPFI Version |
|Maximum Power |75 BHP @ 5000 rpm |
|Maximum Torque |13.3 kg-m @ 3000 rpm |
|Capacity |1817 CC |
|Fuel |Petrol |
|No of cylinders |Four |
|Bore x Stroke Length | 84 mm x 82 mm |
|Starting |Self start |
|Working stroke |Four stroke |
|Cooling |Water cooled |
|Ignition |Spark Ignition |
|Loading Arrangement |AC Alternator |
|Battery |12V, 45A |
|Alternator |12V, 45A |
PROCEDURE:
1. Morse test is conducted to find out Indicated Power of the engine. It can be conducted both on a multi cylinder diesel or a petrol engine. The step by step procedure to conduct Morse test on the given multi cylinder petrol engine is detailed below,
2. The engine is made to run at 1500 rpm at maximum load. Morse test can be conducted by disconnecting the power of the individual fuel point one by one with the use of knife switches provided on the panel,
3. Cut off first fuel injecting point by disconnecting first knife switch, then the engine speed and load will drop, and then bring back the speed to 1500rpm by reducing the load with use of knife switches provided on the load bank,
4. Now connect the first fuel injecting point and disconnect 2nd point, then there will not be much difference in the speed and load readings, note down the corresponding speed and the load,
5. Repeat the above procedure for 3rd and 4th points. (At a time only one point should be cut off),
6. After taking all the readings, while connecting back the 4th point switch the speed may increase beyond the limit, to avoid that reduce the speed with use of accelerator wheel and also reduce the load to its initial position.
OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
|S.NO | |3 Phase Voltage |Average Voltage|3 Phase Current |Average Current |Load |Speed |
| |Cylinder Running Condition| |V | |I | | |
| | |RY |YB |BR | |R |Y |
|1. |All Cylinders Firing[1,2,3,4] | | |
| | | | |
|Units | |KW |KW |
|1. |All Cylinders Firing [1,2,3,4] |BPTOTAL = |____ |
|2. |First Cylinder Cut-off [2,3,4] |BP2,3,4 = |IP1 = |
|3. |Second Cylinder Cut-off [3,4,1] |BP34,1= |IP2 = |
|4. |Third Cylinder Cut-off [4,1,2] |BP4,1,2= |IP3 = |
|5. |Fourth Cylinder Cut-off [1,2,3] |BP1,2,3= |IP4 = |
NOMENCLATURE IN MORSE TEST:
BP(TOTAL) = Brake Power when all the cylinders are working KW,
BP2,3& 4 = Brake Power when the First Cylinder is Cut-off KW,
BP3,4&1 = Brake Power when the Second Cylinder is Cut-off KW,
BP4,1&2 = Brake Power when the Third Cylinder is Cut-off KW,
BP1,2&3 = Brake Power when the Fourth Cylinder is Cut-off KW.
IP1 = Indicated Power of the First Cylinder KW,
IP2 = Indicated Power of the Second Cylinder KW,
IP3 = Indicated Power of the Third Cylinder KW,
IP4 = Indicated Power of the Fourth Cylinder KW.
FORMULAE FOR CALCULATION OF FRICTIONAL POWER:
BRAKE POWER, [pic]
IP1 = BP(TOTAL) – BP2,3& 4
IP2 = BP(TOTAL) – BP3,4&1
IP3 = BP(TOTAL) – BP4,1&2
IP4 = BP(TOTAL) – BP1,2&3
There fore, IP(TOTAL) = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 +IP4.
There fore, Frictional power, FP = IP(TOTAL) - BP(TOTAL)
RESULT:
Thus the MORSE Test is conducted on the four stroke, four cylinder petrol engine.
Applications:
Remarks:
Signature of Staff In-charge with date
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define the term Flash and Fire Point.
