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SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS: 10:00–12:00Session 1: Room 204The Quiet Transformation of Status Identification in JapanOrganizer and Chair: Carola Hommerich, Hokkaido UniversitySince the economic boom of the 1970ies, Japan was generally discussed as a mass-middle-class society. This image was based less on objective status indicators, and more on the fact that over 90 per cent of the Japanese self-identified as middle class. Even with an increase in income inequality and the onset of the discourse on Japan as gap society since the mid-2000s, this pattern of self-identification has hardly changed. However, this does not mean that the objective changes of Japan’s social structure have gone unnoticed by its protagonists. The transformation simply happened more subtly: What has changed is not the distribution of how people self-identify, but the way their objective living situation impacts on their self-evaluation. Kikkawa has called this the “quiet transformation of status identification” (Kikkawa 1999). While classic stratification variables like income, education, or occupation were only loosely connected with status identity and social consciousness in the 1970s. This has changed over the past three decades, implying that today, people have a much more realistic idea of their own social status. It also means that certain attitudes (i.e. ideas about inequality, or attitudes towards education) are connected to certain strata more strongly than they used to be. Using SSP and SSM data, this panel focuses on changes in determinants of status identification from 1985 to 2015.1) Carola Hommerich, Hokkaido University, Toru Kikkawa, Osaka UniversityMovement Behind the Scenes: The Quiet Transformation of Status Identification in JapanIn this paper we give an overview of how the relationship between classic stratification variables and status identification has changed from 1985 to 2015 (based on data from SSM1985, SSM1995, SSP2010, SSP2015). Classic stratification variables like income, education, or occupation were only loosely connected with status identity and social consciousness in the 1970s. In the 1980s, status identification was mainly determined by income, and showed a strong relationship with life satisfaction. With the advent of Japan’s self-view as a gap society, this has changed once more. Since the 1990s, not only income, but also education and occupation have a significant impact on class identification and the explanatory power of these variables has increased since. This presentation provides the thematic backdrop for the other papers included in this panel.2) Naoki Sudo, Gakushuin UniversityWhich Changes Count? An Analysis of the Drivers of Japan’s “Quiet Transformation”This paper aims to lay bare the mechanisms that produced the “quiet transformation” of status identification in Japan. To achieve this goal, data from the Stratification and Social Psychology Survey from 2015 (SSP2015) and the Social Stratification and Social Mobility Survey from 1995 (SSM1995) are analyzed. Linear regression models with weighted variables and simulations based on the data from the SSP2015 are used to clarify how changes in the demographic setup of Japanese society (i.e., increases in university enrollment rates, lower marriage rates, and growing non-regular employment rates) affect subjective social status. The results reveal that social changes influence not only the distributions of subjective social status, but also the patterns of correlation between subjective and objective social status (i.e., education, occupation, marriage, and income). In addition, it seems that when the share of a specific status determinant (e.g., university graduates) increases, it positively (or negatively) enhances its effect on status identification initially, but this weakens after a certain threshold is reached. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that increases in the number of university graduates, unmarried individuals, and non-regular employees are driving the transformation of status identification in Japan.3) Hiroshi Kanbayashi, Tohoku Gakuin UniversityThe Changing Images of Japan’s Social Stratification: The Other Side of the “Quiet Transformation”The purpose of this paper is to investigate longitudinal changes in the association between people’s images of social stratification (ISS) and their social status in Japan. ISS are defined as people’s perceptions of how social stratification is distributed. Evans et al. (1992) showed that ISS are influenced by reference groups. Meanwhile, Sudo (2015) explained that people came to have a more realistic view of their own social status and social structure from the 1980s to the 2010s, which was the mechanism behind the “quiet transformation of status identification” (Kikkawa 1999). Combining these two arguments, I predict that the influence of reference groups on ISS weakened from the 1980s to the 2010s. I analyzed representative national survey datasets from 1985 and 2015 and found that the influence of status identification (a proxy of reference group) on ISS decreased in 2015. This suggests that the mechanism of the “quiet transformation” could be applied in explaining temporal changes to ISS.4) Ryoji Matsuoka, Waseda UniversityA Collapsing “Mass Education Society”? Assessing Changes in Attitudes Towards Education from the 1990s to the 2010s and the Differentiation MechanismWith the rapid expansion of upper secondary education, Japan was once characterized as a “mass education society,” where socioeconomic divides in aspirations for higher educational attainments were not visible. However, since the 1990s, studies point to increasing socioeconomic stratification. The literature implies that people’s value orientation towards education has become more stratified over the past two decades. However, no study has empirically assessed the change using comparable data. Using several waves of two nationally representative social surveys (SSM and SSP), this study investigates whether attitudes towards education became more divided from the 1990s to 2010s. Furthermore, by applying multilevel modeling to the SSP2015 survey, this study attempts to assess how individuals’ attitudes might be differentiated. Results show that individuals in less urban areas had a positive attitude towards longer years of education in the 1990s, but this decreased in the 2010s, suggesting that people’s residential location played a role in shaping their attitudes towards education sometime during the two decades. Furthermore, disparities in cultural capital associated with socioeconomic status partly explain the attitude gap at the individual and neighborhood levels. This paper empirically demonstrates that Japan can no longer be characterized as a mass education society.Discussant: Hirohisa TakenoshitaSession 2: Room 252Tracing the Political Legacies of Transwar Japan: Intellectual, Aesthetic and Institutional HistoriesOrganizer and Chair: Max Ward, Middlebury CollegeThis panel takes up the challenge of considering political legacies in the transwar history of Japan. In his study of censorship in Japan, Jonathan Abel suggests that the category transwar “gestures to a nonbounded periodization that bleeds out from an event, and therefore to a mode of thinking that works against the rhetorical constraints” of conventional periodization. More than simply identifying continuities or ruptures, transwar thus requires that we move beyond the presumed division of pre- and post-war Japan and its analogous binaries, including: fascism/liberalism, militarism/pacifism, and imperial sovereignty/popular democracy. This panel considers transwar Japan in three specific historical registers: intellectual history, aesthetic practices, and state-institutional developments. Reto Hofmann analyzes the transwar activities of the ideological convert Nabeyama Sadachika, and how his ideological reformulation and fight against communism continued into the 1960s. Namiko Kunimoto explores the careers of three diverse artists—Domon Ken, Okamoto Tarō, and Katsura Yuki—and their negotiation of the dramatic shifts in the Japanese political landscape between 1930-1970. Lastly, Max Ward traces the transwar institutionalization of criminal rehabilitation from its initial application to youth delinquents in the 1920s, its extension to political criminals in the 1930s, and its expansion to all adult offenders in the 1950s.1) Reto Hofmann, University of MelbourneNabeyama Sadachika and the Afterlife of Ideological Conversion In the 1930s, scores of left-wing intellectuals, academics, and activists committed tenkō (ideological conversion). Renouncing Communism, they embraced emperor-centered communalism—a defining element of Japanese fascism. With few exceptions, this conversion has been told as a prewar story, leaving out the long afterlife of the ideological converts (tenkōsha). This paper examines the transwar thought and activities of Nabeyama Sadachika, one of most notorious ideologues to turn his back on Communism in 1933. It shows that Nabeyama’s fight against the Left—including, academic Marxists, the Japan Communist Party, and unions—continued unabated into the 1960s. Lecturing the Self-Defense Forces, advising the Metropolitan Police, and counseling corporations were just some Nabeyama’s undertakings in the postwar period. In explaining Nabeyama’s strategies of transwar ideological reformulation, this paper sheds new light on the legacies of fascism in Japanese liberal democracy after 1945.2) Namiko Kunimoto, The Ohio State UniversityThe Art of Conversion in Transwar JapanIn Carol Gluck’s words, the “long postwar was one consequence of the original sengo [postwar] consciousness that wished and hoped for—although not necessarily believed in or lived—a history that could begin again at noon, August 15, 1945.” Writing in 1993, Gluck describes a notion that remains popular in art historical scholarship to this day—namely, that art (and much else) in Japan began anew following the explosion of the atomic bombs, reinforced by exhibitions and scholarship that privilege artists born in the 1930s and came of age in the postwar period. This presentation focuses on the long-running careers of three successful, as well as politically and aesthetically diverse artists: Domon Ken, Okamoto Tarō, and Katsura Yuki. The arc of these artists’ careers across the prewar, war, and postwar periods upsets popular periodizations in Japan’s art history that assert the postwar as a time of rupture and renewal. All three individuals experienced fascism under the militarist regime and censorship and national “renewal” under the Allied Occupation. How did these artists undergo aesthetic-political conversions and what were the motivations for these shifts? How did issues such as gender and the uneven terrain of the global art market impact each artist, and how did the visual language of their work reveal these contingencies? 3) Max Ward, Middlebury CollegeThe Transwar History of Criminal Rehabilitation in JapanFrom Home Ministry experiments with reforming “delinquent youth” in the 1910s, Justice Ministry efforts to “ideologically convert” (tenkō) political criminals in the 1930s, to the expansion of criminal rehabilitation to all adult offenders in the 1950s, the principles of criminal reform (kōsei) and protection (hogo) have informed a diverse range of penal, welfare and political policies throughout 20th century Japanese history. Although criminal reform was celebrated as an expression of imperial benevolence in the 1930s, today it is explained as evidence of postwar liberal penal reforms. The one consistent aspect across this transwar history is, however, the centrality of criminal reform in Japan’s transwar penal system. This paper explores the transwar history of criminal rehabilitation in Japan, and asks: How should we interpret the different articulations of criminal rehabilitation during the consolidation of fascism in the 1930s as well as the democratic liberalism of the 1950s? How do official histories portray the earlier policies to ideologically convert political criminals in the 1930s? And what does it mean that the extensive welfare services provided to parolees today continue to be linked to the “symbolic” emperor?Discussant: Aaron S. Moore, Arizona State UniversitySession 3: Room 351Remembering, Forgetting, and Forgiving? The Lasting Impact of Japanese Imperialism on Japan’s Relations with its East Asian Neighbours, 1965 to TodayOrganizer: Torsten Weber, German Institute for Japanese Studies Chair: Ioannis Gaitanidis, Chiba UniversityHow has the legacy of Japanese imperialism in general and of World War Two in particular influenced the mutual perceptions and relations between East Asian countries in the post-war period? This panel approaches this question through four different case studies which focus on official and semi-official diplomacy as well as public discourse concerning the role that remembering, forgetting, and forgiving has played over the past five decades in the relations between Japan, China, Taiwan, and the Koreas. Every panelist will examine one case study in the larger context of the difficulties of dealing with the past in the shifting international climate of the Cold War and post-Cold War eras and will include a discussion of changing perceptions and portrayals of the national Self versus the national Other. As a larger theme, this panel thereby also hopes to contribute to understanding patterns of remembering and forgetting as ways of dealing (or not dealing) with one’s past in the processes of nation building and re-establishing relations with former colonies or war-time enemies.1) Juljan Biontino, Chiba UniversityUtsunomiya Tokuma’s Shifting Perception of the Koreas in between Normalization and the Abduction of Kim Daejung (1965–1975)Utsunomiya Tokuma (1906–2000) was an entrepreneur and former LDP member who retired from politics in 1992. His vigor for disarmament and good relations to Asian neighbours are values not necessarily linked to the LDP. Indeed, as a politician close to Ishibashi Tanzan (1884–1973), Utsunomiya rather belonged to a minority group inside the party. Few might remember Utsunomiya for his contribution to the establishment of peaceful relations with the People’s Republic of China, but he also had been influential in the policy-making process concerning Korea. His father, Utsunomiya Tarō was a General active in Colonial Korea. Spending part of his youth in Korea, after his father’s early demise Tokuma went away from a career in the military, studied law and became a Marxist. After World War II, Utsunomiya gained riches as an entrepreneur and entered politics around the time of the Korean War, vehemently opposing Japanese involvement. This paper outlines how Tokuma was a proponent of a “small Japan” and thought of normalization with South Korea as hasty and irreconcilable, pointing out problems this ensued for Japanese relations to North Korea. He lost his confidence in South Korea after the abduction scandal of Kim Daejung, then worked on closer ties with North Korea, which lead to a visit to Kim Il-s?ng in 1974.2) Ulrich Flick, Tohoku Gakuin UniversityColonial Past as “Historical Memory”: Dealing with ‘Manchuria’ in Postwar JapanThis paper intends to evaluate the dealing with the Japanese colonial rule over “Manchuria” in postwar-Japan. Its main objective is to examine the formation process of the “Historical Memory,” thereby focusing on the process itself instead of the analysis of its content. This argument will be outlined by three key areas of interest. Although its discourses may only partially received by the public, historical science is considered an integral part of the formation process of “Historical Memory.” It is not only providing stimuli to social and political trends but also receiving impulses from them in some kind of mutual relationship. For this reason it is considered worth to evaluate from a meta-level, and the dealing with colonial “Manchuria” by Japanese postwar historical science is chosen as one area of interest. Furthermore, the dealing with this period of history by contemporary witnesses is examined, for example by literary testimonies or self-organisation in alumni societies etc. Eventually, the manifestation of the ‘Historical Memory’ by museums or memorials dealing with this topic is outlined. By examining these key topics I hope not only to work out patterns in the formation process of the ‘Historical Memory’ but also to which extent trends in these areas are mutually related. Further perspectives would be the examination of coverage of this topic by Japanese media or the comparison to the formation of ‘Historical Memory’ about colonial “Manchuria” in China.3) Torsten Weber, German Institute for Japanese StudiesJohn Rabe and the Nanjing Massacre in Postwar Japan and China: Witness, Hero, Liar?This paper analyzes the role of Nanjing Massacre (1937/38) in the Japanese and Chinese dealing with Japan’s imperial past. It focuses on the Japanese and Chinese reception of the diaries written by the witness John Rabe, a German representative of the Siemens company who had remained in Nanjing during the first months of the Japanese occupation. His diaries were partly published in 1997 and caused a sensation because they are very detailed and are regarded as relatively impartial (in comparison with Japanese and Chinese accounts). The full-length version of the diaries is due to be published on the 80th anniversary of the fall of Nanjing in December 2017. Although Rabe’s diaries only partly support the official Chinese narrative of the massacre (including the number of victims), after 1997 John Rabe has been treated as a “hero” in China. In 2006, his previous residence in Nanjing was transformed into a museum further adding to the hagiographic treatment of Rabe, who was also a firm believer in Hitler and a Nazi party member. How can we account for the diverging interpretation of Rabe’s diaries in academia and the wider public in both countries? Which role does the diary play in the larger debate about the authenticity of the massacre? This paper analyzes and compares the reception in Japan and China and evaluates the controversy surrounding the diaries in the wider context of the role the Nanjing Massacre plays in the commemoration of World War Two in both countries. Discussant: Ioannis Gaitanidis, Chiba UniversitySession 4: Room 251Gendered Scripts in the Public Imaginary of Modern JapanOrganizer and Chair: Kelly Hansen, Okayama UniversityDespite Japan’s rapid rise to a nation-state in the modern period, the persistence of a state ideology fostering patriarchal gender values has remained strong. Through the construction of a public imaginary promoting the ideal woman as one who sacrifices for family and country, gender inequity has been appropriated in the name of modernization, wartime efforts, post-war democracy, and the preservation of “traditional” family values. Drawing on a range of perspectives from literature, film, and information studies, this panel examines the intersection of cultural narratives, or “scripts,” and political agendas promoting a public imaginary of socially acceptable gendered voices, images, and actions. Tomoko Seto explores how conflicting depictions of female “Japaneseness” voiced in song at American internment camps reflected in Inoue Hisashi’s?Manzanar, My Town mask greater wartime atrocities. Kelly Hansen examines extreme depictions of ryōsai kenbo (good wife, wise mother) values as portrayed by Hara Setsuko in her little-discussed wartime and early post-war propaganda films. Caleb Boteilho challenges patriarchal assumptions of gendered language through translation of female speech in the Star Wars film series, and its impact on depictions of female characters. Finally, Alexandra Hambleton looks to the future by examining fieldwork on contemporary Japanese women forging unconventional life paths despite an increasingly conservative state ideology. 1) Tomoko Seto, Yonsei UniversityGendered Memories of Empire in Inoue Hisashi’s Manzanar, My Town (1993)This paper explores a theatrical critique of Japanese imperialist atrocity by analyzing Inoue Hisashi’s play,?Manzanar, My Town?