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An 'orphan drug' is:A. A very cheap drugB. A drug which has no therapeutic useC. A drug needed for treatment or prevention of a rare diseaseD. A drug which acts on Orphanin receptorsDrug administered through the following route is most likely to be subjected to first-pass metabolism:A. OralB. SublingualC. SubcutaneousD. RectalAlkalinization of urine hastens the excretion of:A. Weakly basic drugsB. Weakly acidic drugsC. Strong electrolytesD. Nonpolar drugsThe most important factor which governs diffusion of drugs across biological membrane is:A. Blood flow through the capillaryB. Lipid solubility of the drugC. pKa value of the drugD. pH of the mediumActive transport of a substance across biological membranes has the following characteristics except:A. It is specificB. It is pH dependentC. It is saturableD. It requires metabolic energyBioavailability of drug refers to:A. Percentage of administered dose that reaches systemic circulation in the unchanged formB. Ratio of oral to parenteral doseC. Ratio of orally administered drug to that excreted in the faecesD. Ratio of drug excreted unchanged in urine to that excreted as metabolitesIf the total amount of a drug present in the body at a given moment is 2.0 g and its plasma concentration is 25 ?g/ml, its volume of distribution is:A. 100 LB. 80 LC. 60 LD. 50 LThe following attribute of a drug tends to reduce its volume of distribution:A. High lipid solubilityB. Low ionisation at physiological pH valuesC. High plasma protein bindingD. High tissue bindingWeakly acidic drugs:A. Are bound primarily to α- acid glycoprotein in plasmaB. Are excreted faster in alkaline urineC. Are highly ionized in the gastric juiceD. Do not cross blood-brain barrierThe plasma protein bound fraction of a drug:A. Contributes to the response at the given momentB. Remains constant irrespective of the total drug concentrationC. Remains constant irrespective of the disease stateD. Is not available for metabolism unless actively extracted by the liverBiotransformation of drugs is primarily directed to:A. Activate the drugB. Inactivate the drugC. Convert lipid soluble drugs into nonlipid soluble metabolitesD. Convert nonlipid soluble drugs into lipid soluble MetabolitesA prodrug is:A. The prototype member of a class of drugsB. The oldest member of a class of drugsC. An inactive drug that is transformed in the body to an active metaboliteD. A drug that is stored in body tissues and is then gradually released in the circulationMost common cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs in human beings A. CYP 3A4B. CYP 2C9C. CYP 2E1D. CYP 1A2The most commonly occurring conjugation reaction for drugs and their metabolites is:A. GlucuronidationB. AcetylationC. MethylationD. Glutathione conjugationDrugs which undergo high degree of first-pass metabolism in liver:A. Have low oral bioavailabilityB. Are excreted primarily in bileC. Are contraindicated in liver diseaseD. Exhibit zero order kinetics of eliminationIf a drug is excreted in urine at the rate of 10 mg/hr at a steady-state plasma concentration of 5 mg/L, then its renal clearance is:A. 0.5 L/hrB. 2.0 L/hrC. 5.0 L/hrD. 20 L/hrIf a drug is eliminated by first order kinetics:A. A constant amount of the drug will be eliminated per unit timeB. Its clearance value will remain constantC. Its elimination half life will increase with doseD. It will be completely eliminated from the body in 2 × half life periodWhen the same dose of a drug is repeated at half life intervals, the steady-state (plateau) plasma drug concentration is reached after:A. 2–3 half livesB. 4–5 half livesC. 6–7 half livesD. 8–10 half livesThe loading dose of a drug is governed by its:A. Renal clearanceB. Plasma half lifeC. Volume of distributionD. Elimination rate constantWhat is true in relation to drug receptors:A. All drugs act through specific receptorsB. All drug receptors are located on the surface ofthe target cellsC. Agonists induce a conformational change inthe receptorD. Partial agonists have low affinity for the receptorA partial agonist can antagonise the effects of a full agonist because it has:A. High affinity but low intrinsic activityB. Low affinity but high intrinsic activityC. No affinity and low intrinsic activityD. High affinity but no intrinsic activityReceptor agonists possess:A. Affinity but no intrinsic activityB. Intrinsic activity but no affinityC. Affinity and intrinsic activity with a + signD. Affinity and intrinsic activity with a – signThe following receptor has an intrinsic ion channel:A. Histamine H1 receptorB. Histamine H2 receptorC. Adrenergic alfa receptorD. Nicotinic cholinergic receptorA receptor which itself has enzymatic property is:A. Insulin receptorB. Progesterone receptorC. Thyroxine receptorD. Glucagon receptorAll of the following subserve as intracellular second messengers in receptor mediated signal transduction except:A. Cyclic AMPB. Inositol trisphosphateC. Diacyl glycerolsD. G proteinsThe receptor transduction mechanism with the fastest time-course of response effectuation is:A. Adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP pathwayB. Phospholipase C-IP3: DAG pathwayC. Intrinsic ion channel operationD. Protein synthesis modulationThe following statement is not true of log dose-response curve:A. It is almost linear except at the endsB. It is a rectangular hyperbolaC. It facilitates comparison of different agonistsD. It can help in discriminating between competitive and noncompetitive antagonistsWhen therapeutic effects decline both below and above a narrow range of doses, a drug is said to exhibit:A. Ceiling effectB. DesensitizationC. Therapeutic window phenomenonD. Nonreceptor mediated actionThe following statement is not true of ‘potency’ of a drug:A. Refers to the dose of the drug needed to produce a certain degree of responseB. Can be related to that of its congeners by therelative position of its dose-response curve onthe dose axisC. It is often not a major consideration in thechoice of a drugD. It reflects the capacity of the drug to producea drastic response‘Drug efficacy’ refers to:A. The range of diseases in which the drug isbeneficialB. The maximal intensity of response that canbe produced by the drugC. The dose of the drug needed to produce halfmaximal effectD. The drug dose needed to produce therapeutic effect ................
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