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TOPICS TO REVISE

Nutrition

Photosynthesis

Digestive System

Enzymes

Storage

Diffusion/Osmosis

Respiration

Aerobic versus anaerobic

Respiratory structures

Breathing

The effect of smoking

Transport

Blood Vessels, Heart, Blood, Immunity

Xylem Vessels, Phloem, transpiration

Excretion

Excretory products

Excretion in plants

Kidneys

Skin

Temperature Control

Osmoregulation

Reproduction in Humans

Reproductive structures

Menstrual Cycle

Coitus and conception

Pregnancy and birth

Contraceptives

THE PROMTION EXAMINATION

Your exam will comprise of three papers

Paper 1 - 50 minutes

40 multiple-choice questions

Paper 2 - 2 hours

3 compulsory structured questions

2 compulsory essay questions

HINTS ON REVISING

1. Choose a topic.

2. Check your syllabus* or notes to find out what you need to know in this topic.

3. Read your notes.

4. Read the textbook.

5. Learn all the definitions and equations in the topic. Practice describing things (e.g. structures, systems and processes)

6. Learn diagrams by drawing them repeatedly, labelling them

each time.

7. Do all questions available to you – from your textbook, your notes and past papers.

8. Test yourself by trying to do all the objectives from your syllabus.

* Syllabuses are available from the CXC headquarters at the Garrison for $ 6.00 each. You were given what you need to learn at the beginning of term 1.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Hints on how to revise Biology 2

Good Examination Technique 2

Diagrams you need to learn to draw 3

Revision Questions - Nutrition and Storage 5

Osmosis/Diffusion, Respiration 7

Transport 7

Excretion 8

Reproduction in Man 9

GOOD EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE

Multiple Choice

1. Never rush through a multiple-choice paper; just because the answers are there does not make it easy.

2. Read the question very carefully. Make sure you understand what it is asking you.

3. Read all of the answers carefully the wrong answers are called detractors. Good detractors are very similar to the correct answer.

4. Eliminate the nonsense answers.

5. Chose the correct answer from the remaining answers.

6. Never omit multiple-choice questions – you have a 25 % chance of getting it right.

7. When you have completed the multiple choice paper, go over it again reading each question as if it were the first time you read it – you might pick up on a mistake you made the first time around.

PAPER 2

Structured Questions

1. You have to answer all the questions in the structured paper. Take a look through the paper when you get it. Do the question you can answer best, first.

2. The first question will be a data analysis question. You will have to analyse a table or draw a graph. These questions are often related to practicals, you may have to describe a method or discuss the need for a control. The information about the question is often in the first two paragraphs of the question. Read these carefully.

3. If you have to draw a graph don’t forget the following: use up as much of the graph paper as you can; write a title and label the axes; include a key if necessary; use a sharp HB pencil.

4. DO NOT spend more than 30 minutes on the first question.

5. Do not leave any blank spaces; attempt to answer all questions. A blank space ensures you will get zero for that part.

6. Do not write back the question.

7. Answer in single words or short phrases as necessary – most of the time you do not have to write full sentences.

Essay Questions you only have 20 minutes per essay!

1. You have ten minutes to read and plan your essays. Read the entire paper first.

2. Chose the two questions you can answer best – one has to come from each section.

3. Spend a little time planning your answers – hand in your plan along with the essays.

4. Identify the doing words e.g. describe or discuss and the content area e.g. breathing or respiratory structures.

5. Use diagrams to help you describe structures – these should be large and labelled.

6. Use tables to help you do comparisons – don’t forget your title.

7. Use point form with an introductory statement.

8. Make sure you clearly indicate what part of the question you are answering.

9. All parts of an essay question are related to each other.

10. Give yourself about thirty minutes to answer one essay – watch the time!

DIAGRAMS TO LEARN

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NUTRITION REVISION

Learn to draw the following: internal and external views of a typical leaf; digestive system, a tooth, a villus.

Knowledge Questions

1. Distinguish between heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition.

2. Define photosynthesis.

3. Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis.

4. Describe the light and dark reactions.

5. Where does photosynthesis occur in the plant cell?

6. What may happen to the glucose produced by photosynthesis?

7. How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

8. Describe how you would test a leaf for starch.

9. How would you determine that (a) light and (b) chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis?

10. Describe how you would carry out the following food tests: starch, proteins, fat, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar.