(1993).?Unlike many other literary works depicting the Japanese American internment, the play targets Japanese as its audience, focusing on the female internees’ “Japaneseness.” In light of the 1988 Reagan administration’s official apology for the interment, the play at a glance certainly addresses the injustice of the internment as immigrants’ predicament. Throughout the play, indeed, women of the first- and second-generation Japanese immigrants engage in dialogues that reveal their differing attachment to Japan and their gender- and race-specific hardships in the United States. By highlighting simultaneous singing of two notably modern “Japanese” songs, i.e. popular?naniwa-bushi?chanting and a state-authorized?shōka?song for school children, however, the play also situates the internment as a site where the impact of Japanese imperialism is lingering among the characters. With the eventual revelation of one of these women as a Chinese American “spy” whose father was killed by a Japanese, the seemingly benign singing of the nationalized songs signals the multi-layered nature of Japanese war experience. Such experience depicted in the conspicuously passionate female voices illuminates the way in which Inoue recreated the story of the internment to challenge the postwar Japanese public that constantly evaded acknowledging their own atrocious past. 2) Kelly Hansen, Okayama UniversityShifting Images of Ryōsai kenbo: The Legacy of Hara SetsukoHara Setsuko (1920–2015) is one of Japan’s most admired actresses from its golden age of cinema. With a powerful onscreen presence, she dominated virtually every film in which she appeared. Hara retired abruptly and never married, leading critics to dub her “the eternal virgin,” in essence merging what little is known of her real-life persona with the quintessential, self-sacrificing images of Japanese women she portrayed on screen. Her legacy today draws almost exclusively on her post-war depictions of women – daughters, wives, mothers, and widows – who struggle to adhere to familial expectations of ryōsai kenbo in the face of democratization and Westernization. Hara’s image is essentially frozen in time, linked to Orientalist discourse which situates her as the nostalgic embodiment of traditional gender values unsullied by contemporary society. This paper examines the transformation of ryōsai kenbo values reflected Hara’s lesser-known wartime and early post-war propaganda films. In these films, female virtues of self-sacrifice and obedience promote not family values, but rather military expansion, aggression, and finally post-war democracy. From a samurai daughter who eagerly transplants herself to Manchuria for the sake of the empire (The New Earth, 1937), to an elite young woman who embraces the peasant life (No Regrets for Our Youth, 1946), this study considers how idealized notions of Japanese femininity shift to meet socio-political expectations of the time.3) Caleb Boteilho, South Kitsap High SchoolStar Wars’ Mirrored Dichotomies: Teaching Gendered Language Constructs Through Film Translation This paper explores the representation of "gendered" language between male and female characters from the film Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), The Last Jedi (2017) and the original trilogy (1977, 1980, & 1983). Japanese is commonly taught as having gender-specific language, from pronouns to conjugations. However there is nothing in the first person pronoun “Ore” that denotes a male speaker besides the fact that a larger number of users are male. Neither is doite kudasai (Please go away.) more feminine or masculine than “doke” (Go away. [imperative]), only more rude and more polite. The translation of English dialogue into Japanese subtitles (and dubbing) manifests the perception of gender within these, and other linguistic phrases, evidencing an inequitable distinction and representation of character. Which yields female characters, both physically and emotionally strong ones in leadership roles, to come off as passive and meek, which may reflect gender-biased linguistic constructs within the Japanese society itself. Through this, we will see that gender biased language is based on nothing more than manufactured cultural constructions. 4) Alexandra Hambleton, Bunkyo Gakuin UniversityPushing Back against the Backlash: Alternative Images of Womanhood in Japan TodayDespite widespread legislative reform in the 1980s and government efforts to promote a “gender equal society” in the mid-1990s, the early 2000s saw an unprecedented backlash against the diversification of gender roles in Japan (Kano 2011; 2016). Expressions of fear that men and women were forgetting their “natural” roles, failing to marry and reproduce, and that such changes were responsible for Japan’s lack of power on the global stage have contributed to an environment in which the ideal woman is scripted as one who dedicates a large part of her life to marriage and motherhood. Drawing on fieldwork conducted at women-only sex education events held around Tokyo, this paper examines the activities of women who are attempting to create different visions of the ideal woman through their participation in feminist sex-positive industries. These women carve out diverse life paths that do not require marriage, motherhood, or a linear career. Instead, they present a very different image of contemporary womanhood—one in which women are entitled to seek pleasure and joy for their own sake. Educating women to value themselves in the wake of conservative political pressures is a difficult project, yet one which many educators find deeply meaningful. Spurning government sanctioned ideals, women in the female-friendly sex-positive sector work hard to imagine alternatives to which the next generation may aspire.Discussant: James Welker, Kanagawa UniversitySession 5: Room 260The Aesthetics and Politics of Film from Taiwan and Hong KongOrganizer and Chair: Kevin Tsai, University of South AlabamaThis panel explores the intersection of aesthetics and politics in Hong Kong and Taiwanese cinema, focusing on the issue of identity ranging from gender to nationhood and ethnicity in the global economy. Fan-ting Cheng of National Taiwan University will examine how a 2016 Taiwanese documentary fashions queer tactics to break the government’s inertia at responding to demands for marriage equality. Yi-wen Chuang of Academia Sinica will explore how recent teen romance films pose an unexpected challenge to the concepts of polyphony and resistance in sinophone discourse. Kevin Tsai of the University of South Alabama will speak on whether aesthetic critiques of the venerable knight-errant tradition can produce sustained changes in gender representation. Finally, Tzu-chin Chen of UCLA will investigate how a Cold War film disrupts discourses of national identity in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China by portraying doubly marginalized refugees. To welcome members of the audience who may not be specialists in sinophone film, Kukhee Choo of Sophia University will serve as the discussant to the panel. Her expertise in comparative media studies and Japanese film will help situate the papers in broader trends and theoretical contexts.1) Fan-Ting Cheng, National Taiwan UniversityTowards A Taiwanese Queer Tactics: Huang Hui-chen’s Documentary Feature Film Small Talk (2017)On May 24, 2017, Taiwan’s Council of Grand Justices rules that it is against the constitution to bar same-sex individuals from getting married. An embodiment of the tremendous efforts made by the LGBTQ communities for years, this momentous act has yet not relieved the tension between gender minority and cultural norms. Directed by Huang Hui-chen, Small Talk is a 2016 Taiwanese documentary feature film that delineates the process in which the director attempts to mend the traumas shared with her mother A-nu, a lesbian Taoist priestess. The film subtly presents through a series of scene conceived by daily interview conversations and monologues, revealing the unspeakable complex involving local religion, homosexuality, and domestic violence. Critic Cheng Bing-hung points out that the film mobilizes a feminine, chora journey through the absence of the traditional Father that usually pervades the social custom. This paper investigates into the narrative structure and mise-en-scène of Small Talk, with the appropriative use of Lee Edelman’s notion of queer temporality, Huang Tao-ming’s discussion on the formation of sexual disidentification in Taiwan, and Victor Turner’s model of liminality. The paper argues that Small Talk has fashioned a critical framework of Taiwanese queer tactics that not only smash the government’s hypocrisy and inertia in responding to the gender issues but also enlighten a possible way out for the future feminist movement. 2) Yi-Wen Chuang, Academia SinicaTeen Romance Films as a Challenge to Polyphony and GlobalizationDepicting the love and life of high school and college students, teen romance films in Taiwan can be traced back to Blue Gate Crossing in 2002. Subsequent films such as Secret (2007) and Winds of September (2008) were both box office hits, and You’re the Apple of My Eye (2011) even set a worldwide box office record for Taiwan films. Just within the last three years, Our Times (2015) and At Café 6 (2016) became global blockbusters. This phenomenon encompasses certain intriguing problematics. First, teen romance films are often adapted from internet fiction, transforming the written word into the actors’ voice and lines, and as such they present a challenge to the concept of polyphony in sinophone discourse— a challenge that hinges entirely on voice (phoné). Second, how does the global audience find resonance with the language of love and the sort of campus romance that is supposedly distinguished by its spatio-temporal, local uniqueness? This paper argues that while localization provides for a method of resistance against globalization in cultural industries according to sinophone discourse, simultaneously it also represents a critical problem for the international circulation of Taiwan’s films in the capitalist market economy.3) Kevin Tsai, University of South AlabamaInventing Female Suffering from a Classical Tale in Hou Hsiao-hsien’s AssassinWith The Assassin (2015), Hou Hsiao-hsien joins Wong Kar-wai and Zhang Yimou in launching a remarkable criticism of the limitations of the knight-errant (wuxia) genre. While Zhang’s Hero (2002) attempts to revise the more formal issue of the narrative driving force de rigueur to the genre, Wong’s Ashes of Time (1994) and Hou two decades later delve into the interior world of conventionally action figures and question the gallant personality type that, according to James Liu, was at the historical origin of the knight-errant tradition. Yet Wong’s reimagining is too inflected by a mood given to nostalgia and romance that it lacks a sense of the Real (as established by Lacan). The Assassin vastly expands upon the chuanqi tale “Nie Yinniang,” and narratives of this type from “Xie Xiao’e” to “Xianü” tend to feature female knights who serve the patriarchy, whose femininity has to be a deployable instrument rather than an essence in order to downplay their gender. Departing from this convention, the film invents a much more complex historical setting to serve as a machinery of female suffering. This, rather than the generic adventure narrative, is where the film excels. Hou’s temporality, hyperreal sound, and insistence upon the quotidian make us experience viscerally the gap in the classical tales, the human price paid by the women avengers again and again, at once required by and made invisible by the grammar of the genre. Will such critiques transform the genre sustainably?4) Tzu-chin Insky Chen, University of California, Los AngelesContesting Chineseness: Border-Crossing and the “Homeland” in Tang Shu-Shuen’s China Behind China Behind (1974), made by the Hong Kong filmmaker Tang Shu-Shuen (Tang Shuxuan), holds a place in history as one of the earliest representations of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). In the film, four young college students escaping from China discover only further displacement in capitalist Hong Kong, and effectively become victims of double marginalization and alienation at the hands of 1970s Cold War ideologies. Tang not only realistically depicts the horror of the Culture Revolution in China, but also critiques the capitalist dystopia of Hong Kong. This paper argues that the experience of these fugitive subjects presents a critical challenge both to the collectivization by the communist government and to the stratification by the capitalist colonial government in 1970s. The reception of the film revealed a further problem: these fictive refugees contested the national discourses. The film was censored in Hong Kong, in Taiwan, and in China in 1970s, as its controversial usages of “homeland” and “loyalty” exposed the uncertainty underlying the label of Chineseness. At the core is the irony that the only shot these students get at the utopia denied to them in their homeland is leaving this homeland. This tension is evident in the border-crossing scenes, which the second half of the paper will focus on to unravel the imagination of the “homeland” and to explore the shifting individual will and identities in the course of physical experience.Discussant: Kukhee Choo, Sophia UniversitySession 6: Room 253Producing the Creator: Changing Images of Authorship in Japanese Literary HistoryOrganizer: Pau Pitarch Fernandez, Waseda UniversityChair: Mariko Naito, Meiji UniversityFew categories have been more thoroughly naturalized in the study of literature than the idea of the “author” as stable origin for the text, unifying principle behind the oeuvre, and reliable source of the text’s meaning and value. This panel will historicize how the notion of “author” has been configured, disseminated and deployed throughout the history of Japanese literature, paying attention not only to literary texts themselves, but also to the social and economic networks in which they were produced and consumed. Aiming for a wide historical view, from Medieval times to the 20th century, we will look at encyclopedic compilations, prefaces, submission magazines and biographies, in order to understand the broad variety of authorial personae that have populated the Japanese literary world. By setting up a dialog between different genres and periods, we hope to be able to shed light both on the many different roles the idea of authorship has played in its specific historical context, and also the common issues that have endured as writers have imagined their role within the networks of literary production.1) Ariel Stilerman, Florida State UniversityTachibana no Narisue and The Culture of Profession in Medieval JapanThis presentation explores how dramatic changes in knowledge, authority, and technology can create opportunities for the construction of shared cultural networks in connection. I look at the emergence of a new professional role of cultural consultant in medieval Japan and its potential as agent of cultural integration in the aftermath of social and natural catastrophes. My research focuses on the work of Tachibana no Narisue (d. 1282), a monumental compendium of information titled Collection of Written and Oral Knowledge Old and New (Kokonchomonj?, 1254) and covering a wide diversity of topics from governance to Buddhism, to farming, to crime, to music and medicine. Narisue worked on his encyclopedia as the country struggled to recover from a series of extreme earthquakes and disastrous civil wars. Modern scholars have long seen Narisue’s Collection as a reactionary effort towards the restitution of the past glory of the imperial court. Narisue’s position as retainer of a powerful patron, as well as the comprehensive range of topics and the systematic organization of his Collection, suggest a more sophisticated and ambitious agenda. Narisue’s Collection spearheaded deep transformations in the ways medieval Japanese organized social knowledge, engaged in professional activity, and conceived of cultural authority.2) Nan Ma Hartmann, Waseda UniversityBefore the Story Begins: Authorial Preface in Early Modern Narrative AnthologiesIn early modern Japan, as narrative fiction became established as a commercially profitable and potentially sophisticated genre worthy of elite authors and readership, professional authors were recognized as valuable brand names associated with popular works. A key paratextual genre at this moment is the author’s preface to an anthology of short narratives, which had a literary tradition that dates back to Chinese precedents. Author’s prefaces to their own anthologies yield fascinating insights into their perspectives on their own work and on literary creation in general, and also shed light on how producers of fiction imagined its reception. This paper examines prefaces by such prominent Edo authors as Ueda Akinari, Tsuga Teisho, and Ihara Saikaku. Brief as they usually are, such prefaces construct a uniquely creative and candid space for authors to speak from a first person perspective on issues transcending mere introduction of their story collections.3) David Boyd, Princeton UniversityFame and Failure in Bunshō Kurabu (Writing Club, 1916–1929)In the Taishō era (1912–1926), magazines, not books, were the center of literary production. Publishing in magazines was virtually the only way to establish oneself as a professional writer. Yet, because most Taishō publications were run by tight-knit coteries (i.e., dōjin zasshi), submitting work to Shinchōsha’s Bunshō Kurabu — arguably the last bastion of Meiji-era submission culture — was the best option for many emerging authors. Bunshō Kurabu printed a wide range of submissions sent in by its young readers, most of whom were in their teens or early twenties. The magazine also ran numerous stories, essays and comics about the precarious world of “literary youth” (bungaku seinen), who submitted their work in the hope of finding literary fame against considerable odds. This paper will examine Bunshō Kurabu as a rare index of the trials and tribulations of aspirant writers in order to more fully understand Taishō literary life — not within the establishment, but from the outside looking in.4) Pau Pitarch Fernandez, Waseda University“Facing Each Other Stark Naked”: Taishō Biographies and the Author as Modern HeroThe sudden growth in the circulation of writer’s biographies points to an increase in the public attention devoted to literary authors in the Taishō era. While biographies in the Meiji era had been devoted mostly to businessmen, scientists and politicians (all of them presented as pioneers of the state-led modernization project), after 1914 literary authors dominated the genre, being the subject of about half the total number of biographies published in book form in Japan until the mid 1920s. Through the analysis of four collections of biographies of writers published between 1914 and 1919, including the first biographies of modern Japanese authors born in the Meiji era, I will show how the literary writer was reimagined as a new sort of modern hero, and the changes that process brought to the idea of authorship. Looking at both the texts themselves and their ancillary materials (prefaces and advertising materials), and comparing them to late-Meiji era biographical texts on writers and other artists in journals like Shirakaba, I will delineate how these Taishō-era biographies generated a new concept of literary author based around individual genius and a sense of a universal sensibility shared by artists worldwide. In addition, I will show how the authors of many of these biographies, themselves young emerging writers, conceptualized themselves within this new genealogy of modern creators as a way of fashioning their own public artistic identity.Discussant: Mariko Naito, Meiji UniversitySession 7: Room 203Individual Papers 1: Creative GendersChair: Tanapoom Ativetin, Srinakharinwirot University1) Danica Truscott, University of California, Los AngelesFor Whom Does She Pray? The Question of Gender and Voice in ?tomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume’s “God-Worshipping Song”Of the roughly 4,500 poems in the Man’yōshū (Collection of Myriad Ages), ?tomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume (ca. 695 – active until 750) is accredited with eighty-four, making her the best-represented female poet in the anthology. Despite the quantity and variety of her poetry, most scholars have emphasized her ability as a love poet, especially in the voice of the “waiting woman” (待つ女 matsu-onna) that is emblematic of premodern Japanese women’s poetry. While some of her most well regarded works are indeed on the topic of love, pigeonholing a figure such as Sakanoue in this way has resulted in the neglect of other aspects of her life and poetry.Instead of relying on recognized conventions such as the “waiting woman,” this paper uses historical and anthological context as its approach in order to reveal other voices present within Sakanoue’s poetry. I take as my case study a long-form poem