Molecular Shapes and Polarity
Space
Exploration
Workbook
Science 9
Worksheet 1: Early Views About the Cosmos (1.1)
1. Solstices mark the beginnings of which two seasons? (2 marks)
2. How would you recognize an equinox? (1 mark)
3. How was Stonehenge uses to predict solstices?(1 mark)
4. Draw the geocentric model of the universe. Include the Earth, Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the stars. (2 marks)
5. Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast the geocentric model with the heliocentric model of the universe. Include at least one difference for each, and one similarity. (3 marks)
6. Planets in our solar system orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits. What is the shape of an ellipse [Hint: see Figure 1.6 on page 375]? (1 mark)
7. Why was the geocentric model popular for such a long period of time? (1 mark)
Worksheet 2: Discovery Through Technology (1.2)
1. Before technology was used to look at the sky, how did humans map the movement of stars in the sky? (1 mark)
2. How was the cross-staff used with stars? (1 mark)
3. How was a quadrant used with stars? (1 mark)
4. Name two other discoveries that allowed us to see objects in the sky. (2 marks)
5. What is a light-year based on? (1 mark)
6. How far does light travel in a second? (1 mark)
7. What is the Astronomical Unit (A.U.) based on? (1 mark)
8. How long does it take light from the Sun to reach the Earth? (1 mark)
9. How does a sundial tell us the time? (1 mark)
10. Why are we receiving light from stars that no longer exist? (1 mark)
11. How did the telescope change how see the universe? (1 mark)
Worksheet 3: The Distribution of Matter in Space (1.3)
1. Compare the colour of hotter stars with the colour of cooler stars. (2 marks)
Use the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram below to answer the questions 2, 3 and 4.
[pic]
2. A star is large and red. Which part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is it found in? (1 mark)
3. A star is yellow and cool. Which part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is it found in? (1 mark)
4. A star is a tiny, blue and hot. Which part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is it found in? (1 mark)
5. A star is found in the bottom right-hand corner of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Describe the brightness and temperature of the star. (2 marks)
6. If a star undergoes goes supernova, what are the two things that are likely to happen? (2 marks)
7. At what temperature does a protostar transform into a hydrogen-burning star? (1 mark)
8. What is the eventual fate of our own Sun? (1 mark)
9. Place the following objects in order, from largest to smallest: nebula, star, planet, constellation, galaxy, moon. (1 mark)
Worksheet 4: Our Solar Neighbourhood (1.4),
Describing the Position of Objects in Space (1.5)
1. What protects Earth from the effects of a solar flare or the solar wind? (1 mark)
2. How many Earths could fit into our Sun? (1 mark)
3. A rock has entered Earth’s atmosphere, but has not landed on the surface. What is the object? (1 mark)
4. Humans wish to begin mining operations on the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Explain why the asteroid belt is valuable. (1 mark)
5. A chunk of rock and ice is hurtling through space. Is the object a comet or meteoroid? (1 mark)
6. A student wishes to find out how high an object is in the sky. Is the student interested in azimuth or altitude? (1 mark)
