PASTORALISM AP Human Geography

AP Human Geography

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Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Development and

Diffusion of Agriculture

SECOND AGRICULTURAL

REVOLUTION

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ORIGIN of AGRICULTURE

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SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE ¨C growing

only enough food to feed your own family.

COMMERCIAL FARMING ¨C growing food to

sell and make money.

Before the domestication of plants,

humans were primarily nomadic HUNTERS

and GATHERERS, moving to find new food

sources.

Geographers believe that agriculture

innovation occurred in and diffused from

multiple hearths.

CARL SAUER claimed that the process of

growing plants was first through

VEGETATIVE PLANTING and then later

SEED AGRICULTURE.

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Carl Sauer¡¯s theory argues that vegetative

farming originated in Southeast Asia

where the climate and terrain would have

supported the growth of root plants that

are easily divided ¨C taro, yam, banana. . .

From its hearth it diffused north to China

and Japan, and west to Southwest Asia

and Africa.

Other early hearths are believed to have

emerged through independent innovation

in South America and West Africa.

FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION or

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

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Sometimes referred to as the Neolithic

Revolution ¨C development of see

agriculture and the use of animals in the

farming process. Replaced the nomadic

hunting-and-gathering life. Human groups

were able to stay in one place, grow their

populations, and start to build

communities. The ability to produce

more food without roaming for it

increased the carrying capacity of the

Earth.

SEED AGRICULTURAL HEARTHS and DIFFUSION

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Western India ¡ú Southwest Asia

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Southwest Asia ¡ú Europe

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Northern China ¡ú South Asia and

Southeast Asia

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Ethiopia ¡ú Remained isolated

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Southern Mexico ¡ú Western Hemisphere

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Northern Peru ¡ú Western Hemisphere

MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE

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Primarily associated with the region near

the Mediterranean Sea and places with

climates that have hot, dry summers, and

mild wet winters. Involves wheat, barley,

vine and tree crops. It can be either

extensive or intensive, depending on the

crop. Can be either subsistence or

commercial.

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Produce crops to sell in the marketplace.

Practices include mixed crop and livestock

farming, ranching, dairying, and largescale grain production. Plantation farming

is a form of commercial farming, but it is

practiced mostly in LDCs.

MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK FARMING

Involves both growing crops and raising

animals. Most of the crops grown on

mixed farms are used to feed the farm¡¯s

animals. Located throughout Europe and

North America.

RANCHING

Commercial grazing or the raising of

animals on a plot of land on which they

graze. It is usually extensive, requiring

large amounts of land.

DAIRYING

Growth of milk-based products for the

marketplace. Dairy farms closets to the

marketplace usually produce the most

perishable fluid milk products, while those

farther away produce goods like cheese

and butter. Farms are usually very small

and capital intensive. CAPTIAL-INTENSIVE

FARMS use much machinery in the

farming process, whereas labor-intensive

farms use much human labor. The

MILKSHED is the zone around the city¡¯s

center in which milk can be produced and

shipped to the marketplace without

spoiling.

LARGE-SCALE GRAIN PRODUCTION

Grains are most often grown to be

exported to other places for consumption.

The U.S. is the world¡¯s largest large-scale

grain producer. Usually highly

mechanized, thus capital-intensive,

operations.

PLANTATION FARMING

Large-scale farming, specializing in one or

two high-demand crops for export to

MDCs.

COMMERICAL FARMING

Major Agricultural

Production Regions

AGRICUTURAL HEARTHS

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Geographers debate where and when

this revolution began, although it

coincided with the INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION in England and Western

Europe. A massive rural-to-urban

migration caused a great demand for

food from farms to be shipped into cities

for the workers. New innovations in

farming and transportation dramatically

increased crop and livestock yields. New

fertilizers, field drainage and irrigation

systems, and storage systems were

invented. Encouraged a population

boom.

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

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Remains widely practiced in lessdeveloped, peripheral countries.

Subsistence agriculture is divided into

three types: shifting cultivation,

intensive subsistence agriculture, and

pastoralism.

SHIFTING CULTIVATION

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Form of EXTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE

AGRICULTURE (using large amount of

land). Farmers rotate the fields they

cultivate to allow the soil to replenish its

nutrients, rather than faring the same

plot of land over and over. Shifting

cultivation is different from crop rotation

¨C found in the tropical zones where

topsoil is thin in these regions. Farmers

prepare a new plot of land for farming

through SLASH-AND-BURN

AGRICULTURE. Cleared plot of new land

is called SWIDDEN. Often farmers mix

various seeds on the same plot known as

INTERTILLAGE. This method causes

environmental problems because

increased population increases the

demand for land. Shifting cultivation is

being replaced by more lucrative farming

practices.

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

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Farmers cultivate small amounts of land

very efficiently to produce food for their

families. Usually found in regions that

are highly populated (China, India,

Southeast Asia). Rice is the dominant

intensive subsistence agriculture.

PASTORALISM

The breeding and herding of animals to

produce food, shelter, and clothing for

survival. Practiced in areas where there is

very limited, if any, arable land.

TRANSHUMANCE is the movement of

animal herds to cooler highlands in the

summer to warmer, lowland areas in the

winter. Pastoralists can be sedentary.

Sometimes they trade animals with local

farmers for food and supplies.

