CL Theory



CL 390: Twentieth-Century (Western) Theory: An Introduction

Instructor: Katherine Arens

Dept. of Germanic Languages

E.P. Schoch 3.128; 1-4123 (k.arens@mail.utexas.edu)

THEME 1: ONTOLOGY OF THE WORK OF ART -- an ideology of the work

1. Phenomenology/Hermeneutics: The Philosophical Background

Edmund Husserl, "Phenomenology," II: 657-663

Roman Ingarden, "Phenomenological Aesthetics," II: 184-197

E.D. Hirsch, Jr., "Objective Interpretation," IR: 1099-1115

Paul Ricoeur, " Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling," II: 423-434

Martin Heidegger, "Hölderlin and the Essence of Poetry," II: 757-765

Hans-Georg Gadamer, "Truth and Method," II: 839-855

Georges Poulet, "Phenomenology of Reading," IR: 1146-1154

Maurice Blanchot, "The Essential Solitude," II: 823-831

**Background: Kurt Mueller-Vollmer, "Introduction," The Hermeneutics Reader

R. Wellek, History, Vol. 7, Chap. 17

2. Text-Intrinsic Criticism: Sources for the Specific Theoretical Ideology of the auteur and Art

T.S. Eliot, "Tradition and the Individual Talent," "Hamlet and His Problems," IR: 760-766

I.A. Richards, "Practical Criticism," IR: 826-837

W.K. Wimsatt & Monroe C. Beardsley, "The Intentional Fallacy," "The Affective Fallacy," IR: 944-959

R.P. Blackmur, "A Critic's Job of Work," IR: 884-896

Kenneth Burke, "Literature as Equipment for Living," IR: 920-924

Cleanth Brooks, "The Heresy of Paraphrase," "Irony as a Principle of Structure," IR: 960-974

**Other readings: John Crowe Ransom, Wallace Stevens, Robert Penn Warren, Murray Krieger

**Background: René Wellek, Vol. 5, Chaps 6-8

René Wellek, Vol. 6, Chaps. 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16

2a. Pendants (Varieties of Text-Intrinsic Criticism, including New Critics, Chicago Neo-Aristotelianism, mythopoetic criticism)

Northrop Frye, "Ethical Criticism: Theory of Symbols," IR: 1045-1072; "The Critical Path," II: 251-264

Ernst Cassirer, "Art," IR: 925-943

E.H. Gombrich, "From Representation to Expression," IR: 1082-1089

Hayden White, "The Historical Text as Literary Artifact," II: 394-407

Meyer H. Abrams, "How to Do Things with Texts," II: 435-449

Frank Kermode, "Fictions," II: 70-78

Stanley Fish, "Is There a Text in this Class?," II: 524-533; "Normal Circumstances, . . . ," IR: 1199-1209

**Background: Jonathan Culler, The Pursuit of Signs, Chaps. 6 & 8

2b. Formalism/Prague School: An Alternative to Anglo-American New Criticism

Boris Eichenbaum, "The Theory of the 'Formal Method'," IR: 800-816

Jan Mukarovsky, "Standard Language and Poetic Language," IR: 975-982

Mikhail M. Bakhtin, "Discourse in the Novel," II: 664-678; "Epic and Novel," IR: 838-855

Roman Jakobson, "The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles," IR: 1041-1044

Tzvetan Todorov, Genres in Discourse, 1-49

Tzvetan Todorov, Theories of the Symbol, Chaps. 8-10, 246-284

**Background: J.G. Merquior. From Prague to Paris, Chaps. 1 & 2

F.W. Galan, Historic Structures: The Prague School Project

Victor Erlich. Russian Formalism

R. Wellek, History, Vol. 7, Chaps. 13, 15, 18

Terence Hawkes, Structuralism and Semiotics

Jonathan Culler, Structuralist Poetics

Robert Scholes, Structuralism in Literature

R. Wellek, History, Vol. 7, Chap. 16

THEME 2: TEXTS AND THEIR USES/USERS: An Ideology of the ideology of class and consciousnesnss

3a. Marxist Criticisms: First Generation

Karl Marx, "The German Ideology," "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy," IR: 624-627

Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History," II: 679-685; "On Language as Such," IR: 742-749