known as the “God-Worshipping Song” (祭神歌 saishinka), where the speaker seemingly conveys private sentiments of longing. I first outline the debate among readers as to the poem’s quality and its intended audience. I then offer an alternative interpretation that reconsiders the voice not from the position of a romantic figure, but rather that of a clan leader. In doing so, I demonstrate not only Sakanoue’s unique position within her family and the Man’yōshū, but also how my approach lets us find value in other voices beyond the conventional feminine figure in premodern Japanese women’s poetry.2) Martyn Smith, SOAS, University of London/Tokyo University of Foreign StudiesThe Creation of Men’s Magazines in 1960s JapanThis paper examines the creation of one of the most popular weekly magazines in Postwar Japan- Shūkan Heibon Punch. The creation of the magazine, the first weekly magazine targeted specifically at young men, reflected global flows of information and ideas about male lifestyles and magazine publishing in a period of rapid economic growth. It was, nonetheless, firmly anchored to a local context in which the emergence of weekly men’s magazines in the 1960s needs to be understood as a coming together of transwar publishing phenomena. Heibon Punch was not simply an imitation of US magazines like Playboy. In the spring of 1964 it reflected publishing trends in Europe and America, but the consumerism of the Taisho era and the Katsutori culture of the immediate postwar were central. The magazine was a result of the coming together of transwar currents of popular culture and publishing savvy with the globalisation of popular consumer culture in the mid-late 1960s. A dynamic entertainment magazine that reflected the economic transformations of the era of the three Cs-car, cooler, colour television, it brought men’s fashion up close and served as a new medium of advertisement for the latest fashions, cars and new electronic good such as the trouser press and the Hi-Fi. This paper seeks to draw out the global and local aspects of the creation of ‘magazines for men’ in the 1960s to understand the nature of masculinity, consumerism and publishing in a period of rapid economic growth.3) Juliana Buritica Alzate, International Christian University Feminist Literary Re-visions of the Izanami and Izanaki MythMyths explain that for which we—as societies and cultures—have no explanation for. Myths serve to justify existing sociocultural systems, for example patriarchy and hetero-normativity. The Izanami and Izanaki myth is part of the origin myths included in the eight century chronicle Kojiki, and it offers insight into the Japanese construction of gender hierarchies, and especially, of the feminine. Through the act of myth re-vision it is possible to dismantle its patriarchal visions, and this very possibility is one of the main aims of feminism. Through a comparative, feminist approach this paper explores the literary devices used by Japanese contemporary writers Kirino Natsuo (b. 1951), Itō Hiromi (b. 1955) and Shōno Yoriko (b. 1956) to revisit and retell the Izanami and Izanaki myth. Kirino’s The Goddess Chronicle (2008), Itō’s “I am Anjuhimeko” (1993) and Shōno’s Restless Dreams (1996) revisit the Izanami and Izanaki myth in radically different ways, resulting in unique literary retellings and works. Yet, all authors engage in a similar feminist creative process that denounces the origins of patriarchal culture, and repairs historical silences regarding the female experience, particularly in relation to sexuality and childbirth. 4) Galia Petkova, International Center for Japanese StudiesThe Curious Case of Onna ShibarakuFrom its outset until the end of the 19th century, the Japanese all-male kabuki theatre produced numerous female versions of its famous male characters. These plays, still largely unexplored, were one of the mechanisms of innovation (shukō), constantly created to attract spectators. The unusual “female” presence in these productions was marked and advertised in the title: the opening word was onna “woman,” followed by the name of the male character: for example, Onna Shibaraku (Female Shibaraku) for the spectacular hero who cries “Wait a moment!” as he enters the hanamichi runway to save innocent victims in danger. Frequently produced during the pre-modern period, especially in the 19th century, these female versions were gradually abandoned towards the end of the Meiji era (1868–1912) as a result of Japan’s modernisation and the transformations in the gender discourse in society and kabuki. My presentation will explore Onna Shibaraku, presently considered the most popular representative of this category of kabuki play, one of the few female versions still performed today. Staged for the first time in 1746, Onna Shibaraku was regularly restaged, with a twist (shukō), until 1844, when it disappeared from the repertory, to be “revived” in 1901. The intriguing transformations in Onna Shibaraku productions will be examined along with their implications for the overall picture of gender and class construction on the kabuki stage and in the changing Japanese society.Session 8: Room 352Individual Papers 2: Literary UtopiasChair: Mary Reisel, Rikkyo University1) Scott Mehl, Colgate UniversityA.I. and the Future of Japanese LiteratureThis paper begins with an examination of the recent developments in Japanese literature written or facilitated by artificially intelligent means. First, there is the phenomenon of the guzen tanka (“unexpected tanka,” in one translation). In late 2014, a program was created for the purpose of extracting “unexpected tanka” from the pages of Japanese Wikipedia--stretches of text that fit the 5-7-5-7-7 metrical pattern of the Japanese tanka poetic form. These poems were posted to Twitter, and subsequently a selection of these “unexpected poems” was published in 2016 as a book (Guzen Tanka), eliciting reactions from various media outlets and from specialist tanka journals alike. As for prose, in March 2016 it was revealed that one of the stories that had been chosen in the first round of judging for the Hoshi Shin’ichi Prize had been written by a computer program; although that story did not ultimately win the prize, its first-round success made news in Japanese and English-language media. This paper will analyze the reception of these computer-generated/computer-facilitated works of literature in light of important precursors in Japanese literary history, including the famous predictions of the end of tanka (Kuwabara Takeo, Masaoka Shiki) and the cult of spontaneity (Masaoka Shiki, Ki no Tsurayuki). This presentation will finally consider how these technology-based texts add depth to our understanding of the notions of creativity and literariness in the contemporary scene.2) Joshua Rogers, Columbia UniversityAkutagawa’s Religion: Secularism, Sacredness, and Taishō LiteratureThis paper attempts to provide a new context for the much-debated role of religious imagery and concepts in the works of Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, especially his stories set amid the Jesuit mission to Japan around the start of the seventeenth century (referred to as his “Kirishitan-mono”), and his late critical works including “Man from the West” (Saihō no hito). I begin by arguing that Akutagawa’s attitude towards religion shifts from one of historical, materialistic critique to a much more ambiguous blend of secular and non-materialistic thought. In his early works, religion is presented with few exceptions as a system for the creation and maintenance of power. Dogma is always elided in favor of an incisive focus on the coercive social role of religious belief. However, Akutagawa does shift in his later works away from this critical stance and towards a reliance on religious concepts to explore the non-materialistic potential of literature. Akutagawa, in part as a reaction to the rising influence of Marxist thought in late Taishō, attempts to formulate a theory of literature that centers around the ability of art to somehow transcend the material and the formal, thereby reaching directly into the realm of affective and spiritual experience. To contextualize this seemingly dramatic shift, I will touch on Japanese and European writers that exhibit similar tendencies, including the Shirakaba coterie, Henri Bergson, and George Bernard Shaw.3) Lam Ka Yan, The City University of Hong KongThe Rendering of Memories in Enchi Fumiko’s Namamiko MonogatariMimesis of memory” refers to the literary representation of the process of remembering. Literary texts imaginatively stage the workings of memory by means of narrative devices that create “memory-like” quality. This approach considers Ansgar Nünning’s concept of the “semanticization of literary forms” by examining different aesthetic techniques in their literary stagings of memory, i.e. the relationship between the rendering of memories and narrative mediation. I will examine Enchi Fumiko’s Namamiko monogatari (A Tale of False Fortunes) by looking at how the text thematises and problematizes, in the act of discourse, the configuration of memories. The reminiscing narrator recollects her memories in analepsis and verifies them on allegedly reliable historical sources. However, textual incongruities and self-contradictions culminate in unreliable narration. When she continuously reflects on how memories are retrieved, the tension between continuity-creating and fragmentary memory narrations reveals the constructed nature of memory. The novel explores how fact and fiction intermingle in traces of the past events through intertextual references and addresses the rhetoric of remembering that triggers individual characters’ past experiences. The narrator also capitalizes on the inventedness of memories that establishes reality of her memory world. Ultimately the reader is engaged in an ongoing debate with the restoration of memories in its role of reconstructing ‘history’.4) Peijie Mao, University of North Georgia“Urban Utopia” and Cosmopolitanism in Early 20th Century Shanghai Popular MediaThis paper examines so-called “ideal stories” or utopian narratives published in Shanghai popular print media in the 1910’s and 1920’s. “Ideal stories” was a popular fiction genre that combined scientific fantasy and imagination of an “urban utopia” in future China, with a focus on urban lifestyle, social ethics, technological advancement, and economic pragmatism. I will discuss two types of “urban utopian stories”– fantasy travel writing, and utopian or dystopian stories about future Shanghai. The former was both a literary response to the crisis of the middle class in Shanghai and an articulation of the dream of an urban society built upon the basis of cultural values and virtues of the social middle. The latter constructed the futurist narratives of China facing the tension between cosmopolitanism and nationalism, individual moral reformation and radical social change. Urban Shanghai provided an important source of imagination in that popular writers used “future Shanghai” as a narrative strategy to comment on the contemporary China. I argue that utopian writing, on the one hand, catalyzed a cosmopolitan imagination of China’s participation in the process of modernization and globalization, and on the other hand, provided a uniquely middle class-centered vision of future China: a civilized society of abundance made possible by economic modernization, capitalistic development, and urban planning, while supporting a new set of social ethic. 5) Lee Seungjun, Nagoya UniversityReconsidering Introverted Generation as a Literature of TimeThis paper discusses the so-called “Introverted Generation” (naikō no sedai), a group of authors who came to cast doubt on the “self” in the face of the drastic transformation of the external society brought on by the rapid economic growth of the post-WWII era. These authors employed experimental methods that forged a link between representations of the everyday, with an emphasis on temporality and historicity, and expressions of the fantastic, with an emphasis on spatiality and non-historicity. What emerged was an abstract figuration of space, a feature that has been discussed under the banner of “literature of space,” that is to say, a pivot in modern Japanese literature in which temporal perception was superseded by spatial perception. Construction of such “space,” however, hinged on the collision of realistic and historical time on the one hand with fantastic and non-historical time on the other hand in their works. In other words, there is time in the very premise of “literature of space.” I analyze Furui Yoshikichi and Kuroi Senji as representative writers of Introverted Generation. In this paper, I demonstrate that these authors unconsciously remember their childhood experience of WWII in their quotidian experience of the 1960s–1970s as an adult. Ultimately, I will argue that fantastic spatiality of their work is closely related to war experiences that are particular to their generation such as air-raids and long-term evacuation from cities to the countryside.Lunch breakLUNCHTIME SESSION: 12:10 P.M.-13:10 P.M.Film Preview: Room 260“Boys are selling sex in Japan. Who is buying?”Organizer and Chair, David Slater, Sophia UniversityProducer: Ian Thomas AshSATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS I: 13:15–15:15Session 9: Room 260Japanese Social Movements and Injustice (1): Historical Perspectives Organizer and Chair: Simon Avenell, Australian National UniversityIn this first of two panels exploring “injustice” and Japanese social movements, we look to cases from Japan’s recent past. How, we ask, have social movements in Japan utilized historical legacies to imagine injustice over the postwar era? How have activists and victims deployed the symbolism of injustice to build allegiances (sometimes transnationally) and/or to expose perpetrators? When have pleas of injustice been successful, when not, and why? Finally, in what ways has “injustice” served as a transformative, self-reflexive mechanism within movements and the mentalities of activists? The papers in this first panel offer four historical perspectives on these questions: solidarity movements between Okinawans and South Koreans in the postcolonial, postwar era, transnational antipollution movements of the 1960s and beyond, activism culminating in the anti-Security Treaty protests of 1960, and anti-nuclear power protest by women after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. As we show, how social movement actors have conceptualized “injustice” depends in great part on the ways they position themselves relative to the past, to the geologies they claim for themselves, and to the social, political, and economic institutions in which they are embedded. Note: in our second panel, we will bring all 7 presenters from both panels together for a round table discussion.1) Shin Takahashi, Kobe UniversityLest We Forget: Remembering (The Other) War Dead in Post-Occupational Okinawa“Lest we forget” is the phrase often employed when mourning the deceased, whether contemplatively or publicly at commemoration ceremonies in the aftermath of devastating events such as war. The phrase also operates as a moral discourse by which to frame a sense of injustice, belonging, and solidarity among the living in time and space. While remembrance of the war dead in East Asia has often been mobilized to foster state-led nationalism and to affirm the political division of the region, there have also been transnational remembrance efforts aimed at enabling people to imagine and form civic solidarity beyond restrictive national boundaries. In this presentation, I discuss the role of reflective historical consciousness as one origin of transnational solidarity movements by examining the case of post-Occupation Okinawa. The history and memory of Korean laborers amid the Battle of Okinawa occupied a complicated space in local Okinawans’ historical narratives of the war. However, these confronting stories also revealed a common historical ground based on shared experiences of wartime injustice. In this context, “Lest we forget” was enunciated to remember both the tragedy of Okinawan war-dead and of Koreans whose deaths were concealed or simply forgotten. This presentation highlights how the process of making transcultural memory served as a key vehicle for Okinawans and South Koreans to cooperatively challenge their post-colonial/post-occupational settings.2) Simon Avenell, Australian National UniversityJapan’s Environmental Injustice Paradigm and Transnational ActivismThis paper examines how industrial pollution and protest in Japan have served as springboards for transnational activism in the postwar era. I argue that the seminal encounter with industrial pollution—encapsulated in Japan’s “environmental injustice paradigm”—has been a critical and ongoing source of motivation for Japanese environmental activism both within and beyond the archipelago. The agonizing experience of industrial pollution victims in local communities in Japan inspired some Japanese activists to look abroad and it profoundly shaped the messages they sent to the world. For many Japanese activists who became involved transnationally, industrial pollution victims represented living proof of an unbreakable chain linking political and economic power, environmental degradation, and the violation of basic human rights. The encounter with shocking environmental injustices served as a powerful motivation for them to act. As scientists, activists, and victims from the world’s most polluted nation they felt an intense responsibility to ensure that such human injury and injustice did not occur elsewhere. Theirs was a decidedly anthropocentric and localistic vision of environmentalism that focused attention on the grassroots victims of industrial pollution and, later, the marginalized people of developing nations. The paper highlights the importance of local experience as an ideational platform and motivating factor in environmental knowledge and transnational action.3) Hiroe Saruya, Sophia UniversityArticulations and Implementation of Democratic Values and Principles: Revisiting the Zengakuren and the Voiceless VoicesAt the time of their foundation, some social movement organizations are clear about the targets they plan to fight against and the goals that they aim to attain, while other social movement organizations do not always articulate these issues and instead formulate them as they develop organizational structures. The paper examines two historic social movement groups in the early postwar period in Japan: Zengakuren and the Voiceless Voices. Zengakuren, established in 1948, had the goal of building a democratic society in Japan, promoting academic freedom, and improving student life. The founders also aimed to fight against the resurgence of fascism and imperialism, which they felt was a threat after their defeat in World War II. In contrast, when the Voiceless Voices was established in the midst of the Anpo protest in 1960, the founders were not sure about all of their political goals and formed their group as a way to organize their demonstrations against the government. Significantly, both groups, though founded with different purposes and different organizational structures, aimed to implement democratic values and principles in their organizations in some fashion. Furthermore, both organizations turned into vitally important social movement organizations at a time when society faced insurgency via different kinds of movements in the 1960s. The paper compares values, unfolding goals, organizational structures and tactics, and the outcomes and implications of two cases.4) Takemasa Ando, Musashi UniversityContests for the use of (In)justices: Japanese Antinuclear Movements and the Nuclear Industry after the Chernobyl AccidentThis paper examines contests over the use of (in)justices between Japanese antinuclear movements and the nuclear industry after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in April 1986. Shocked by radioactive contamination caused by the accident, an increasing number of women acted to stop the operation of nuclear power. They began by questioning the safety of nuclear reactors, and found a root cause of promoting nuclear power in the male-dominated economy and society. In this way, female antinuclear activists also addressed the issue of injustices to women. Threatened by the rise of mobilization in antinuclear movements, political elites in the nuclear industry developed their gender strategies. They made use of women working in the industry as facilitators to convince people of the safety and necessity of nuclear power. While they