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BECKY WHITE HATCH, 2011

Rural Land Use and

Settlement Patterns

FACTORS AFFECTING DECISIONS on

FARM LOCATIONS

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The factors affecting farming location

decisions are physical, political-cultural,

and economic.

PHYSICAL FACTORS

SOIL: depth, texture, nutrient compostion,

and acidity of the soil.

RELIEF: slope and altitude. Usually, faltter

lands area best for agriculture because ore

sloped lands can be difficult to irrigate.

Altitude affects temperatures.

CLIMATE: temperature and rainfall.

POLITICAL-CULTURAL FACTORS

Religious beliefs affect agricultural

decisions, as well as food taboos.

In LDCs farmers are often encouraged by

the government to adopt more advanced

agricultural technlogy. Sometimes

government pay farmers not to grow

crops in an attempt to eliminate massive

surpluses that drive prices low.

ECONOMIC FACTORS

Subsistence farmers function to feed their

families, but commerical farmers function

in a competive global economy that has

shifting levels of supply and demand.

LAND RENT, or the price a farmer must

pay for each acre of land is a factor in

farming location. Usually, rent is cheaper

the farther the land is from the city¡¯s

center.

VON TH?NEN¡¯S AGRICULTURAL

LOCATION THEORY

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Johann Heinrich von Th¨¹nen formulated a

model explaining and predicting where

and why various agricultural activities

would take place around a city¡¯s

marketplace. His model explains and

predicts agricultural land use patterns.

The only variable in this model is distance

a farm location was from the city¡¯s

market.

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The central marketplace is surrounded

by agricultural activity zones that are in

concentric rings, each ring representing a

different type of agricultural land use.

Moving outward from the city¡¯s central

marketplace, the farming activities

changed from intensive to more

extensive.

Modern Commercial

Agriculture

GREEN REVOLUTION

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THIRD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

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Began in the late 1800s in North America

¨C increased the world food supply

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Distributed mechanized farming

technology and chemical fertilizers on a

global level.

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Farming and food processing were

completed at different sites.

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE FARMING

PROCESS

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Commercial farmers harvest their crops

and ship them off to food-processing

sites to be packaged for marketing and

distribution.

AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEM

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AGRIBUSINESS ¨C the commercialization

and industrialization of the food

production process from the

development of seeds to the marketing

and sale of food products at the market.

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The percentage of farmers in the U.S.

workforce has declined, but the number

of workers involved in some way in

agribusiness is increasing.

GLOBALIZATION OF THE FARMING PROCESS

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Food sold in grocery stores throughout

more-developed countries is often

grown in peripheral less-developed

regions of the world that ship food to

factories for processing and to markets

to the more-developed world = TRUCK

FARMING.

HUMAN IMPACTS OF THE

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

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Local farmers in more-developed

countries have been forced to integrate

into the agribusiness system to survive.

Most local flower farms in the U.S. have

closed down because they cannot

compete with the corporate-owned

flower farms in foreign lands.

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Many farmers in less-developed

countries have been forced to sell their

lands to foreign corporations to survive.

Foreign corporations often come into

these poorer countries and purchase

land to grow cash crops for export, such

as coffee and rubber. These profits are

not reinvented in infrastructural growth

in these poorer countries in which the

export-driven farms are located.

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Part of the third agricultural revolution is

an effort known as the Green Revolution

that began in the 1940 and developed

new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers

that dramatically increased the crop

output possible on every farm. Hunger

and famine have been reduced.

Downsides: (1) new technologies have

reduced the amount of human labor

needed on the farm; (2) some seeds and

crops are prone to viruses and pest

infestations; (3) rice and wheat cannot be

grown in some areas of Africa; (4)

increased economic inequality in

peripheral countries; (5) pesticides cause

pollution; (6) overuse of antibiotics.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Agricultural biotechnology is using living

organisms to produce or change plant or

animal products. GENETIC MODIFICATION

is a form of biotechnology that uses

scientific, genetic manipulation of crop

and animal products to improve

agricultural productivity and products.

Reorganizing plant and animal DNA as well

as tissue culturing are two examples of

genetic modification processes in

agricultural biotechnology.

Advantages: increasing food output;

reduces the cost of farming; can help the

environment;

Disadvantages: Cloned plants are more

susceptible to crop diseases ¨C require

more pesticides; expensive

HUNGER AND THE FOOD SUPPLY

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The causes of world hunger exist largely in

the distribution of food supplies and

people¡¯s ability to access food supplies,

not in humans¡¯ ability to grow food.

UNDERNUTRITION is the lack of sufficient

calories or nutrients. FAMINE is mass

starvation resulting from prolonged

under-nutrition in a region during a

certain period.

Solutions call for not just growing enough

food but also in distributing it and

empowering people with the ability to

obtain their needed food and produce

SUSTAINABLE YIELDS, or rates of crop

production that can be maintained over

time.

DESERTIFICATION and SOIL EROSION

Because of population pressures, farmers

in many regions are trying to grow food at

faster rates, often not allowing their soils

enough time to recuperate from the last

harvest before starting another. Such a

practice leads to soil erosion.

Another consequence from human

overuse of the earth¡¯s land is

DESERTIFICATION ¨C the lost of habitable

land to the expansion of deserts.

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