Georg Lukács, "Art and Objective Truth," II: 789-807; "The Ideal of the Harmonious Man," IR: 902-908

Leon Trotsky, "The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism," IR: 792-799

**Background: Walter Cohen, "Marxist Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 320-348

Michael Ryan, Marxism and Deconstruction

Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature

R. Wellek, History, Vol. 7, Chap.7

3b. Marxist Criticisms: Postwar

Louis Althusser, "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," II: 238-250

Raymond Williams, "The Country and the City," IR: 1155-1161

John Clarke, et al., ""Subcultures, Cultures, and Class: A Theoretical Overview," IN Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds., Resistance through Literature, 9-74

Theodor Adorno, "Aesthetic Theory," II: 231-237; "Cultural Criticism," IR: 1032-1040

Max Horkheimer, "The Social Function of Philosophy," II: 686-696

Nancy Fraser, "What's Critical about Critical Theory?," Feminism as Critique, 31-56

4. Reception Theory

Hans Robert Jauss, "Literary History as a Challenge to L. Theory," II: 163-183

Wolfgang Iser, "The Repertoire," II: 359-380

Thomas S. Kuhn, "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice," II: 381-393

**Background: Robert C. Holub, Reception Theory

Robert Scholes, Protocols of Reading

**Critical Précis Due: Marxist approaches or Reception Theory

THEME 3: TEXTS AND LANGUAGE SYSTEMS -- ideologies of meaning and representation (texts and minds, often in the singular or abstract)

5. Linguistics/Speech Act: Basis for Performativity

Benjamin Lee Whorf, "Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language," II:709-23

Noam Chomsky, "Aspects of the Theory of Syntax," II: 37-58

Emile Benveniste, "The Nature of the Linguistic Sign," "Subjectivity in Language," II: 724-732

J.L. Austin, "How to Do Things with Words," II: 832-838

Ludwig Wittgenstein, "Philosophical Investigations," II: 766-788

John R. Searle, "What Is a Speech Act?," II: 59-69

6. Structuralism/Semiotics

Ferdinand de Saussure, "Course in General Linguistics," II: 645-656; IR, 717-726

Charles Sanders Peirce, "Letters to Lady Welby," II: 637-644

Roland Barthes, "The Structuralist Activity," IR: 1127-1130; "Death of the Author," IR: 1130-1133

Claude Lévi-Strauss, "The Structural Study of Myth," II: 808-822

Jonathan Culler, "Beyond Interpretation," II: 321-329

Yurij Lotman & B.A. Uspensky, "On the Semiotic Mechanism of Culture," II: 408-422

Umberto Eco, Limits of Interpretation, "Semiotics, Pragmatics, and Text Semiotics," 203-221

Clifford Geertz, "Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought," II: 513-523

**Background: J.G. Merquior, From Prague to Paris, Chaps. 3 & 4

Robert Scholes. Semiotics and Interpretation

Kaja Silverman, The Subject of Semiotics

7. From Post-Structuralism to Deconstructionism/Yale Critics

Friedrich Nietzsche, "Truth and Falsity," IR: 634-639

Sigmund Freud, "Creative Writers and Daydreaming," IR: 711-716

Carl G. Jung, "On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry," IR, 783-791

Martin Heidegger, "The Nature of Language," IR: 1090-1098

Michel Foucault, "What is an Author?," "Discourse on Language," II: 137-162; "Truth and Power," IR: 1134-1145

Jacques Derrida, "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences," "Of Grammatology," "Difference," II: 79-136

Georges Bataille, "The Notion of Expenditure," IR: 856-864

Geoffrey H. Hartman, "Literary Commentary as Literature," II: 344-358

J. Hillis Miller, "The Critic as Host," II: 450-468

Paul De Man, "Rhetoric of Temporality," "Semiology and Rhetoric," II: 198-230; "Semiology and Rhetoric," IR: 1174-1182

Harold Bloom, "Poetry, Revisionism, Repression," II: 330-343; "The Dialectics of Poetic Tradition," IR: 1183-1189