reconsidered the roles of female workers who had been marginalized in the industry, they did not make any change in the pronuclear standpoint. This paper explores how the discourse of coexistence between women’s empowerment and the promotion of nuclear power was formed, how antinuclear activists were deprived of the exclusive use of “(in)justices”, and what effects were produced by the discourse.Discussant: David Slater, Sophia UniversitySession 10: Room 204The Korean War as Transnational Postcolonial ConflictsOrganizer and Chair: Jae-Jung Suh, International Christian UniversityWhat was the Korean War? While the war is typically understood as a civil war between the two Koreas or an international war that involved the United States and China or part of the global Cold War, these conventional narratives neglect the fact that many more countries participated in the fighting than those that are typically mentioned. The paper examines the experiences of the countries involved in the war, particularly those that contributed to the United Nations Command, such as Japan, South Africa, Ethiopia, and the Philippines among others in order to shed light on the postcolonial struggles in which their governments and militaries were entangled with other social groups over what kind of society to construct after the end of World War II. The Second World War was fought not only between the Allied and the Axis militaries but also between colonial and anticolonial forces, and while Japan’s surrender in 1945 terminated the former in the Asia-Pacific, the Axis powers’ defeat did not necessarily bring the latter to an end. Just as the colonial-anticolonial confrontation continued in Vietnam after 1945, so did the Korean War complicate postcolonial conflicts in many. This panel brings together the papers that examine wars within Japan, the U.S., and others triggered by the fighting in the Korean peninsula.1) Chris Hyunkyu Park, Australian National UniversityStop the War and Spread Peace: Korean Americans in the Anti-Korean War Movement and Trans-nationalizing Postcolonial StrugglesWhy did Korean Americans actively oppose the war that their government was waging in their ancestral land? What did the Korean War mean to them? While most of the existing studies refer to long-distance nationalism as an explanation for Korean American diasporas’ close ties to, intense interests in, and active activities for their ancestral land, this paper sheds light on the transnational postcolonial nature of their opposition to the Korean War in the early 1950s. They opposed the U.S. government’s involvement not only because they were concerned about the fighting between Koreans and Americans, both of which Korean Americans were, but also because they held postcolonial visions for universal peace, anti-Cold War, and racial equality in the racialized America. The Korean American antiwar movement included a postcolonial vision of a transnational trans-racial solidarity that they sought to build with radical African Americans who opposed the racialized American Cold War politics in the 1950s. The paper supports this argument by analyzing the ways in which the Korean Americans reinterpreted, negotiated, and contended the meanings of the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War as they debated what to do about the Korean War.2) Young-hwan Chong, Meiji Gakuin UniversityA War between Japan and Zainichi Koreans? The Korean War and the “Nationality” QuestionThis paper examines the complex postwar contentions triggered by the Korean War between the Japanese government’s policy to re-impose a colonial order and the Zainichi Korean community’s struggles to create a different postcolonial Japan and Northeast Asia. It argues that the war was fought not only in the Korean peninsula but also within Japan over the competing visions of the postcolonial world. During the war, the Japanese government took measures targeted particularly at Zainichi Koreans who supported the D.P.R.K and launched a campaign against Japan’s support for the UNC. Its attempt to control the Zainichi Koreans extended to its policy on their legal status. After the colonial liberation, Zainichi Koreans founded ethnic organizations in order to protect their nationality as members of an independent nation, but the Japanese government refused to acknowledge them as a liberated people in an attempt to maintain the colonial order. This paper traces the evolution of the “nationality” question to show how the Japanese government and the Zainichi Koreans were entangled in an intense, and sometime violent, competition for a postcolonial vision through the Korean War, the San Francisco Peace Conference, and Tokyo’s normalization talks with South Korea.3) Jae-Jung Suh, International Christian UniversityThe Korean War as Transnational Postcolonial ConflictsWhat was the Korean War? While the war is typically understood as a civil war, an international war, or part of the global Cold War, these conventional narratives neglect the fact that many more countries participated in the fighting than those that are typically mentioned. The paper aims to examine the experiences of those countries that contributed to the United Nations Command, such as Japan, South Africa, Ethiopia, and the Philippines among others in order to shed light on the postcolonial struggles in which their governments and militaries were entangled with other social groups over what kind of society to construct after the end of World War II. The Second World War was fought not only between the Allied and the Axis powers but also between colonial and anticolonial forces, and while Japan’s surrender in 1945 terminated the former in the Asia-Pacific, the Axis powers’ defeat did not necessarily bring the latter to an end. Just as the colonial-anticolonial confrontation continued in Vietnam after 1945, the Korean War brought together an array of militaries involved in preserving the status quo in their respective countries. Before and after they participated in fighting in Korea, they played an instrumental role in fighting their own wars against those who held up different visions of a postcolonial society. The Korean War must, hence, be seen as part of the transnational postcolonial conflicts that were being waged at the same time throughout much of the world.Discussants: Masuda Hajimu, National University of Singapore Suzy Kim, Rutgers UniversitySession 11: Room 351War, Memory, and History in Modern and Contemporary Japanese Art Organizer and Chair: Asato Ikeda, Fordham UniversityAs recently as a decade ago, Alexandra Munroe’s Japanese Art After 1945: Scream Against the Sky (1996) was virtually the only book in English to cover modern and contemporary Japanese art. Since then a number of monographs, anthologies, journal articles, exhibition catalogues, and Ph.D. dissertations have been produced in this field that seek nuanced articulation about the ways in which art of the period was closely entangled with socio-political events. This panel showcases new research by junior scholars and the second generation of art historians who examine Japanese art of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in relation to such important issues as the war, the U.S. Occupation, the Empress, Okinawa, and the history debate. Paget’s presentation focuses on art produced during the Second World War. She looks at the Nanga Appreciation Society (Nanga Kanshō Kai) and literati-style painting (nanga) as it was understood as a tool for anti-Western imperialism. Miller focuses on the production of visual culture surrounding the death and funeral of the wife of the Taishō Emperor in 1951, and Kay studies paintings by the local artists of Okinawa produced between the 1930s and 1960s. Sara Osenton looks at contemporary artist Ikeda Manabu’s painting History of Rise and Fall (2006) and considers the history textbook debate and the ways in which postwar Japan remembers and understands its historical past. 1) Rhiannon Paget, John & Mabel Ringling Museum of ArtParlour Patriots: Amateur Ink Painting and Holy WarIn 1944, the editorial of the journal of the Nanga Appreciation Society (Nanga Kanshō Kai) urged its subscribers to charge their brushes and wield them as a warrior would a sword. The Society, founded in 1932 by the painter Komuro Suiun (1874–1945) and his circle, sought to broaden the audience for nanga (Japanese literati-style painting) by establishing it as an art form for the masses. Its primary activities were running a correspondence course integrating lectures, painting instructions, and exhibitions, and a monthly journal which it introduced amateurs to the ideals of literati painting and sought to equip them with technical and connoisseurial skills. Initially, the magazine encoded nanga in terms of national identity, promoted it as a healthy addition to the Japanese lifestyle, and represented it as a bridge of exchange between East and West. However, as Japan’s military activity in China and the Pacific escalated, nanga was endowed with an urgent new purpose: as a means of resisting Western imperialism, and as a vehicle of cultural diplomacy with the lands they were in the process of conquering. This paper represents a case study of the relationship between nihonga and militarism, and the infiltration of imperialist ideology into the most intimate spaces of civilians’ daily lives during wartime Japan.2) Alison J. Miller, University of the SouthA Royal Passing: Memory, Nostalgia, and the Empress’ Funeral in 1950s JapanOn May 17, 1951, in the midst of the final stage of the post-WWII occupation of Japan by U.S. forces, the Empress Dowager, posthumously known as Empress Teimei, passed away. When her state funeral took place in June of the same year, it was the first major public imperial event in the aftermath of the war, and only the second funeral for a Japanese Empress in the modern age. Japanese citizens and U.S. servicemen alike lined the streets of Tokyo to pay their respects and to view the funeral procession, while photographs and film footage of the event were seen around the world. This presentation will look at the visual culture surrounding the death and funeral of Empress Teimei, with a focus on photographs in international and domestic media. In doing so, it will investigate the nostalgia and re-remembering of the Empress and the Imperial Family in the early 1950s in order to explore the way that her passing, as the first postwar imperial event, shaped the way that the Imperial Family would be seen and understood in the postwar era.3) Eriko Tomizawa-Kay, University of East AngliaRecreating the Tradition and Inventing Identity: The Study of the Regional Struggle and Politics in Okinawan Modern ArtThis paper examines the case study of nihonga and yōga in Okinawa during the 1930s and through to the 1960s – framed as a distinct or indirectly political entity within the national body of Japan and US Occupation. I will explore Okinawa’s microcosm of internalized art as expressions of political messages focusing on the island: as a formerly “independent” island, and now a territory of Japan. After the modernization of Japan, mainland Japanese painters visited Okinawa where they depicted the images of Okinawan as “others.” After the battle of Okinawa in 1945, regional artists, such as Adaniya Masayoshi (1918–1984) and Tamanaha Seikichi (1918–1984), who were the founders of ‘the Exhibition of Five People’, expressed their regional struggles and developed the internalization of Okinawan Art during the US occupation. In this paper, it will be discussed how Okinawan art has been depicted in the regional and temporal paradigm, and I shall represent artists’ identity by regional struggles and intricately intertwined social and cultural discourse. Also, it will be discussed how Okinawan painters have been recreating tradition during the above period reflecting the issues of their national and regional identity.4) Sara Osenton, University of TorontoHistoriography as Subject: Conflicting Moments and Narratives in Contemporary Japanese ArtTaking Ikeda Manabu’s excruciatingly detailed work History of Rise and Fall as an example, I examine the way the category of “history” has come to be questioned by contemporary artists. Ikeda and many of his contemporaries produce exceptionally detailed pieces that imply historical moments but fail to tell a single narrative. I connect this form of telling to the ways in which history has become a complex issue in Japan. The debate around textbooks (and more widely issues of remembering the war) and the coverage by the mass media has shaped for Japanese individuals an acute awareness of the variability and contestability of history. The malleability with which history could be formed and reformed to suit different interested groups, each seeking a kind of “truth,” has performed a public lesson in historiography particularly for the generation of cultural producers who grew up during the debate. Artists such as Ikeda grew up imbued with this understanding that rather than “a history” there were many “histories” and as a result history has become a subject of their work.Discussant: Asato Ikeda, Fordham UniversitySession 12: Room 253Translation and Adaptation in Premodern JapanOrganizer and Chair: Lawrence E. Marceau, International Center for Japanese Studies/University of AucklandThis panel explores the reception and transformation of ideas as they were transmitted to premodern Japan in the form of texts and images. Since nearly all works were translated from classical Chinese, issues revolving around the interpretation of Chinese language and cultural conceptions are central to this transfer. Kimiko Kōno explores Bai Juyi’s lyric account of the love tragedy revolving around Emperor Xuenzong and his consort Yang Guifei, demonstrating how in the sixteenth century scholars such as Kiyohara no Nobukata developed distinctive interpretations of the ballad as they introduced the text in a Japanese annotated edition. Lawrence Marceau examines the text of Aesop’s Fables, which, while not translated from Chinese, was still interpreted within a Sino-centric cultural sphere. Mizuki Uno takes up another canonical work, the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety, to demonstrate how various social and economic factors can combine to generate parodies of the text and versions that would have been alien to the source compilers in Continental Asia. Discussant Reiko Hirose contributes to this panel session with her expertise on textual transformations between premodern China and Japan.1) Kimiko Kōno, Waseda UniversityTranslation and Reception in Kiyohara no Nobukata’s Chōgonka narabi ni Biwakō hishōBai Juyi’s (772–846) works have exerted a clear influence on Japanese literature. In particular, his Changhen ge (J. Chōgonka; Song of Lasting Regret) serves as one source for the Tale of Genji and even today appears in school textbooks, over a millennium after its composition. This ballad thus maintains great popularity as Juyi’s representative work. How have Japanese scholars read this work and what meanings have they applied to it over time? In this presentation I examine Kiyohara no Nobukata’s (1475–1550) text, Chōgonka narabi ni Biwakō hishō (CNBH, 1543), and consider issues of the reception and translation of Chinese literature in Japan. CNBH is a so-called shōmono containing the texts of Changhen ge and Pipa xing (J. Biwakō; Ballad of the Lute) with Japanese reading aids and detailed annotation. In this text Hirokata comments frequently on such matters as the emotional states of Emperor Xuanzong and his consort Yang Guifei, and court etiquette, thus generating an idiosyncratic reading of the text. I shall present a history of the reception of Changhen ge in China and Japan, indicating differences and distinctive characteristics detected in CNBH. From this I intend to consider issues of the transmission and transformation of Chinese classical literature throughout the rest of East Asia.2) Mizuki Uno, Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceThe Birth and Development of Japanese Images of The Tales of the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial PietyTwenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety is a collection of twenty-four tales of filial children in ancient China. They are distinguished by the inclusion of poetry, prose, and illustration for each tale, and as such have spread over East Asia throughout premodern and modern times. In the case of Japan, printed illustrated editions repeatedly appeared starting in the fourteenth century from China and Korea, and thus spread throughout society. In this presentation I shall follow the naturalization of the content and the images of Twenty-four Paragons into the Japanese cultural and visual field starting in the late Muromachi, and the development of parodies in the Edo period. Images of the Twenty-Four Paragons become established at this time through the publication of successive illustrated editions of the tales, but the illustrations themselves differ significantly from their Chinese models. I here identify the roles Kano artists and Gosan monks played as being particularly important. I also examine the illustrations in Ihara Saikaku’s parody, Twenty Cases of Unfilial Conduct in This Realm (Honchō nijū fukō, 1686). For example, in the case of Guoju, granted a pot of gold from Heaven for his filial piety, Saikaku transforms it into the execution cauldron for the thief Ishikawa Goemon. Here the motif is not simply inverted, but an intermediate Japanese text is evident. Such parodies are absent from the Chinese or Korean traditions.3) Lawrence E. Marceau, International Center for Japanese Studies/University of AucklandTransforming the Mediterranean World in Isopo MonogatariAesop’s Fables were transmitted to Japan in a variety of forms and even in different linguistic modes. Portuguese Jesuits first published a translation in Romanized colloquial Japanese under the title, Esopo no Fabulas (Amakusa: Jesuit Mission Press, 1593). Subsequent commercial publishers in Kyoto reproduced a separate translation using Sino-Japanese orthography and rendering the European text in standard written Japanese. Some nine wooden moveable-type editions of this translation appeared in the first half of the seventeenth century, culminating in a woodblock printed edition (Kyoto: Itō San’emon, 1659). While the text of these editions provides only minor variations, the woodblock printed edition is distinguished by its illustrations. In this edition Aesop (Isopo) appears dressed as a Japanese slave, and eventually in the black robes of a Buddhist priest or court advisor. The text depicts Isopo traveling through Mediterranean kingdoms, but illustrations reveal images of China and the other kingdoms in its vicinity. Yet another set of illustrations in multicolor hand scroll format depict costume, hairstyles, and architectural details as consistently “Chinese.” This presentation explores the worldviews projected in these works and their illustrations, and considers the meanings suggested in the “Asianization” of Aesop.Discussant: Reiko Hirose, Senshu University Session 13: Room 203Politics and Education in Japan’s Publishing HistoryOrganizer and Chair: Maj Hartmann, KU LeuvenFrom the early Meiji period, education has been closely intertwined with the ministerial bureaucracy and Japan’s nation building process. However, this process was constantly influenced by different non-state actors who commented on, reinforced, reinterpreted, steered, and critically reflected on education in various ways through the media, the publication of readers and textbooks, and the international and transnational exchange of ideas. By analyzing the content and use of educational publications, this panel intends to shed light on a number of these actors, and examine how their engagement with education, as well as their interaction with the involved governmental actors, related to current political developments and changes in administration. The panel offers three case studies from the Meiji and Taishō periods which approach the entanglement of politics and education in publishing history from the perspectives of media studies, cultural history and transnational history. The aim is to reexamine the role that commercial publishers, media and social commentators played as private actors in shaping education and educational policies in modern Japanese history.1) Ruselle Meade, Cardiff UniversityJuvenile Science and the Japanese Nation: Shōnen’en and the Cultivation of Scientific SubjectsThe emergence of the mass periodical press in the Meiji period provided public intellectuals with a podium from which to engage in public policy. One of the earliest