11. Define the following words: ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion.

12. Describe how the digestive system is adapted to digest food.

13. What is an enzyme?

14. List the properties of enzymes.

15. List the enzymes found in each of the following organs: mouth, stomach, duodenum and ileum. For each enzyme state its substrate and product.

16. What is the role of the liver and pancreas in digestion?

17. What happens to glucose, amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol after they have been absorbed?

18. Why is a balanced diet important in humans?

19. What is the importance of each of the following: vitamins A and C, iron and calcium in the human diet.

20. What are effects of age, sex and occupation on dietary needs?

21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of vegetarianism?

22. What is the importance of nitrogen and magnesium to plants?

23. Why is food storage important in plants and animals?

24. Identify the products stored and the sites of storage in plants and animals.

25. Label the following diagrams on page 3: Digestive system, external and internal views of the leaf, the tooth and the villus.

26. The following questions relate to the diagrams:

Digestive system – state the function of each structure, if the structure produces

enzymes, then list the enzymes produced, its substrate and product.

Leaf structure – state the importance on structures c, d, g, h and j for photosynthesis.

Tooth – how are teeth adapted for their function? What is the purpose of the pulp cavity

and the dentine?

Villus – how does the villus adapt the small intestine for absorption?

27. Photosynthesis graph on page 4 – What is the limiting factor at the beginning of the

graph? What is the limiting factor once the rate of photosynthesis levels off?

What could be done to increase the rate of the reaction?

28. Enzyme Graph – Effect of Temperature on page 4 – Explain the shape of the graph.

29. Enzyme Graph – Effect of pH – Explain the shape of the graph.

Structured questions

1. Explain how the structure of the following relate to their functions in photosynthesis. (a) palisade cells (b) the xylem (c) airs spaces in spongy mesophyll (d) guard cells

2. You have been given three leaves, A, B and C. You find that leaf A and parts of leaf C give a positive test for starch. The leaves were previously left in three different conditions as shown below. Which leaf is which? Explain your answers.

I. De-starched. Left without carbon dioxide in light.

II. De-starched. Variegated leaf left in the light.

III. De-starched. Left on the bench in the light.

Essay type Questions

3. (a) Describe how carbohydrates are made by the process of photosynthesis in green

plants. Include a summary equation in your answer.

(b) With the aid of a clearly labelled and annotated diagram, explain how a leaf is

adapted to carry out the process of photosynthesis.

c) Although the photosynthesis equation shows a sugar as a product, a leaf is not

normally tested for sugar in order to show whether photosynthesis has taken place. Suggest a reason for this.

d) State three ways that photosynthesis is important to animals.

4. (a) One function of the liver is the formation of bile. What is the role of bile in

digestion?

b) Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the ileum to the liver.

c) After a meal rich in carbohydrates, what happens to glucose in the liver?

d) Describe how you could test for glucose in a sample of food.

e) If reducing sugar was not present in the sample in (d), explain how you could modify the test to find out if the food contained non-reducing sugar.

5. (a) What uses does a plant have for (i) glucose, (ii) starch, (iii) cellulose and (iv)

sucrose?

b) Describe two examples of mineral deficiency diseases in plants.

c) What is a vitamin?

d) Explain the effect of a deficiency of vitamin C in humans and name a good source of vitamin C in the diet.

e) Suggest two reasons why a child might develop the disease rickets.

Questions 3 – 5 from London Biology for CXC

3. Challenge Question

In an activity by Engelmann in 1883, a thread of Spirogyra was put on a slide together with bacteria which move towards areas of high oxygen concentration. The slide was left in the dark and then in the light. When the slide was examined, the bacteria were found in areas close to the chloroplasts as shown below.

groups of bacteria

chloroplasts

thread of Spirogyra

a) Why was the slide with Spirogyra and bacteria first left in the dark?

b) What does the experiment show?

c) What were the advantages of using Spirogyra?

d) Why was it necessary to use moving bacteria?

e) What would happen if the light was left on for a long time?

f) Red, green and blue are the primary colours of light. An object appears blue because it absorbs the red and green parts of white light, and reflects blue.

In the above activity, what would be the effect of exposing a slide of Spirogyra and bacteria (previously left in the dark) to (i) red light, (ii) green light.