**Background: Deborah Esch, "Deconstruction," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 374-391

J.G. Merquior, From Prague to Paris, Chap. 5

Richard Harland, Superstructuralism

Gregory L. Ulmer, Applied Grammatology

Christopher Norris, Deconstruction

Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction

THEME 4: TEXTS, CANONICITY, AND RESISTANCE: An Ideology of Performativity and Resistance

8. The Emergence of Resistance: First-Generation Feminist Criticism

Virginia Woolf, "A Room of One's Own," IR: 817-825

Simone de Beauvoir, "The Second Sex," IR: 993-1000

Sandra M. Gilbert, "Literary Paternity," II: 485-496

Lillian S. Robinson, "Treason Our Text: Feminist Challenges to the Literary Canon," II: 571-582

S. M. Gilbert & Susan Gubar, "Infection in the Sentence," IR: 1234-1244

Elaine Showalter, "Towards a Feminist Poetics," IR: 1223-1233

bell hooks, Feminist Theory, "Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory," and "Feminism: A Movement to End Oppression," 1-32

Linda Nochlin, Women, Art, and Power, 1-36, 145-178

Annette Kolodny, "Dancing Through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism," II: 497-512

Alice A. Jardine, "Gynesis," II: 559-570

**Background: Catharine R. Stimpson, "Feminist Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 251-270

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, "Gender Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 271-302

Hester Eisenstein and Alice Jardine, eds. The Future of Difference.

Marcia Cohen, The Sisterhood

Karen Offen, European Feminisms, 1700-1950: A Political History

9. Psychoanalytic/Post-Freudian Criticism:

From Political Criticism to Identity Politics

Jacques Lacan, "The Mirror Stage," "The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud," II: 733-756

Gilles Deleuze & Felix Guattari, "Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism & Psychoanalysis," II: 283-307

Dorothy Leland, "Lacanian Psychoanalysis," Fraser & Bartky, eds., Revaluing French Feminism, 113-135

Additional Reading: Jacques Lacan, Seminar on the "Purloined Letter"

**Background: Meredith Skura, "Psychoanalytic Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 349-373

R. Wellek, History, Vol. 7, Chap. 4

Anika Lemaire. Jacques Lacan

Samuel Weber. Return to Freud: Jacques Lacan's Dislocation of Psychoanalysis

Elizabeth Grosz. Jacques Lacan: A Feminist Introduction

Catherine Clément, The Weary Sons of Freud

10a. Identity Construction/Agency issues: French Feminisms

Hélène Cixous, "The Laugh of the Medusa," II: 308-320

Julia Kristeva, "The True-Real," The Kristeva Reader, 187-237

Luce Irigaray, "This Sex Which Is Not One," "Women on the Market," "Commodities among Themselves," This Sex Which Is Not One, 23-33, 170-197

Julia Kristeva, "Women's Time," II: 469-484; "From One Identity to Another," IR, 1162-1173

**Background: Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics

John Lechte. Julia Kristeva

Margaret Whitford. Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine

Elizabeth Grosz, Sexual Subversions

10b. Identity Politics and the Gaze: The Politics of Spectatorship

Toril Moi, "Appropriating Bourdieu" (CD)

Nancy Fraser, "The Uses and Abuses of French Discourse Theories for Feminist Politics," Fraser & Bartky, eds., Revaluing French Feminism, 177-194

Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 1-34

Kaja Silverman. The Acoustic Mirror, 1-71, 187-234

Donna Haraway, Primate Visions, "Teddy Bear Patriarchy," 26-58; "Woman's Place is in the Jungle," 279-303

**Other readings: Teresa de Lauretis, Alice Doesn't

Laura Mulvey, Visual and Other Pleasures

Diana Meyers, "The Subversion of Women's Agency," Fraser & Bartky, eds., Revaluing French Feminism, 136-161

Diana Fuss, "Essentially Speaking," Fraser & Bartky, eds., Revaluing FF, 94-112

Paul Smith, Discerning the Subject, "Ideology," 3-23; "Feminism" and "Responsibilities," 133-160

THEME 5: THE EMERGENCE OF CULTURAL STUDIES AND THE DEATH OF LITERATURE -- the ideology of cultural processes as resistance to social inscription

11a. Marginalization and Post-Colonial Criticism

Edward Said, "From Orientalism," Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 132-149