such avenues was children’s magazines, which proliferated from the late 1880s. These were attractive because, although ostensibly targeted at children, they could be used to reach a range of associated audiences, including educators, parents and businesspeople, without attracting too much scrutiny from notoriously strict Meiji censors. Most contributors to children’s magazines were at pains to align themselves with the government’s agenda, but close scrutiny of their writings reveals attempts to engage with, extend, or even depart from, government orthodoxy. This paper focuses on public intellectuals’ writing on science and technology in the children’s magazine Shōnen’en (Children’s Garden, 1888–1895). It shows how the seemingly apolitical theme of science was attractive for those promoting alternative visions of childhood education. Education Minister Mori Arinori’s mid-Meiji education reforms reduced the amount of time devoted to science, instead increasing the emphasis placed on moral instruction. However, as analysis of writings in Shōnen’en shows, the magazine’s contributors did not see science as divorced from moral teaching or from the government’s education agenda of cultivating juvenile imperial subjects, and used the magazine to engage productively with Mori Arinori’s vision of education.2) Pieter Van Lommel, University of TsukubaMedia for Schoolteachers: The Diverse Roles Played by Commercial Education Periodicals in Late Meiji JapanIn the second half of the Meiji period, a nationwide elementary school system was established in Japan, and schoolteachers, whose numbers increased dramatically from 67,000 in 1890 to 158,000 in 1912, emerged as a new readership. The booming publishing industry was eager to target this new market and as many as 134 educational periodicals were launched in this period. Although historians have drawn on these magazines as sources to discuss specific issues in the history of Japanese education, there is a striking lack of scholarship which analyzes the magazines themselves and positions them in the broader spectrum of media and journalism in late Meiji Japan. This paper focuses on Kyōikukai, Kyōiku gakujutsukai and Kyōiku jikkenkai, three major educational periodicals, aiming to clarify the characteristics of each magazine by comparing their content (including the short stories in the literature sections), editorial stance and readership. Additionally, by contrasting the periodicals to the Ministry of Education’s official discourse on education and the widely read (also among teachers) magazine Taiyō, an attempt is made to demonstrate the broad range of opinions expressed in different educational periodicals, as well as the limits of educational journalism at the time, leading to a final assessment of the diverse meanings commercial educational periodicals had for the schoolteachers in late Meiji Japan.3) Maj Hartmann, KU LeuvenThe Exchange of Educational Publications in the 1920s and New Forms of Cooperation between Publishers and the StateFrom the early 1920s the League of Nation’s International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation and their national counterparts, in Japan the Gakugei kyōryoku kokunai iinkai, aimed at globalizing education through the international exchange of educational works. While the Japanese ministries had been trading official government publications with a number of countries since the 1890s, the systematic exchange of scientific and literary publications for educational purposes was only introduced to Japan in the mid-1920s by the initiative of the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. This paper explores the interaction among members affiliated with the League of Nations’ committees, ministerial bureaucrats and publishers involved in institutionalizing the educational book trade and shaping the global practical and legal framework behind this new form of trade. While it cannot be denied that the ministerial bureaucrats remained heavily involved in the administrative and law-making processes following the First World War, they became increasingly reliant on the expertise of publishers and sought their advice on numerous topics, demonstrating the key role that publishers as non-governmental actors played in the early globalization processes of the Japanese publishing industry.Discussant: Shiho Maeshima, University of TokyoSession 14: RoomGender and Discourse in Late Imperial China Organizer: Tomoko Gomi, University of Sacred HeartChair: Linda Grove, Sophia UniversityThis panel examines how body, women’s work and biographies of women were recognized and described in public spaces in late imperial China. How were women’s private lives, honor and labor brought to public spaces and writings, such as the courtroom, the imperial court, and local gazetteers? In late imperial China, there were ideals about the proper separation of men and women. Women and men were supposed to live and act in different spaces. Thus, women’s reputation, work, clothes were ideally invisible to outsiders. Women’s positions, roles, and private lives only became visible in special public spaces and writings. The first presentation focuses on shoes. Shoes were delicate personal belongings that only very close family could make and touch. Still, shoes were submitted or referred as evidence of love affairs in the courtroom. The second presentation explores court ladies’ roles. In the imperial court, the emperor should be the “only true man.” There were eunuch and court ladies who served for the emperor and his family. What was the difference between eunuch’s role and court ladies’ role? The third presentation investigates biographies of exemplary women in local gazetteers and the work of the famous editor, Zhang Xuecheng. What kind of gender roles were emphasized in local gazetteers? Through women’s honor, clothes and labor in public spaces and writings, we explore gender roles and discourse in late imperial China.1) Tomoko Gomi, University of Sacred HeartPersonal Belongings in Public Space: Shoes in Records of Judgments of the Qing dynastyThis paper explores gender norms by analyzing descriptions of shoes (both men and women’s) in records of judgments. In Qing dynasty records of judgments, we find almost no information about foot-binding or small feet, even though the practice of foot-binding was widely spread. Since women’s small feet were symbols of femininity and sexual appeal, description of foot-binding would not find a place in records of judgments. When we read novels of the Qing dynasty, we find shoes also had special meanings like underclothing. However, there were references to shoes in records of judgments. What kind of references to shoes do we find in those records? What made them bring delicate and secret shoes to public spaces such as the courtrooms? Firstly, shoes were recognized as clothes worn throughout the day. If a dead body was found without shoes, it was presumed that the person was killed at another place after hard fighting. Secondly, both men and women’s shoes were symbols of special feelings between men and women. Shoes were not given to those for whom a person had no special feeling. Conversely, shoes were given as tokens of affection. Shoes represented human relationships, so they sometimes are recorded in judgments as evidence of special feelings and love affairs. Shoes were significant goods in gender norms in the late imperial China.2) Yoshiyuki Ogawa, Kokushikan UniversityCourt Ladies and Gender From the Song Dynasty to the Qing DynastyWhat kind of lives did the women who lived in the Chinese imperial palace have? Besides empress and concubines, there were court ladies who managed archives, housing, clothes and foods in the Imperial court. They belonged to different organizations from the empress and concubines. This paper examines the role of court ladies from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, investigating the role of women in the imperial court. In political perspective, court ladies of the Song Dynasty were deeply involved in the document administration and worked as the emperor’s secretaries. However, in the Ming Dynasty, as secretarial position were gradually replaced by the eunuchs, the position of court ladies also declined. In the Qing Dynasty, the system of court ladies was different from the Ming Dynasty. This paper highlights differences of the court ladies’ roles in each era from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.3) Akira Konita, Waseda UniversityThe Biographies of Women in Local Gazetteers: Focusing on the Qing Dynasty Historian, Zhang XuechengLocal gazetteers were published throughout the China empire from the Ming dynasty. Local gazetteers usually had a section of biographies of exemplary women, and scholars who are interested in gender in traditional Chinese society have used these biographies to explore gender issues. When we explore local gazetteers in Qing dynasty, Zhang Xuecheng, an active scholar in the Qianlong era, is a key person. He was the first historian to consider local gazetteers as important historical materials. His Wenshi tongyi [A Comprehensive Discussion of Literature and History] also has a special section for local gazetteers, and he was also involved in compilation of several local gazetteers, such as Tianmen Xianzhi, Hezhou zhi, Yongqing Xianzhi, Daming Xianzhi, Haozhou zhi, and theorized about compilation of local gazetteers. His theory and compilation of local gazetteers are now actively examined by those interested in historiography and specialists of local gazetteers studies. Zhang Xuecheng is also famous for his conservative attitude toward women. He criticized women’s poetry, bitingly attacked women’s activities outside the home, such as being famous through interaction with male scholars. What did Zhang Xuecheng have to say about biographies of exemplary women? What are the characteristics of biographies of exemplary women in local gazetteers he edited? Through biographies of exemplary women, this paper investigates his thought and practice on editing of local gazetteers.Discussant: Mio Kishimoto, Toyo BunkoSession 15: Room 316In and Out: Transnational Migration to and from ChinaOrganizer and Chair: Mario Liong, Ritsumeikan UniversityThe globalizing era has been marked by massive flow of people around the world and China is no exception. With the rise in its economic power after the economic reform, not only increasing number of Chinese move out of their country, but China is also becoming a key migration destination. This panel aims to examine the way in which Chinese society, as both receiving and sending contexts, shapes the experiences of immigration and emigration. In particular, the papers included analyze the effects of profession, sexuality, place, media, and socio-political structures in Chinese society and abroad on migrants’ identities, experiences, and practices. By way of considering different groups of migrants, such as Chinese queer women in Australia, Chinese academics in Sweden, South Asian asylum seekers, and Thai women in Hong Kong, the panel delineates the challenges, vulnerabilities, opportunities, capitals, and aspirations that migrants of different genders, ethnicities, and sexualities have in their negotiations of identity and everyday practices. The comparative analyses of diasporic globalization the panel offers identify the contemporary conditions of Chinese and other Asian societies, as well as the fundamental processes underpinning global migration. 1) Lucetta Y. L. Kam, Hong Kong Baptist UniversityComing Out and Going Abroad: The Chuguo Mobility of Queer Women in China This paper is part of a research project that explores the movement of Chinese queer women (lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer identified women) from China to Australia. Participant observation and in-depth interviews are conducted in selected cities in China and Australia. Based on the interviews done in China and Australia of queer women planning to leave and have left China, this paper centers on their narratives and experiences of going abroad, chuguo. The economic and social transformation in China has given rise to a new class of mobile urbanites. Going abroad has become a preferred life plan for the young elites and the single child generation from an urban middle class family background. To be able to leave China or have the resources and ability to plan a life abroad constitutes a form of upward social mobility. In addition to the general trend of going abroad in contemporary China, sexuality and gender-nonconformity have played a role in queer women’s stories of mobility. This paper will look at the connection between chuguo and chugui (coming out) of queer women from China, in particular, on how mobility and sexuality (gender nonconformity) are intertwined in queer women’s crafting of their life aspiration, and how does the normative aspiration of chuguo in contemporary China enable (and disable) new ways of living.2) Mario Liong, Ritsumeikan UniversityFrom China to Sweden: Gender Dynamics and Practices among Chinese Academic Immigrant Families in SwedenChinese immigration has been the fourth largest immigration in Sweden from outside Europe since 2000 (Statistics Sweden, 2017), yet studies on this immigrant group, especially of the highly-skilled, have been scarce. Using the theoretical framework of gendered geographies of power and in-depth interviews with 19 Chinese immigrant academic families, this paper discusses the interplay between socio-economic factors, gender and family policies in China and Sweden, and the global academic job market in shaping the gender practices in these families. The corporatization of the academy under neoliberalism and the gender ideology of men as breadwinners worked together in making migration to Sweden a process of intensifying gender conventions within the family. However, absence of relatives’ assistance in childcare, concerns about children’s education, family policies and parenting styles in Sweden have all worked to encourage Chinese fathers to be more involved with their children. The present study examines the strategies these immigrant academics have adopted in response to their work and parenting environment and how they have perpetuated and changed the gender relations within the family.3) Atit Pongpanit, Naresuan University[Re]imagining Their Belongings: Thai Female Migrants in Hong KongThis paper examines Thai female migrants in Hong Kong. Thai migrants represent only a small proportion in the Hong Kong ethnic minority community. However, they have managed to form an ethnic cluster in a vibrant part of the city area and transform the area into a spot well-known for its authentic Thai cuisine and Thai culture. Most importantly, the majority of these Thai migrants are either labour migrants or married to Hong Kong men and followed their husbands and settled in this part of the city. Current studies on this group focus mainly on aspects of remittances and segregated dimension. Yet, there hasn’t been much research examining the aspect of their feelings towards the host/home countries. Drawing from interviews with and the oral histories of 40 Thai female migrants, we explore how their lives in the host/home country contribute to the complexity of their belongings sand their [re]imagining and their identities and their belonging while living in the host country. 4) Isabella Ng, Education University of Hong KongFraming the Issue of Asylum Seekers and Refugees for Tougher Refugee Policy: A Study of the Media’s Portrayal in Post-colonial Hong KongPolicy makers often advocate policies, especially immigration policies, by referring to media reports and public opinion polls. This is best exemplified in Hong Kong, an international financial hub that prides itself on its multiculturalism and pluralism; government officials and pro-establishment legislators have been calling for tougher measures because of a plethora of negative news reports on immigrants. This study examines how print media frame the issue of asylum seekers and refugees between June 1, 2015, and July 31, 2016, and its effects on attempts to implement tougher policies in Hong Kong. We used a keyword search of the WiseNews database and Google search to locate 358 relevant news articles for analyses. The findings indicate that the majority of local Chinese news articles on print media had a negative depiction, and most articles framed asylum seekers as “fake refugees” and “criminals”. This study examines newspapers’ framing of the causes of asylum seekers, providing reasons for anti-refugee policy makers to suggest tougher solutions to eradicate asylum seekers and refugees. The results show that local Chinese news articles recommended 1) setting up detention camps, 2) enforcing stricter border control, and 3) withdrawing from the UN (CAT). Policy implications are also discussed in this paper.Discussant: Yajiao Li, Ochanomizu UniversitySession 16: Room 314Individual Papers 3: Commodified CulturesChair: Thomas Gill, Meiji Gakuin University1) Fan Ching Wan, Chinese University of Hong KongMaintaining a School Culture: A Case Study of an ?endan in a Japanese University?endan (応援団) are commonly found in high schools, colleges and universities in Japan. They cheer for their school sports teams, and represent the prestige of the school. They have been iconic symbols of masculine school spirit in the postwar period. Yet, ōendan in the universities are experiencing membership decline in the past decade. This paper evaluates how ōendan cope with declining membership, and explores the conflict between sticking to outdated core values and fundamental change based on 1) participant observation in an ōendan of a national university 2) face-to-face semi-structured interviews 3) analysis of the related documents and materials, and 4) self-administered questionnaire, this study shows how an ōendan dispensed with rules limiting membership to Japanese men, but attempted to maintain and cultivate masculine values among its new members.2) Keiko Nishimura, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillCharacter, Context and Communication Robots in JapanFacing declining marriage and birth rates (Yamada 2016), rising precarity (Allison 2013) and a crisis of aging and care (Danely 2015), the Japanese robotics industry is reimagining forms of the social. Mass-produced communication robots, which are intended to be friends, companions and even members of the family, are emerging, and they suggest an optimistic future where all crises are resolved. In creating such an image, communication robots are often given particular personalities, or character. This paper points out that such characterization or personification of an artificially programmed conversational being is one of the key features to successful human-robot interaction (HRI). By taking cultural studies approach to technology, I argue that context plays an important role in successful communication between human and a machine, which should not be neglected as a mere background. Through Ito Go (2005)’s theory of character, this paper analyzes how a character of a robot is being granted, and how it is being enabled within the network of character culture in Japan. Taking up Softbank’s “world’s first” communication robot Pepper as an example, this paper investigates what character has been granted to Pepper, how the character is being put to use, and when such character is intentionally neglected for the purpose other than smooth communication.3) Yulia Mikhailova, Hiroshima City UniversityRussian Hostesses in Japan: A Way Towards Self-Fulfillment?In response to challenges of neoliberal governance dominating the world nowadays, individuals are encouraged to become entrepreneurs who shape their lives through the choices they make from among the options available to them. This paper explores the entanglement of gender norms (Japanese, Soviet and Russian), socio-economic, ethnic and race factors with the purpose to find out how the encounter with Japan shaped self-realization strategies of Russian women who in the 1990s ventured to work in Japan as hostesses. It is demonstrated here how Russian female migrant workers benefitting from Japan’s affluence, on the one hand, and making Japanese men Oriental, on the other, attempted to position themselves as achievers and establish their own respectability. The paper is based on two books written by Russian women, in which they describe their experience of working in Japan as hostesses. Contrary to Japanese and Western researchers who aim to reveal discrimination and denigration of women at hostess clubs, Russians tended to present this job not as serving the client’s needs