2. Name the apparatus commonly used for measuring Flash and Fire Point?
3. Define Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
4. Write the equivalent of one centistoke in SI units?
5. Define Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity.
6. Define Calorific Value
7. What is the purpose of using a Planimeter?
8. Define Compression Ratio. What is its range in S.I and C.I Engine?
9. What is the thermodynamic cycle that a Petrol engine operates?
10. Define Indicated Thermal Efficiency and Brake Thermal Efficiency.
11. Define Air-Fuel ratio.
12. What is Pre-Ignition and Auto-Ignition?
13. Define Knocking.
14. What are the factors that affect Knocking?
15. What are the different types of mixtures?
16. What is meant by heating value of fuel?
17. What are the variables that affect engine performance?
18. What is meant by Super Charging?
19. What is the thermodynamic cycle that a diesel engine operates?
20. Why cranking the diesel engine by hand is very difficult?
21. Define Octane Number.
22. Define Cetane Number.
23. What do you mean by a heat balance sheet?
24. What do you mean by Morse Test?
25. Give the relationships between viscosity and temperature.
26. What is the significance of valve timing diagram?
27. What is the purpose of valve overlap?
28. What do you mean by scavenging?
29. What are the methods of cooling IC Engine?
30. What is the purpose of using a Fin in an engine? In which engine it is employed?
31. What is the purpose of using a Thermostat in a Radiator?
32. Differentiate between two stroke and four stroke engine.
33. Name any methods of determining Indicated Power of a Multi Cylinder Engine?
34. Define Indicated Power, Brake Power and Friction Power.
35. What is the purpose of using a William’s Line Method?
36. What do you mean by Turbo Charging?
37. What do you mean by Ignition Delay?
38. What do you mean by Rating of Fuels?
39. What is the difference between Motor Octane Number and Research Octane Number?
40. What do you mean by sensitivity?
41. Define Rich Mixture, Lean Mixture and Stoichiometric Mixture.
42. What is the difference between Knocking and Detonation?
43. How will you calculate the misfiring that occurs in an IC engine?
44. What is the purpose of using additives in fuel?
45. What are oxygenators? Give Examples.
46. Classify the family of fuels.
47. How is refining of petroleum products done?
48. What do you mean by Bio-Diesel?
49. What do you mean by blending of fuels?
50. What are the various alternate fuels available to run an IC Engine?
51. What do you mean by HCCI Technology?
52. What do you mean by Transesterification?
53. What are the various Blending Techniques available for fuel?
-----------------------
ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL
V Semester (10MEL58)
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ’A’ Grade
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
&
ISO 9001:2008 Certified)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS, KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT
BENGALURU-560078
Image related to Lab (Department wise and lab wise)
Name of the Student :
Semester /Section :
USN :
Batch :
ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL
V Semester (10MEL58)
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS
KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT
BENGALURU-560078
Name of the Student :
Semester /Section :
USN :
Batch :
DO’S:
➢ Lab Dress code with Student’s Identity card should be strictly adhered to,
➢ Ensure proper ventilation by keeping the doors and windows open,
➢ [?] 234LMef òîêæØæÊ殪¦æ–ŠqX:/h?»h?»OJQJ:h?»h?»B*CJOJQJ^J[?]aJfH[pic]phiiiqÊÿûûù1h?Take the guidance of the faculty and the instructors concerned before starting the experiments,
➢ Take utmost care while cranking the engine,
➢ Ensure that, water is circulated for Engine cooling and for the Exhaust Gas Calorimeter,
➢ Ensure that Exhaust Valve of the engine under operation is in OPEN position,
➢ Ensure that the electric supply to the heating devices for the experimental setups/Test Rigs are Switched OFF once the concerned Experiments are completed,
➢ Keep sufficient distance from the rotating parts,
➢ In case of fire even of small magnitude, alert the concerned lab authorities and know the usage of a Fire Extinguisher and use the sand kept in case of emergencies.
➢
DONT’S:
➢ Never bring any flame in the vicinity of the inflammable fuels,
➢ Never rest your hands on the equipment or on the display board, because it has fragile measurement devices like thermometers, manometers, etc…
➢ Do not touch/ handle the experimental setups/Test Rigs without their prior knowledge,
➢ Never overcrowd the experimental setup/Test Rig, Leave sufficient space for the person cranking the engine to start,
➢ Any unsafe conditions like exposed electrical wires, fuel spilling, fuel leakage, etc… should be brought to the notice of the concerned lab authorities.
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