7. If the Sun is directly overhead, what is this position called? (1 mark)
8. An astronomer writes down the following for an object in the night sky: azimuth 364˚ and altitude 93˚.
a. What is wrong with these values? (1 mark)
b. Determine the correct values of azimuth and altitude [Hint: subtract]. (2 marks)
9. What is the path of the Sun across the sky called? (1 mark)
10. Where does the term “planet” come from? (1 mark)
Worksheet 5: Getting There - Technologies for Space Transport (2.1)
1. Describe how “Archyta’s pigeon” was propelled. (1 mark)
2. Which country launched the first artificial satellite into Earth’s orbit? (1 mark)
3. Describe what is necessary for a rocket to be propelled. (1 mark)
4. What are the three important components of a rocket? (3 marks)
5. The thrust of an ion drive is about 10,000 times weaker than today’s rocket engines. Why are ion drives an appealing alternative to conventional rockets? (1 mark)
6. In your own words, describe how the ion drive generates thrust. (1 mark)
7. Describe how a solar sail works. (1 mark)
8. What common material is being tested for future solar sail transport? (1 mark)
9. What would happen to a rocket if its payload were greater than its thrust? (1 mark)
Worksheet 6: Surviving There - Technologies for Living in Space (2.2),
Using Space Technology to Meet Human Needs on Earth (2.3)
1. What are two hazards of living or working in space? (2 marks)
2. Are the hazards of space only physical hazards? Explain. (1 mark)
3. What is necessary for a human to experience “microgravity”? (1 mark)
4. Describe three effects of being in a microgravity environment. (3 marks)
5. Name three things that each space suit contains. (3 marks)
6. How does the International Space Station produce oxygen? (1 mark)
7. What are three uses for artificial satellites (other than GPS technology)? (3 marks)
8. How many GPS satellites are needed to determine a set of coordinates? (1 mark)
9. Technology designed for space is often used differently on Earth. Give an example of how a technology is used in space, and how it used on Earth. (2 marks)
Worksheet 7: Using Technology to See the Visible (3.1),
Using Technology to See Beyond the Visible (3.2)
1. How many lenses does a refracting telescope use to observe objects in space? (1 mark)
2. What makes a reflecting telescope different from a traditional refracting telescope? (1 mark)
3. What is the “resolving power” of a telescope? (1 mark)
4. What are two advantages of interferometric telescopes over normal telescopes? (1 mark)
5. Explain how the Hubble Space Telescope is able to see very distant objects with greater resolution. (1 mark)
6. What is the highest energy radiation of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum? (1 mark)
7. Name three objects that may be observed with the help of radio telescopes. (3 marks)
8. How did humans determine the shape of the Milky Way galaxy? (1 mark)
9. Twelve radio telescopes are used to observe the same star in space. What technique is being used? (1 mark)
10. What is an advantage to sending space probes to distant objects? (1 mark)
11. What was the first space probe launched successfully by humans? (1 mark)
Worksheet 8: Using Technology to Interpret Space (3.3)
1. How does triangulation determine the distance to an object? (1 mark)
2. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions:
a. What elements are present in the Sun’s spectrum? (1 mark)
b. In which two mystery stars is calcium present? (1 mark)
c. Which mystery star contains Na? (1 mark)
d. Only one mystery star contains Hg. Which one is it? (1 mark)
e. Which mystery star’s composition is the most different from that of the Sun? (1 mark)
f. In 1-2 sentences, describe how a star’s composition can be determined by analyzing its spectral pattern. (1 mark)
3. Parallax is used to determine the position of objects in space. Why are measurements six months apart needed in order for this method to work? (1 mark)
4. If an object is red-shifted, is its light waves compressed together or spread out? (1 mark)
5. If an object is moving towards you, will its spectrum be red-shifted or blue shifted? (1 mark)
6. Why does an ambulance always sound louder when it approaches you? (1 mark)
Worksheet 9: The Risks and Dangers of Space Exploration (4.1),
Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration and Observation (4.2),
Issues Related to Space Exploration (4.3)
1. Name two hazards that await an orbiting spacecraft or astronaut. (2 marks)
2. How fast are objects moving in orbit [Hint: see p. 458]? (1 mark)
3. Why is a solar flare dangerous for humans? (1 mark)
4. Why do astronauts in space get exposed to more radiation that people on Earth? (1 mark)
5. What is Canada’s major contribution to the International Space Station and the space shuttle? (1 mark)
6. Why are humans interesting in leaving Earth? (1 mark)
7. For the following situations identify the issue as either political, ethical or environmental:
a. Canada and the U.S. go to court to determine who owns 6000 km2 of Mars. (1 mark)
b. Novex Mining Corporation leaves debris in orbit of the asteroid Ceres. (1 mark)
c. The entire human race wishes to populate the ocean on one of Jupiter’s small moons, Ganymede. Hundreds of creatures already live in that ocean. (1 mark)
d. The Galactic Empire has begun mining operations on planet Tatooine. In order to do this, they must evict half of the residents. (1 mark)
e. One country wishes to launch 100 satellites that will cross the orbits of existing satellites from 6 different countries. (1 mark)
Name: ______________________________________________________ Block: _____
Homework Stamp Sheet
Science 9
Space Exploration
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Brightness
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