but as “consuming” men and considered it to be a “perfect way of obtaining financial independence, respectability and love of friends.” The paper argues whether the progressive commodification of life in post-socialist space brings forth changes in moral criteria or whether these narratives of self-achievement help women to handle discrimination and denigration they experienced in real life. 4) Sonja Ganseforth, German Institute for Japanese Studies Fish as Cultural Commodity: The Transformation of Coastal Fisheries in JapanThis contribution explores changes in marketing and livelihood strategies in coastal fisheries in Kyushu. The livelihoods of coastal fishers are increasingly being challenged by a number of developments: Shrinking maritime resources, the rising cost of fuel and stagnating fish prices contribute to the declining profitability of this economic sector. Structural transformations on world and national markets are changing the power structures of the seafood business in Japan. Consequently, the total number as well as the ratio of younger fishers is dramatically decreasing, reinforcing the demise of many rural coastal communities. Seeking innovative solutions, fishers as well as policy makers and civil society organisations develop a range of revitalization and reform strategies, often centering on ideas like the establishment of alternative marketing channels, the creation of new value-added products, and the invention and marketing of local traditions. These programs entail a qualitative shift towards the marketing of fish(eries) as cultural commodities rather than primarily as nutritious foodstuffs. While consumer preferences are shifting towards processed seafood products, take-out and eating out, fishing communities are reshaped into tourist destinations and places of entertainment and cultural consumption. This contribution investigates the new opportunities, but also the disruptions caused by these transformations in coastal fishing communities.5) Annie Sheng, Cornell UniversitySupersized Bread Production: Agro-industrial Wheat and Bakery Trade in Global Capitalism in East Asia and the USIn this presentation, I discuss distribution methods that bring the raw product of wheat from the US, into the circulation of commodities, eventually becoming flour-based foods eaten at a local level in East Asia. My focus here is on wheat for bread, but I will also touch on noodles. Several Japanese large trading companies, such as Marubeni and Mitsui, own shipping and distribution infrastructure in the US. Given the volume of these loads, the supply of grain they deliver exceeds Japan’s needs. A significant portion of the shipments that go through Japanese-owned grain elevators and export sites eventually end up in the bowls and plates of Chinese consumers. I will discuss my own fieldwork experiences engaged in the discussion of global trade with wheat millers, marketers and industry heads in East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, China, Korea) and the US to better shed light on the ways in which commodities as raw ingredients pass through the vast distribution networks of global capitalism and end up consumed at the local level. I also present the ways breads have been localized in East Asia and have generated big business; for example, Yamazaki Bakery ranks as one of top in the world in the global bakery business in its net sales, while other global corporations, such as the Korean Paris Baguette, gain inroads in cosmopolitan cities across the world. Ultimately, I intend on mapping out the extensive flows of wheat and bread in the changing foodways of East Asia vis-à-vis the world.Session 17: Room 251Individual Papers 4: Culture Exchange and Maritime HistoryChair: Jenine Heaton, Kansai University1) Joe Travis Shutz, State University of New York, BinghamtonSouthern Pirates and Northern BarbariansIn the mid-sixteenth century, Ming China simultaneously experienced outbreaks of mass violence along its northern borderland and southeastern littoral. Although violence in its peripheral areas was not a new concern for Ming, the scale of the contemporaneous raids exceeded anything it had experienced since the tumult of the Yuan-Ming transition. Despite the apparent differences of the steppe and the sea, the continental and maritime raiders shared common traits. They were well-armed fast-movers with the ability to raid and escape before Ming reinforcements could arrive, but as shown by prolonged raids on Beijing and occupations of coastal cities like Xinghua, the horsemen and the seamen carried enough military might to make extended campaigns into Ming territory and overtake state strongholds. In this paper, I explore linkages between the Ming anti-raider campaigns in the steppe and the sea. While Ming not only actively solicited plans on how to concurrently confront both threats, repeatedly moved crack troops and successful commanders between the two regions, and alternated between tactics of pacification and elimination, it also engaged in a large-scale campaign of state terrorism against peripheral peoples as public executions of accused raiders regularly reached into the hundreds and even thousands. Bringing these regions together deepens our understanding of historical violence and statecraft in early-modern East Asia.2) Ubaldo Iaccarino, University of Napoli The Hispano-Japanese “Capitulations” of 1610: Trade, Diplomacy, and Knowledge Exchange between Edo, Manila, and Mexico in the Early 17th Century. At the end of the 16th century, after the founding of Manila and the “pacification” of the Philippine Islands, the Spaniards established trade relations with the Japanese merchants of Kyushu and Kansai, and by the early-1590s they officially entered Japan after the mission of the Franciscan friar-ambassador Pedro Bautista Blásquez. Even though in 1597 the crucifixion of the so-called Twenty-Six Christian “protomartyrs” led to a temporary freezing of the Hispano-Japanese diplomatic relations, these were immediately resumed by Tokugawa Ieyasu in the following year. This paper will examine the Hispano-Japanese relations from 1596 to 1613, focusing on the contents of the agreements (Capitulations) settled between Ieyasu and the former governor of the Philippines Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco in 1610. It will discuss Ieyasu’s need for cooperation with the Spaniards, shedding light on his political ambitions and his commercial and diplomatic aims. It will confer, for example, about Japan’s need to increment silver production (by means of Mexican mine en-gineers and their new techniques for mineral digging), the project of a commercial expansion towards the Americas, the demand for shipbuilders and the idea of emulating the Sevillian Casa de la Contratación.3) Szymon Gredzuk, University of the Ryukyus(Hi)stories from the Coastal Contact Zones: Japan in the Maritime Writing of M.A.Benyowsky.In the second half of the 18th century, regardless of the Edo shogunate’s policies, maritime interactions in the Northern Pacific were on the rise. Unofficial encounters, which occasionally occurred in the coastal contact zones, like piracy, smuggling and shipwrecks, are often being overlooked. However minor and temporary these interactions were, they often produced some extraordinary tales and influenced the course of history. Series of such unusual events happened in 1771, when a group of exiles commanded by Mauritius Benyowsky managed to navigate a ship along Japanese shores from Kamchatka to Macao. Necessitated to anchor briefly in places like Awa, Tosa or Amami ?shima they met with different communities and mixed reception. Benyowsky’s ‘Memoirs and Travels’ became one of the earliest and most popular accounts in Europe and regardless of their doubted veracity, they influenced perception of the areas he visited. On the Japanese side, his sudden arrival and messages he left were misunderstood and misused in the process of reconsideration of the local geopolitics. This paper looks at multilingual literary and historical sources in order to track how this particular narrative developed through various prisms of politics, interests, and misinterpretations. After nearly 250 years of parallel mutation a story of the same event becomes an intricate hybrid of disintegrated histories and literary fictions, and since these are at times indivisible, they influence each other.4) Maria Grazia Petrucci, The University of British ColumbiaOrgantino Gnecchi Soldo in the Economic Policies of Oda Nobunaga, 1563–1582This presentation has the purpose of revealing the life of the Jesuit Organtino Gnecchi Soldo in Japan during the rule of Oda Nobunaga. Organtino was an extraordinary Jesuit in what it is now known as the Japanese Christian century, but his operate has been poorly examined so far. It is the author’s intention to bring to the fore Organtino Gnecchi Soldo’s operate and his relations to the commercial and political network of Japanese Christians, particularly in the region of Kawachi and Kyoto, and the way in which they were impacted by the economic policies of Oda Nobunaga. It is well known that Nobunaga had implemented the so called raku ichi raku za as a way to expand the market for taxable goods and to break the old monopolies of the mercantile elites of Kyoto and Sakai. The Portuguese as traders were also part of his economic policies, as well as the Jesuits who were middlemen in the Japanese-Portuguese trade. The Jesuits had as their main objective to convert laymen to Christianity. My investigation analyzes the work of Organtino Gnecchi Soldo in converting Japanese to Christianity and in how his work fitted the policies of Oda Nobunaga at a practical level, by obstructing other religious power holders by using Christianity as a counter-balance, and ideologically by creating a value system that had as a fulcrum the tea ceremony, while using precious metal such as silver in exchange for weapons to augment Oda’s military power. SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS II: 15:30–17:30Session 18: Room 260Japanese Social Movements and Injustice (2): Historical PerspectivesOrganizer and Chair: David Slater, Sophia University1) Vivian Shaw, University of Texas, Austin/Sophia UniversityLocating Justice: Imagining Transnational Antiracist Solidarities after 3/11On September 29, 2015, in response to intensified international attention to the Middle Eastern refugee crisis, Japan announced that it would provide $1.56 billion in assistance for victims of war in Syria and Iraq. Yet, when asked if Japan would be accepting refugees from affected countries, Prime Minister Abe Shinzō declined, citing the government’s need to take care of the country’s own domestic problems. During this same time period, both far-right activists and progressive anti-racists were embroiled in debates over the feasibility of accepting refugees, representing polarized opinions about Japan’s social responsibility to become more multicultural. This paper starts from these debates to analyze how the idea of crisis has shaped racial politics in Japan. Considering the co-constitutive rise of reactionary xenophobia and anti-racist activism after 3/11, I analyze how activists—from multiple parts of the political spectrum —in part, frame ongoing domestic issues in relation to transnational crises. While radically reshaping politics within Japan, post-disaster mobilizations also led activists to pursue and/or invoke transnational antiracist solidarities. These political exchanges ultimately influence the broader meanings of inequality and (in)justice. My discussion draws from over two years of ethnographic fieldwork with anti-racism social movements in Kanto and Kansai.2) William Andrews, Sophia UniversityInjustice, Victimhood and Purity in Recent Far-left Japanese MovementsThis paper examines aspects of current far-left movements in Japan from the perspective of how a sense of victimhood motivates participants in their activities and responses to police or state pressure. It explores the tendency for radical groups to speak for injustices suffered by others and assume a cause (possibly for their own ends). The primary case study is Chūkaku-ha (Central Core Faction) and some of its affiliated groups, but other recent examples are also highlighted. The study is presented through attention to language and tone, styles of protest and campaigning, modes of dissemination, and framing of ideology. Further context is also provided by briefly contrasting the examples from the far left with other contemporary yet non-radical social movements, such as SEALDs or the Metropolitan Coalition Against Nukes. In closing, the paper seeks to show how radical groups, while extreme, nonetheless offer lessons for ways that civil society groups can form close-knit, sustainable networks rooted in shared ideology and attitudes towards authority.3) Robin O’Day, University of North GeorgiaFrom the Precariat to the Fight for Fifteen Hundred Yen: Japanese Youth and the Discourses of Workplace InjusticesIt has been over a decade since the “precariat” (a combination of “precarious” and “proletariat”) started to be used by some Japanese labor activists to politically mobilize youth around the widening gap of inequality in the labor market. Although youth have been disproportionally affected by neoliberal labor fragmentation, Japanese social movement organizations have struggled to effectively translate their frustration into campaigns capable of politically mobilizing a broad spectrum of youth. In the spaces where the politicization of youth labor are being negotiated and debated—places that include political demonstrations, labor union offices, and salons—narratives of workplace “injustice” circulate discursively as forms of resistance. Stories of young people’s experiences of low wages, harassment, unfair dismissals, unpaid overtime, and dead-end contracts are some of the forms that these discourses of injustice take as they circulate and become politicized in these activist spaces. Through ethnographic fieldwork over the last decade, this paper traces discourses of workplace injustice in the context of Japanese social movement organizations and explores how these narratives simultaneously encourage and limit mobilization.Discussant: Simon Avenell, Australian National UniversitySession 19: Room 251Reconsidering Modernity from the Age of the Mongols: Proto-Globalization in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth CenturiesOrganizer: Yoichi Isahaya, JSPS/Rikkyo University Chair: Yuji Nawata, Chuo UniversityHistorical narrative in the modern era has had symbiotic relationship with nationalism as one of the principal tools for formulating imagined communities—that is, nation-states. However, the history curriculum has experienced drastic change in the late twentieth century, reflecting large-scale social and political transition. Historians are increasingly using the globalization paradigm which provides us with an explanatory framework for the greater interconnectedness and interdependence of the world. The rise of the globalization paradigm in the recent times of course does not accord with the process of globalization itself which has been ongoing from the deep time of history. Among the significant moments in this process, the age of the Mongol empire in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries can be regarded as a time of “proto-globalization” which brought about Afro-Eurasian scale interconnections in the economic, cultural and political realms. In this panel, the interconnectedness of Eurasia under Mongol domination—that is termed “Mongol Eurasia”—will come under scrutiny from multiple perspectives such as inter-continental migration, communication, and transmission. Close investigation into the manifold facets of Mongol Eurasia will also make us reflect upon the validity of global history as an alternative historical narrative in the modern era.1) Ishayahu Landa, Hebrew University of JerusalemTranscontinental Migrations in the Mongol Age and the Transformation of the Eurasian Ethnic Landscape as a Case Study in the field of Global HistoryIn the 21st century, the so-called globalisation can be seen most clearly in the way the modern societies are being torn between the principle of rigid national boundaries, the basis of the modern nation-state, and the numerous trans- and intercontinental human migration flows which overcome and de facto nullify those borders. The “unique” interconnectedness of the modern world is often claimed to be the major cause of these phenomena. Looking backward into the history, this paper will highlight the Eurasian territorial interconnectedness of the Mongol age (13–14 cc.). Concentrating on the transcontinental human migration flows, caused directly and indirectly by the Chinggisid conquests and rule over two thirds of the Old World, it will provide observations on the migrations’ scale and analyse both the continuity and the changes of the Eurasian ethnic landscape in the course of the Mongol rule over the continent. As a special case of ethnic history, the paper will apply this analytical perspective to the discussion of the so-called “retribalisation,” the reappearance of the old tribal names and groups in the Eurasian steppe belt and the surrounding sedentary areas on the outset of the Mongol power, during and following the “Great Crisis” decades (1330s–1370s). Thus, looking at the Mongol age as the (proto?)-globalisation of the then known world, the paper will show how the Eurasian ethnic landscape has been transformed by the Mongol conquests and rule.2) Francesca Fiaschetti, Hebrew University of JerusalemAcross the Universal Empire: Ideas of Proto-Globalization in Wang Dayuan’s WorkOne of the most evident byproducts of Mongol rule in Eurasia, was the expansion of communication and trade routes both by land and by sea. Diplomacy, commerce and war brought the Mongols and their agents to move along old and new routes of communication. This led to an increased geographical knowledge, and to the shaping of the image of a global world. How did these dynamics affect the geographical and ethnographical conceptions in East Asia? Taking the example of Wang Dayuan’s work, the paper explores representations of space -with special attention to the maritime world- in the late Yuan period. By comparing Wang Dayuan’s with other sources from the period, the paper will address elements of change and innovations in the Yuan representation of space, geography and ethnography along the Yuan trade-routes. Two main points will be analysed: firstly, the paper will look at how Mongol agency changed the demographic landscape in the countries along these routes. Secondly, by showing the linkage between administrative needs, a patrimonial approach and geographical conceptions, the paper analyses how the Chinese documents from the late Yuan period testify the fundamental contribution of the Mongols in constructing the image of a proto-global world.3) Yoichi Isahaya, JSPS/ Rikkyo UniversityPax Mongolica in the Global History of Astral Sciences: Out of the Translation-Naturalization ParadigmTo the translation movement in the ‘Abbasid dynasty (750–1258), Abdelhamid Sabra applied the term “naturalization” in the sense that this process should be described as a series of activities of appropriation rather than mere reception. Through this long-standing process, the Hellenistic scientific tradition was integrated into the intellectual arena of the Islamicate world. Regarding astral sciences, this translation-naturalization paradigm is also found in Eastern Eurasia, in which “western” astral sciences—mainly horoscopic astrology—were embedded into East Eurasian cultural sphere through the initial translation in the Tang period (618–690, 705–907) and the following congruence with indigenous celestial divination till the Song period (960–1279). This paper argues that such a seemingly global paradigm is not well applicable to the case of the period of the Mongol empire (1206–1368). Around the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols facilitated continental-scale communication and commerce—the so-called “Pax Mongolica,” in which people, commodities, art and knowledge were disseminated across Eurasia. However, what the largest landmass empire created was rather a sort of “cultural highway” which connected distant cultural zones, but did not necessarily bring about the integration of local cultures through either translation or naturalization. The paradigm is more applicable to the following era, the period of Ming dynasty (1368–1644).4) Florence Hodous, Renmin University The “Globalization” of Shamanism: How the Religious Views of a Marginal Nomadic Group Influenced