Edward W. Said, "The World, The Text, and the Critic," IR: 1210-1222

Edward W. Said, "Secular Criticism," II: 604-622

Chinua Achebe, "Colonialist Criticism," IR: 1190-1198

Ranajit Guha, "Preface" and "On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India," R. Guha & Gayatri Spivak, eds., Selected Subaltern Studies, 35-44; Spivak, "Subaltern Studies," 2-34

Frantz Fanon, "On National Culture," Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 36-52

Homi Bhabha, "Remembering Fanon: Self, Psyche and the Colonial Condition," Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 112-123

Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,'" Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 291-304

Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes," Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 196-220

Seyla Benhabib, "The Generalized and the Concrete Other," Feminism as Critique, 77-95

Gayatri Spivak, "Can the Subaltern Speak?," Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 66-111

Gayatri Spivak, In Other Worlds, "A Literary Representation of the Subaltern," 241-268

**Background: Homi K. Bhabha, "Postcolonial Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 437-465

Gerald Graff and Bruce Robbins, "Cultural Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 419-436

11b. Other Critiques of Otherness and Marginalization

David Theo Goldberg, ed. Anatomy of Racism

-Frantz Fanon, "The Fact of Blackness," 108-126

-Homi Bhabha, "Interrogating Identity: Post-Colonial Prerogative," 183-209

-Edward W. Said, "Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims," 210-246

bell hooks, Feminist Theory: from margin to center , "Changing Perspectives on Power," and "Rethinking the Nature of Work," 83-105

bell hooks, "Postmodern Blackness," Williams & Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory, 421-427

Cornel West, "Marxist Theory and the Specificity of Afro-American Oppression," Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 17-29

Catharine MacKinnon, "Desire and Power: A Feminist Perspective," Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 105-121

**Background: Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "African-American Criticism," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 303-319

L. Grossberg & C. Nelson, "Introduction: The Territory of Marxism," Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1-13

12. Globalization, Media Culture

Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History," II: 679-685

---, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (CD)

Globalization: A Short Introduction

Additional Reading:

Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment

Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action

THEME 6: MATERIALIST CULTURAL STUDIES -- the ideologies of texts redefined

13a. New Historicism, 1: History of the Book

Lynn Hunt, "Introduction: History, Culture, and Text," in Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History, 1-22

Robert Darnton, "What is the History of Books?," Finkelstein & McCleery, eds., Book History Reader, 9-26

Jerome McGann, "The Socialization of Texts," Finkelstein & McCleery, eds., Book History Reader, 27-46

Roger Chartier, "Labourers and Voyagers: From the Text to the Reader," Finkelstein & McCleery, eds., Book History Reader, 47-58

Pierre Bourdieu, "The Field of Cultural Production," Finkelstein & McCleery, eds., Book History Reader, 77-99

Roland Barthes, "The Death of the Author," Finkelstein & McCleery, eds., Book History Reader, 221-224

Michel Foucault, "What is an Author?," Finkelstein & McCleery, eds., Book History Reader, 225-230

**Background: Louis Montrose, "New Historicisms," in Greenblatt and Gunn, eds., Redrawing the Boundaries, 349-391

13b. New Historicism, 2: Translation Theory

Edwin Gentzler and Maria Tymoczko. "Introduction." In: Maria Tymoczko and Edwin Gentzler, eds., Translation and Power, xi-xxvii

Camino Gutiérrez Lanza. "Spanish Film Translation and Cultural Patronage: The Filtering and Manipulation of Imported Material during Franco's Dictatorship." In: Maria Tymoczko and Edwin Gentzler, eds., Translation and Power, 141-59

Edwin Gentzler. "Translation, Poststructuralism, and Power." In: Maria Tymoczko and Edwin Gentzler, eds., Translation and Power, 195-218

**Background: André Lefevere, Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame (case studies, passim)

Susan Bassnett, Translation Studies (passim)

14. Memory, Post-Memory, Memorialization

Shoshana Felman and Dori Laub, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History.

-Laub, "A Event Without a Witness: Truth, Testimony, and Survival," 75-92

Dori Laub, "Truth and Testimony: The Process and the Struggle." American Imago, 48, # 1 (Spring 1991), 75-91 (CD)

Cathy Caruth, "Introduction." American Imago, 48, # 1 (Spring 1991), 1-12

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