June Mitchelmore (Basic Illustrated Biology)

DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND RESPIRATION

Learn to draw the lungs, be prepared to describe the gills. Learn all experiments associated with diffusion, osmosis and respiration.

Basic Knowledge Questions

1. Define diffusion and osmosis.

2. Explain why both diffusion and osmosis are important in living organisms.

3. Explain what happens in the diffusion and osmosis experiments shown on page 5.

4. Where does respiration take place in a cell?

5. What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

6. Define respiration.

7. Write a balanced equation for respiration.

8. What is the function of ATP?

9. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

10. When is lactic acid produced in the muscle.

11. How do we use anaerobic respiration commercially?

12. Describe an experiment to prove that heat is given off in respiration.

13. Explain why breathing is important in humans.

14. Explain why gaseous exchange is important in plants.

15. What are the gaseous exchange surfaces in plants, humans and fish?

16. Label the following diagrams on page 3: the lungs, the alveolus and the fish gill.

17. The lungs - What roles do structures a, b and i play in breathing?

Why are structures d and g ringed with cartilage?

Why are structures g lined with cilia?

The alveolus – How is the alveolus adapted for gaseous exchange

The gill – How is the gill adapted for gaseous exchange?

Essay Type Questions (From London Biology for CXC)

1. (a) Explain fully what is meant by the term ‘respiration’.

(b) Adenosine triphosphate is sometimes described as the energy ‘currency’ of the

cell. Explain what this means.

(c) Give three reasons why animals and plants need ATP

(d) Explain why a person breathing out carbon dioxide is an example of excretion.

(e) Describe the involvement of the ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm in the

ventilation of the lungs.

2. (a) Compare the characteristics of the structures involved in gas exchange in

humans and fish.

(b) Suggest two ways that cigarette smoking can reduce the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. Explain your answers fully.

(c) (i) How does gas exchange take place in a leaf?

(ii) Apart from water vapour, which gases pass into and out of a leaf in the

light and in the dark?

3. (a) What is meant by ‘anaerobic respiration?

(b) Write a balanced symbol equation for the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast.

(c) What is the product of anaerobic respiration in muscle? Suggest why muscles do not

respire anaerobically all the time.

(d) A runner in a 100 m race obtains 95 % of his energy from anaerobic respiration, whereas

a runner in a 10 000 m race only gets 10 % of his energy this way. Explain why there is

this difference.

TRANSPORT

Learn to draw the heart, blood cells and blood vessels. Learn the names of all the major blood vessels.

Basic Knowledge Questions

1. Why is a transport system needed in multicellular organisms?

2. What materials need to be transported in animals and plants?

3. Describe the structure and function of the heart.

4. Draw diagrams to show the differences in the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries.

5. Describe the composition and functions of the blood in transport.

6. How does the blood contribute to immunity.

7. Describe the structure of xylem vessels and sieve tubes.

8. How is the xylem adapted for its function?

9. Define transpiration.

10. What is a transpiration stream?

11. How do the following effect transpiration: light, humidity and air movements.

12. What is the function of the phloem in the transport system of plants?

13. How are some plants adapted to live in dry environments?

14. Label the following diagrams on page 3 and 4: the heart and blood cells; the xylem, sieve tube and blood vessels.

15. The heart – How is the heart adapted to its function of pumping blood?

How does the heart beat?

Blood cells – What is the function of each type of blood cell?

How are they adapted for their functions?

Blood vessels – How is each type of blood vessel adapted to its function?

Xylem vessel – How does a xylem vessel differ from an ordinary plant cell?

How do these differences adapt it to its function?

Sieve tube – What is the function of the sieve tube?

Structured Questions

1. (a) Draw a vertical section of the mammalian heart. Label each of the compartments and each of the blood vessels that bring and take away blood.

(b) Why is it important that, in the heart

i) the right and left sides are completely separated from each other by walls?

ii) The top and bottom compartments are separated from each other by valves and chords?

2. How does the blood leaving the following organs differ from the blood which enters them?

(a) Lungs (b) Liver (c) Kidneys (d) Heart

3. How do each of the following protect the body against infection and disease?

(a) Clotting of the blood (b) Phagocytes (c) Lymphocytes

EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Learn to draw the nephron.