All of EurasiaThe Mongol conquest of Eurasia and the empire provided the unprecedented opportunity for the religious views of the Mongols to influence all of Eurasia. Although shamanism is generally seen as not so influential and although the khans converted to other faiths such as Islam and Tibetan Buddhism–in fact, particular aspects of shamanism still had a deep impact. One aspect of shamanism’s influence is the integration of other faiths into the Mongols’ own worldview, which was characterized by “tolerance,” or at least pluri-centered religious authority. It is known that even the converted Mongols displayed some “tolerance,” tolerance which derived from their previous experiences with and deeply held beliefs about Mongolian shamanism. Further, the significance of blood and the circulation of ‘life-force’ as conceived of in shamanism increased its influence even while the Mongols turned to other religions, as reflected in the practice of bloodless execution methods. From Western Asia to China, this affected the ways in which nobles and kings were executed. In China, even executions of common criminals were carried out differently due to the influence of the Mongol principle. Thus, while in other periods it was Buddhism that was influential through large swathes of Eurasia, in the Mongol period shamanism, a faith adapted to the scattered population and vast steppes of Central Asia, made its continent-wide appearance, with effects that sometimes outlived the Mongol Empire itself.Discussant: Masaki Mukai, Doshisha UniversitySession 20: Room 352Continuity and Change in Japanese Trade and Diplomacy during the Transition from the Late-Medieval to the Early Modern PeriodOrganizer and Chair: Csaba Olah, International Christian UniversityThe long period of decentralization of the Sengoku period and the arrival of Europeans stimulated the development of foreign relations with Europeans and the transformation of trading practices in the domains. Local lords and merchants determined the details of trade relations with foreigners without interference from central authority, and that contributed to the development of new practices in foreign trade and the growth of the domestic economy. After it was founded in the early 17th century, however, the Tokugawa shogunate gradually established institutions to centralize and control foreign trade. This panel will examine the stages in the evolution of diplomacy, the institutions of foreign trade and trading practices during the tumultuous transition from the medieval period to the early modern period, and it will examine these changes in the context of the external situation in East and Southeast Asia. The first paper examines Japanese foreign trade in the East Asian context and the connection between foreign trade and the domestic economy. The second paper does a comparative analysis of late-medieval Japanese diplomatic missions and audiences as precursors of early modern diplomacy. The third paper focuses on the continuity and transformation of the activities of merchants from Kyoto in Japanese foreign trade, and the fourth paper investigates the role of business intermediaries in the Nagasaki trade and the influence of the domestic policies on them.1) Csaba Olah, International Christian UniversityJapan’s Foreign Trade in the 16 to 17th Century and the Commercial Environment in East AsiaThe 16–17th century was a period of transformation in the history of Japan’s foreign trade relations. For example, during their official relations with Ming China the Japanese made positive efforts around the beginning of the 16th century to pursue private trade instead of official trade. Private trade was freer and more profitable but also more risky, and it required experience with different commercial practices. The shift from official to private trade (including illegal and semi-private trade) in China was, however, the result of a bottom-up process facilitated mainly by those Chinese who were not satisfied with the restrictions of official trade. The Japanese simply took advantage of this new commercial environment. Then, after the collapse of the Sino-Japanese tributary trade, the arrival of Europeans provided new trading opportunities for Japanese local lords and merchants and it also had an enormous impact on the entire East Asian commercial environment. By examining transactions and trade negotiations with Chinese and Europeans, I will argue that the transformation of foreign trade in Japan was both the result of responses to the changing trading environment outside of Japan and the result of the growing domestic economy during the Sengoku and the Edo period.2) Igawa Kenji, Waseda UniversityThe Places of Audiences between Monarchs and Foreign Missions in the 16th CenturyJapan in the 16th century was a place where many missions arrived from foreign countries and many Japanese missions departed to other countries. In the first half of the 16th century, tributary missions were sent from Japan to Beijing. They attended to the ceremony of audience in the Imperial palace. Missions to Seoul, whose senders are unknown, had sometimes recorded their experiences. Above all, the audience between the Pope of Rome, Gregorio XIII and the king of Spain, Felipe II, and the first Japanese mission sent to Rome lent the period a gorgeous topic. When the Japanese mission to Rome went back to Japan, the Viceroy of India sent a mission together with them. That mission had an audience with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Spanish governor in Manila also sent missions to Hideyoshi. During the Korean invasions, Ming China and Chosǒn Korea intended to negotiate with Hideyoshi through diplomatic missions. In the previous research, such missions were analyzed separately. This presentation attempts, however, to collect the examples of foreign missions and classify them from the viewpoint of the purpose of their sending, the places of audience and the ceremony. The sixteenth century was obviously a turning point of interregional relations centering Japan. The conditions for a new regional order in the early modern period will be clarified through the analysis of them.3) Okamoto Makoto, University of TokyoThe Merchants of Kyoto and Foreign Trade from the 16th to the early 17th Century: The Shift from Diplomatic Ships sent to Ming China to Vermillion Seal ShipsIn the past, studies of the people who organized Japanese diplomatic ships to Ming China always referred to the same groupings of participants: the ?uchi clan who worked with Hakata merchants and the Hosokawa clan who worked with Sakai merchants. More recent scholarship shows, however, that the ?uchi clan and Sakai merchants worked together, challenging the view of fixed groupings. Still, even scholars who challenge the old theory focus either on Hakata merchants or Sakai merchants as the only possible merchant groups who went to China, without considering whether merchants from other places may have participated. In order to increase our understanding of official Sino-Japanese trade, it is not adequate to limit the investigation to Hakata and Sakai merchants, rather it is necessary to find out what other regions merchants came from. Moreover, scholars generally discuss the official Sino-Japanese trade in Ming separately from the later Nanban trade and the trade of Vermillion Seal ships. Some scholars in the field of the economic history even think that the merchants who participated in foreign trade during the diplomatic missions simply disappeared after these missions stopped. In order to decide whether this understanding is correct it is necessary to look at concrete examples. From the perspective of the two issues discussed above, this paper will investigate the activities of merchants from Kyoto in official Sino-Japanese trade, Nanban trade and Vermillion Seal trade.4) Peng Hao, Osaka City UniversityBusiness Intermediaries in the 17th century Nagasaki TradeDuring the reign of the Edo bakufu in the 17th century there appeared relatively negative and conservative attitudes in its policies of diplomacy and foreign trade. Especially in the 1620s–1640s, a series of decrees concerning foreign affairs were issued, generally called sakoku-rei. As a result, the relationships with most Western counties was broken, and the Dutch and the Chinese became Japan’s sole trading partners who were permitted to call on and do their businesses, and moreover their trades were restricted to merely one port, Nagasaki. If focusing on business intermediaries between foreign traders and domestic merchants in the Nagasaki trade, we can see that their existence forms changed many times alongside of the transforms of the bakufu’s trading policies. For instance, in the case of Chinese trade, many local merchants delivered the accommodations for visiting Chinese and meanwhile played a role of broker; however such a role was replaced by Nagasaki Kaisho, a trading organization formed in 1699; since then the kaisho monopolized almost all the transactions with foreign traders. Previous studies on the Nagasaki trade have analyzed the trading policies in detail but seldom paid attention to those trading brokers or agencies. Then this presentation attempts to reconsider the trading system from a fresh viewpoint －focusing on the business intermediaries－ and discuss in which way they interacted with each other to connect Japanese domestic market with global economy.Discussant: Matsukata Fuyuko, University of TokyoSession 21: Room 351Border-Crossing, Cultural Interaction, and Language Mobility in East AsiaOrganizer: Lei Hu, Washington University Chair: Yuning Chen, Washington University The literary and historical narratives produced during a turbulent period in East Asia from the late-19th century to the end of WWII show different ways in which experiences of the foreign culture influence, challenge, and are reflected by one’s native culture. In these narratives, the native culture is understood through its reflection of the foreign culture, which demonstrates how different cultures cross-fertilize each other. Spanning political, literary, social, and linguistic topics, the presenters of this panel explore aspects of border-crossing and cultural interaction in East Asia. Yuning Chen explores the mobility and flexibility of language in Taiwanese writer Wu Zhuo-liu’s Orphan of Asia (1946). Her paper discusses the multi-lingual traces of colonial authority and power relations in a postwar novel from Taiwan. Lei Hu examines the portrayal of “demon women” in early Meiji literature and its connection to literary antecedents in China. Her paper shows narrators in both works use didacticism as a method to entertain the intruded readership. By drawing from personal writing and governmental record, Fangzhou Yuan raises the question of complicity with the Japanese empire on the part of Chinese students who studied in Japan during the mid-Meiji period. Menglin Liang revisits the Sino-American relationship with a focus on the wartime career of Owen Lattimore, American advisor to Chiang Kai-shek from 1941–1943.1) Yuning Chen, Washington University Languages and Translatability in Orphan of AsiaTaiwanese writer Wu Zhuo-Liu (1900–1976), is best known for his novel Orphan of Asia (1946). This novel, a multilingual work which spans the colonial period (1895–1945) and postwar Taiwan, can be seen as an autobiographical work, in which the protagonist’s life experience overlaps with Wu’s journey across war-time East Asia. Incorporating both Japanese and classical Chinese, Wu also employs the vernaculars of Hakka and Hoklo. The novel therefore not only represents life in colonial Taiwan but also reflects the power relations among languages under colonialism. As the Japanese writing system combines its own syllabic scripts, kana, with Chinese characters, kanji, Wu’s work represents the three languages by using both scripts; the Chinese characters convey the meaning while the kana depict the different pronunciations between Hakka and Chinese. In this paper, I will examine the untranslatability and translatability in this novel to see how these languages are incorporated in one writing system, how the four languages in a text reflect the power relations in colonial Taiwan, and how the author conveys admiration for China, the “imagined motherland.” By examining the original text, two Chinese translations, and English translation, I argue that the colonial history, the locality, and the sense of being an orphan in this novel are untranslatable, whereas these translations still offers us a way to see the translatability and the limitations of the translation.2) Lei Hu, Washington UniversityRethinking Tale of Poison WomenKanagaki Robun’s (1829–1894) The Tale of Demon Takahashi Oden (1879) is a series of stories about Takahashi Oden, the last female murderer in Japan who was beheaded. This work is a representative of dokufumono—the tale of poison women. In contemporary scholarships, dokufumono is often read as educational books for early Meiji female readers. Represented by the Oden story, scholars see the heroines of poison women tale as negative examples introduced for the edification of women. They suggest that Oden’s story demonstrates Robun’s attempt in educating his female readers about the consequence of women desiring too much for sex, since under the story’s moral framework, “kanzen chōaku” (the encouragement of virtue, the chastisement of vice), the narrator shows that Oden’s tragic fate is a result of her fierce desire for power and sexual gratification. Instead of reading the Oden story as an educational book, this paper argues that didacticism in the story is used to create an exaggerated contrast between the virtuous and the wicked. This contrast is uplifting, and hence makes the story more appealing to its intruded readership. To support my argument, I compare Oden’s story with The Plum in the Golden Vase (1610), a Chinese vernacular fiction. My research shows that notwithstanding the different cultural and historical background of the two works, the former bears a strong resemblance to the latter in narrative framework, narrative voice, and their depictions of women.3) Fangzhou Yuan, University of PennsylvaniaA Buried Sino-Japanese Proposal: Looking Past the Infamy of Pro-Japan bureaucrats in Early Twentieth Century China through Cao Rulin’s MemoirIn late 19th century, Qing government’s endeavor of cultivating modernization talents produced a significant body of study-abroad students in Japan during Meiji period (1868–1912). Current scholarships have discussed these people’s experiences in Japan, and their profound influences in Republic of China. However, a subgroup of these individuals, whom was labeled "hanjian" (traitors to Han people) for their supposed collusion with imperial Japan, was relatively neglected. The so-called illicit relations with Japanese were often a subjective judgment, since treason was charged with political and cultural connotations beyond mere legal definitions. In a volatile period, such as early 20th century China, interactions with Japanese authorities were seen as treason. These interactions were made based on burying nuanced motives, careful considerations, serious struggles, and skillful strategies. Starting with this premise, this paper reevaluates the notion of “hanjian.” By using personal writings as well as governmental records, this paper focuses on some of the most influential political leaders, whom were charged by their compatriots as “hanjian,” and aims to show a nuanced and depoliticized picture of this group. Were these individuals driven by their affinity with Japanese or for practical reasons? How did their negotiation with the Japanese contribute to diplomatic relations? Finally, as a label, what does "hanjian" imply about the deteriorating Sino-Japanese relationship?4) Menglin Liang, University of Pennsylvania A Marginalized Envoy: Owen Lattimore’s Political Experience in China during World War IIThis paper is an investigation of Owen Lattimore’s political experience in China during World War II. In June 1941, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Lattimore to serve as an American envoy to Chungking. Lattimore also worked as a private political adviser to the leader of the Nationalist government, Chiang Kai-shek, for one and a half years. However, he was marginalized by Chiang when Lattimore’s ideas about strategies of fighting against Japan or policy-making for ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and Mongolia were either denied or shelved. In 1943, Lattimore resigned from his advisory position and returned to the United States. Previous research on Owen Lattimore mainly concerns his contribution to the study of China and Central Asia. However, this paper examines Lattimore’s understanding of Chiang’s complex relationship with President Roosevelt and aims to re-examine the Sino-American relationship through a close reading of the Owen Lattimore Papers and Owen Lattimore’s oral history, which was recorded and then translated by Japanese scholar Fujiko Isono: China Memoirs: Chiang Kai-shek and the West against Japan. These materials provide a new understanding of Chiang’s attitude towards the United States and Roosevelt’s strategy in East Asia during World War II. Discussant: Shion Kono, Sophia UniversitySession 22: Room 203“Can We Clean It Up?”: Purity, Corporeality, and Pollution in Early Modern and Modern Japanese Literature of Love and ErosOrganizer and Chair: Linda Galvane, Stanford UniversityThis panel focuses on various Japanese discourses concerning purity and spirituality in matters of love and sexuality at different points in time. Three presenters examine how these discourses were created and how they influenced or were reflected in a variety of literary works, both in the early modern and modern eras. David J. Gundry examines representations of spirituality and corporeality in Ihara Saikaku’s works. He draws attention to the different approaches to these notions and the factors that underlie them in Saikaku’s writings that deal with heterosexual relationship and his shudō narratives, namely the narratives of “the way of youths,” as the age-structured male homosexuality of medieval and early-modern Japan was known. Yokota-Murakami Takayuki extends the examination of the pure and spiritual during the modern era and focuses on the “Purity Campaign” (haishō undō) of early Meiji-period Japan. He explores the historical significance of this “campaign” within the complicated discursive network of this period. Linda Galvane studies the works of Tanizaki Junichirō and inquires into the processes that influenced scatological representations in his works. She explores the extent to which it is possible to regard these representations of “impure (subject) matter” simply as an extension or a complement to Tanizaki’s aestheticized sadomasochism, when one examines a variety of specific instances. 