BASIC KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS

1. What is the importance of excretion in living organisms?

2. Define excretion.

3. What substances do plants and animals excrete?

4. How do plants and animals eliminate excretory products?

5. Describe the structure of a kidney nephron using a suitable diagram.

6. Describe how a nephron works.

7. What is ADH and what does it do?

8. Define homeostasis.

9. What is a feed back mechanism?

10. Define osmoregulation.

11. Describe the function of the human skin in temperature regulation.

12. Label the nephron and skin on page 4.

13. The nephron – describe what happens in the structures you labelled on the diagram.

14. The skin – what structures on the skin are involved in temperature control?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The pituitary gland stimulates the kidney through:

A The water regulative hormone B the glucose regulating hormone

C The temperature regulating hormone D All of the above.

2. When blood temperature rises or falls, this gland picks up the information and sends out

orders to the appropriate glands:

A pituitary B liver C brain D pancreas

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

3. What differences would you expect to find between the composition of the renal artery

and the renal vein?

How do the mechanisms that brought about these differences illustrate the principles of

homeostasis?

4. Explain the differences between each of the following pairs of words:

Excretion and egestion

Urine and urea

Ureter and urethra

5. Suggest explanations for each of the following:

a) You may sweat when you do a lot of vigorous exercise.

b) In very cold conditions, the blood supply to the fingers and toes may be cut off.

c) In cold weather, you may need to eat more food than in warm weather.

d) Several layers of thin clothes will keep you warmer than one thick layer.

e) If someone falls into very cold water, you should remove their wet clothing as soon as they are back on land.

f) In very hot conditions, it is easier to keep the body temperature cool if the air is dry than if it is humid.

ESSAY TYPE QUESTION (From London Biology for CXC

6. (a) By means of a fully labelled and annotated diagram, describe how urine is

produced by a human kidney tubule (nephron).

b) Suggest two ways in which the food a person eats may affect the composition of their urine. Explain your answers.

c) Describe two ways that excretion occurs in plants.

d) Two symptoms of a malfunctioning kidney are (i) the presence of protein in the urine and (ii) high blood pressure (hypertension). Explain how each of these symptoms shows that the kidney is not functioning properly.

e) Describe one way in a leaf from a xerophytic plant may be adapted to conserve water.

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

Learn to label and annotate the reproductive system diagrams and a foetus in the uterus. Familiarize yourself with diagrams showing the menstrual cycle.

QUESTIONS

1. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction.

2. Why does sexual reproduction lead to variation whereas asexual reproduction leads to a genetically identical offspring?

3. Describe the structure and function of the reproductive systems in humans.

4. Describe the menstrual cycle, including the roles of oestrogen and progesterone.

5. What happens to the menstrual cycle after pregnancy occurs?

6. Describe coitus.

7. Describe how fertilization is brought about once the sperm have been ejaculated.

8. Outline the development of the embryo in humans, including the functions of the amnion, placenta and umbilical cord.

9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of birth control.

10. Label the following diagrams on page 4: female reproductive system, male reproductive system, foetus in uterus.

11. Female reproductive system – where do the following occur in the female reproductive system? Development of immature eggs; fertilization; development of the embryo; reception of sperm. What hormones stimulate changes in the ovary and uterus? What changes do they cause?

12. Male reproductive system – explain what happens in the male reproductive system from the initial arousal to ejaculation.

Additional Question

13. (a) Briefly describe how sexual intercourse leads to fertilization.

(b) What happens to the egg between the time it is fertilized to when conception occurs.

(c) Describe how the menstrual cycle prepares a woman for conception.

(c) (i) Birth control can prevent conception. Describe two ways other than a condom by

which conception can be prevented.

(ii) Despite the fact that many types of birth control have been available for some

time, teenaged girls and women sometimes get pregnant when they don’t want to.

Suggest reasons for this and the consequences to society when unwanted

pregnancies do occur.

The diagram below shows what happens in the uterus lining and the concentration of oestrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.

Thickness of

Uterus lining

14 28 14 28 Day

Oestrogen level

Progesterone

Level in the

Blood

14 28 14 28 Day

14. Ovulation occurs when there is

A a high concentration of oestrogen

B a high concentration of progesterone

C a minimum thickness of the uterus lining

D a maximum thickness of the uterus lining

15. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?

A Oestrogen – repairs and starts to build up uterus lining.

B Progesterone – helps to keep the uterus lining thick.

C Decrease in oestrogen – decrease in thickness of uterus lining

D Decrease in progesterone – breakdown and bleeding from uterus lining.

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