1) David J. Gundry, University of California, Davis Spirit and Corporeality in the Erotic Fiction of Ihara SaikakuIn contrast to the norms of Ihara Saikaku’s (1642–1693) depictions of heterosexual couplings, his portrayals of shudō relationships tend to emphasize elevated sentiment and selfless devotion, straying into the realm of the corporeal primarily in the context of indentured prostitution and other forms of coercion. Saikaku’s fiction closely associates the nobility of spirit it attributes to consensual shudō, as well as shudō itself, with the samurai ethos. Tellingly, male characters of commoner status are afforded the opportunity to partake of this elevated form of love through shudō relationships with samurai. This presentation will analyze the contrast and interplay between spirit and corporeality in Saikaku’s shudō narratives. It will go on to examine the manner in which the final two tales of Saikaku’s Five Women Who Loved Love (1686) both feature coarse physicality and, in a twist reminiscent of Western romantic love’s origins in Plato’s account of ta paidika and eventual application to heterosexual contexts, depict their commoner heroines as accessing shudō’s lofty sentiments via relationships with, respectively, a samurai youth and a samurai-mimicking chōnin man (townsman), both of whom are linked, in turn, to samurai males through shudō.2) Takayuki Yokota-Murakami, Osaka University The Purity Campaign as a Literary ContextThis paper treats the “Purity Campaign” (haishō undō) of the early Meiji period. Although the movement was largely represented by social activists (most of them Protestant Christians), it had an echo in the literary scene as well. Many Romantic poets who were attempting to introduce the new notion of romantic/spiritual love were much concerned about the Purity Campaign, which was often the topic for debates in literary journals. While the historical significance of the Purity Campaign in the emancipation of women is undeniable, it had other ideological ramifications as well. Namely, the Campaign attempted not only to liberate women, but also to establish a new sexual ideology, based on the dichotomy of (sexual) purity (chastity) and impurity (immorality) rooted in modern Protestant ethics. The resulting modern sexual regime was to become an oppressive apparatus in its own way. This paper thus explores the historical significance of the Purity Campaign within the complicated discursive network of the early Meiji period.3) Linda Galvane, Stanford University(Im)Pure Excreta Purified by Shadows?: Scatological Representations in the Works of Tanizaki JunichirōThis paper explores the significance of scatological representations in various writings by Tanizaki Junichirō (1886–1965) and the factors that at different points in time might have influenced the writer’s approach to this subject matter. Widely known for the aesthetic treatise In Praise of Shadows (1933), which begins with a defense of Japanese toilets, Tanizaki Junichirō frequently incorporated the thematics of scatology in his other works too. Publications in specialized magazines devoted to deviant sexualities and works that occupy the space between highbrow literary production and pornography often present scatological practices as indispensible part of sadomasochism, depicting them explicitly. In contrast, the references to excreta in Tanizaki’s works are rather subtle. Thus, despite the “impure (subject) matter” that the scatological representations deal with, they are often regarded simply as a complement to Tanizaki’s appreciation of the “Japanese aesthetics of shadows” and the aestheticized depiction of sadomasochism. This paper suggests that such an interpretation might be too neat and that regarding the representations of scatology in various works by this writer in toto reveals inconsistencies that might be connected to issues of (self-)censorship, changes regarding discourse around this taboo topic, as well as Tanizaki’s position as a writer at various points in time.Discussant: Takayuki Tatsumi, Keio UniversitySession 23: RoomDisplacements and Dislocations in Postwar Japanese Mass MediaOrganizer and Chair: Christina Yi, University of British ColumbiaIn recent years, scholars from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds have increasingly called attention to transnational formations of cultural production. Whether highlighting colonial continuities, global flows of capital, or diasporic subjectivity, transnational studies have decisively proven the need to move beyond (and against) the nation-state as an analytical frame. This does not mean, however, that the nation can be jettisoned entirely, since transnationalism necessarily presupposes the nation on both conceptual and methodological levels. This panel attempts to think out some of the interrelated dynamics of local, national, and transnational cultural production in the context of postwar Japan, with a particular focus on visual and print culture. All three papers consider how different products of travel – not only the commodities that are produced from and circulated through travel, but also the effects of travel itself – can make (and unmake) a sense of place, in relation to the discourses of the present. Sakasai provides an analysis of Kurosawa Akira’s Stray Dog, highlighting the displacement of repatriated soldiers in the film against the backdrop of postwar reconstruction. Yi discusses the international circulation of Japanese repatriation narratives and the ways such narratives mapped place and time onto history. Finally, Ohsawa considers the role of anime tourism in Kamogawa, Chiba and the intersection of local business practices with global markets.1)Akito Sakasai, Tokyo University of Foreign StudiesReconstruction Possessed by the Past: Kurosawa’s Stray Dog and Repatriated SoldiersKurosawa Akira’s Stray Dog is a film released in October 1949, but its shooting started in July 1948. It was around a time when yamiichi or black-markets in Tokyo transformed from a mere group of temporary stalls into a market consisting of barrack buildings. This transition is also an indicator that suggests the destroyed city started slowly to reconstruct itself. Such black-markets in Ueno repeatedly appear in the film, and it is this market place where the protagonist Murakami who was once a repatriated soldier and is a novice detective searches for his stolen gun. This paper will examine how reconstructing Tokyo from the ruins is depicted through the film and how that depiction interacts with Murakami’s attitude on his own past, being an Emperor’s soldier in China and having the experience of repatriation after Japan’s defeat. By doing so, I will show how the representation of repatriated soldiers could protest against the superficial restoration of a society which suppresses still-smoldering voices of anger toward the Japanese army’s cruelty, and also that discussion of displacement after the collapse of the Empire leads us to face a historical continuity in Japan from the wartime to the era of Cold War.2) Christina Yi, University of British ColumbiaReading and Writing the Persistence of Empire in Postwar JapanAlthough the Japanese empire theoretically disappeared off the map in 1945 following Japan’s defeat by the Allied Powers, the competing narratives of place and belonging that had been engendered by Japanese imperialism were not so easily erased; instead, they would continue to configure and dis-figure physical, human, and cultural geographies across the transpacific region. This paper looks at repatriate memoirs, interviews, and fiction published in Japan from the 1940s through the 1960s in order to illuminate the process whereby Japan was reconstituted from “multiethnic empire” to “peaceful nation-state.” It focuses in particular on Fujiwara Tei’s repatriation memoir The Shooting Stars are Alive (Nagareru hoshi wa ikite iru), which was an immediate success when it was published in Japan in 1949. In the memoir, the history of Japanese empire is displaced instead by an intensely personal, subjective tale of suffering. This displacement is emblemized by the geographical map of Manchuria and Korea printed at the beginning of the book, which overlays the route Fujiwara and her family travelled over the material products of Japanese railway imperialism. In tracing out how Fujiwara’s memoir circulated in postwar Japan, Korea, and China, the paper explicates the different kinds of spatial and temporal mappings that were produced by repatriation narratives and their continued significance today.3) Yuki Ohsawa, Anime Tourism: What Lagrange: The Flower of Rin’ne Has Brought to and Created in the Virtual World and the Rural Community in KamogawaContents Tourism in Japan has become a new trend in tourism, and refers to the phenomenon where fans visit sites introduced in anime, manga, games, films, dramas, and other narratives. This paper will focus on anime tourism, specifically that of Lagrange: The Flower of Rin-ne and its setting, the city of Kamogawa. Research into contents tourism often focuses on only economic effects; because many fans come to the city and spend money there, new business opportunities are created. However, this paper explores the relation between narrative and its real-life location, analyzing how narratives represents the city, and how opportunities are created for new interactions between anime fans, visitors, and local residents. Contents tourism presents a meaningful opportunity to think about space and place: how do people become familiar with what is in real-life an unfamiliar area, even though they may already be “attached” to that area from their favorite anime? How do local identities and practices intersect with transnational markets and media? Contents tourism represents a way of moving people and communicating through the Internet, but we will also see how the imaginary world fascinates fans in the real world. This paper will explore new ways of interacting with people—between anime fans in the world, and anime fans and rural residents—who would have had few opportunities to meet if the narrative content hadn’t existed. Discussant: Alisa Freedman, University of OregonSession 24: Room 252Individual Papers 5: Marginalized BodiesChair: Christopher Bondy1) Kathryn M. Tanaka, Otemae UniversityThe Politics of Literature: Early Examples of Patient Writing from Hansen’s Disease Hospitals in JapanWriting about the experience of Hansen’s disease and life in quarantine for the treatment of the illness became a recognized literary genre known as Hansen’s disease literature in late 1930s Japan. At that time writers in sanatoria attracted popular attention from the public beyond the confines of the treatment facilities. Yet, years before this, residents in public institutions had been using their writing as a platform in their movements to gain greater patient autonomy within the institutions. Leading authors in sanatoria literary circles were often leaders in early Residents’ Associations. This presentation examines coterie journals to trace the connection between activism in patient autonomy and residents giving voice to their experiences in ]literature. Taking examples of early writing from three public institutions established in the early 1910s, this presentation examines the way in which writers used literature to define their illness experience and their place in the sanatoria. In particular, I take up examples of coterie writing from Osaka’s Sotojima Hoyoin and Kumamoto’s Kyushu Ryoyojo. In some cases, the patient writing reveals a radical politics that seeks to create an egalitarian society and argue for a greater degree of patient autonomy within the hospitals. This presentation, therefore, examines the many ways such early patient writing established a connection between multiple forms of patient activism and literary production that continues to this day.2) John M. Skutlin, Chinese University of Hong KongThe Stigma of Ink: Legitimation Maneuvers among Tattooed Individuals in JapanDespite Japan’s long history of tattooing in various forms, legal interpretations now allow tattooists to be arrested for practicing medicine without a license, and tattooees can be barred from entering some public establishments and face difficulties in employment, marriage, and other areas of life. In the face of such antipathy, why are young Japanese getting inked in ever greater numbers? The tattoo stigma in Japan is the result of a confluence of numerous factors, including historical associations with delinquency, lower classes, and minorities, but most notably with organized crime. Now, fashion tattoos are the norm, yet the stigma persists, forcing individuals to adopt various legitimation and stigma management strategies, including simply covering their ink. This paper shows how tattooed individuals make reconciliatory efforts to hide their tattoos, even if they are slightly visible or otherwise revealed. The process is also a two-way street, as those made uncomfortable by tattoos nonetheless acknowledge and accept the attempts at covering them and treat tattooed individuals accordingly as a way of saving face. Tattooees are highly aware of the rules and consequences of being inked in Japan’s society, knowing where lines are drawn and dancing upon them as they modify their bodies, and this paper elucidates the nature of stigma in Japan by examining how they strategically modify themselves amid tensions between being Japanese and participating in a global (sub)culture.3) Shalmit Bejarano, Hebrew University/Tel Aviv UniversityGazing at the Metaphorical Body: Another Look at the Scroll of IllnessesThe “Scroll of Illnesses” (Jp. yamai no soshi) is one of the most mysterious works in the Japanese artistic canon. A set of short tales and vivid illustrations it displays a versatile array of sick women and men, thus categorized as a portrayal of human suffering in this world. The scroll was commissioned by the cloistered emperor Go-Shirakawa (1127–1192), and originally viewed by the declining aristocracy during the late Heian period. The scroll and its later copies were studied in detail from various perspectives (particularly, medical, Buddhist, social, art); each demonstrated some organizing principles. Essential to my study are visuality and the gaze. No less than focusing on the external appearance of the afflicted, the scroll emphasizes the figures who gaze at them with ridicule, schadenfreude, or disgust. Using theoretical paradigms concerning the “other” in art, these figures can be analyzed to represent aspects of the audience’s “self.” Building up on the above, my paper further distances the representations of the ill from the corpo-real, and argues for their metaphoric and symbolic values. Informed by anthropologist Mary Douglas’s theory of the polluted body as a symbol within a cultural system, and Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, I reexamine the depicted figures as metaphorical embodiments of the disintegration of late-Heian society. These help establish an additional organizing principle for the bizarre set of afflictions in the scroll. 4) Machiko Ishikawa, Surugadai UniversitySexology of the Mermaid: Minakata Kumagusu and the Writing against Morality of Imperial JapanThis study reads Ningyo no hanashi (Stories of Mermaids, 1910) a short essay by Japanese biologist, naturalist, and ethnologist, Minakata Kumagusu (1867–1941). My analysis focuses on an example of 19th century Japanese writing on sexology and the imagination about mermaids in Japan, India and Europe. Minakata devoted his entire life to the study of natural history and folklore, contributing many articles to Japanese magazines and newspapers and also to prestigious British journals such as Nature and Queries. Stories of Mermaids was serialised in a local newspaper of Minakata’s regional hometown Tanabe in Wakayama. The work provoked controversy by narrating a number of tales about sexual relations between a man and a mermaid and also between a man and sea animals such as dugongs and red stingrays. It reflects both the writer’s unique ethnological view of the sexology of the mermaid and his protest against the morality of the Meiji government. Minakata was strongly opposed to the government’s ‘Shrine merger order’ which sought to integrate or abolish Shinto shrines so that there was, in principle, only one shrine in each community. He insisted that this ‘deforestation’ would cause large-scale destruction of local culture and the natural environment. I discuss Stories of Mermaids to reveal the both the power of Minakata’s voice against the tyrannical practices of Imperial Japan and his deep understanding of the fantasies that fascinated the people of Meiji and Taisho Japan.Session 25: Room 314Individual Papers 6: Religion in China and JapanChair: Edward Drott, Sophia University1) Chihiro Saka, Graduate University for Advanced StudiesThe Symbolism of Cloth in Worship Practices Associated with Datsueba, the Old Hag at the Border between Life and DeathThis paper concerns the Japanese Buddhist folk deity Datsueba, an old hag who appears by the Sanzu River which people are supposed to cross after death. According to medieval religious texts, she forcibly takes the clothes of deceased in order to weigh them and estimate their deeds, for those with bad deeds are supposed to cross a deeper, harder to navigate point of the river. While the clothes snatched by Datsueba signify the deeds of the deceased in such texts, by the Edo period cloth came to play diverse roles in worship practices devoted to her. For example, clothes and pieces of cloth were presented to her as offerings, some Datsueba images were dressed in real fabric, and costumes worn by Datsueba icons were given to worshippers to be kept as talismans. Some of these practices can be explained by relating them to memorial services for worshippers. That is, in order not to be stripped of their clothes by Datsueba after death, devotees give cloth to her while living. Although this is certainly one motivation to offer cloth to Datsueba considering her roles described in religious texts, I believe that her association with cloth has further significances and implications which contributed to the development of Datsueba cults. In this paper, I will explore how cloth, a keyword associated with Datsueba, came to be re-interpreted and resulted in the diversification of Datsueba’s persona and worship practices.2) S. Jonathon O’Donnell, Lakeland UniversitySatan, Samurai, and the Sun Goddess: Shinto and/in Neo-Charismatic Spiritual WarfareSince the mid-1980s, growing numbers of charismatic Christians across the world have started to engage in “spiritual warfare”—spiritual combat against demons waged both through prayer and political activism. Opposing Western secularization, neo-charismatic spiritual warriors affirm rather than deny the reality of the indigenous spiritual traditions they encounter on the mission field—but code them as demonic in nature. This coding works to construct an unstable paradigm of knowledge, in which local traditions are rendered simultaneously true and false—as having real spiritual power and material effects, but as ultimately metaphysically false and so needing to be fought by the missionary. This results in tensions in missionary discourses as traditions are imperfectly assimilated into the neo-charismatic worldview. This paper explores such tensions in contemporary Japan, unpacking figurations of Shinto and Japanese folklore in spiritual warfare texts. These figurations take several forms, ranging from personal encounters with tengu, to city-wide struggles against the ghosts of samurai, to claims that the bursting of the bubble economy resulted from Emperor Akihito’s performance of the Daijo-sai. Analyzing how these figurations deploy concepts of history, place, and memory to explain the successes and failures of evangelization, the paper examines how spiritual warriors’ deployments of local beliefs and practices work to both support and destabilize their discourses of truth.3) Nicholas Morrow Williams, University of Hong KongKūkai’s Inner Dialogue: The Role of Chinese Literary Genres in the Composition of the Sangō shiiki The Sangō shiiki 三敎指歸 (On the ultimate meaning of the Three Teachings) is one of Kūkai’s 空海 (774–835) earliest major works, a fictional debate in which three characters argue for the merits of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Since it justifies Kūkai’s own decision to become a Buddhist monk, it is the literary embodiment of a pivotal moment in the history of Japanese Buddhism. It expounds Kūkai’s view of the superiority of the Buddhist faith in relation to the Chinese traditions of Confucianism and Buddhism, thus signaling the religious viewpoint that would lead Kūkai to establish Esoteric Buddhism in Japan. At the same time, though, Sangō shiiki is also an extraordinarily sophisticated literary composition of classical Chinese, adapting the techniques of the early medieval Chinese fu and other genres of “fictional dialogue” (shewen 設問). An examination of how the piece’s formal properties, generic conventions, and wide-ranging allusions variously contribute to its apologetic argument can thus serve as a case study in the profound and paradoxical influence of Chinese belles lettres on Japanese thought. Recent scholarship has shed much new light on both the fictional dialogue and the medieval Chinese fu in general. Building on this scholarship, I offer a new interpretation of how Kūkai’s work defines itself within these classical conventions while also offering a transformative critique of them from a Buddhist standpoint.4) Yeung Man Shun, University of Hong KongA Multi-Functional Venue for China-West Contacts: The Canton (Guangzhou) Buddhist Temple Haichuang from the Late 18th to the Mid-19th Century From the late 18th to the mid-19th centuries, Haichuang 海幢 Buddhist Temple was better known to Westerners than any other similar establishment in Canton. That familiarity stemmed from the temple’s regular use as a venue for Chinese-Western contacts. The temple was designated a tourist attraction by the Qing government and one of the few recreational sites open to local Westerners since the late 18th century. In addition to its historic legacy and status as a tourist spot and venue for observing “exotic” religious rituals, the temple also printed and distributed Buddhist texts, and was hence a convenient starting point for foreigners wishing to learn about Chinese Buddhism. It further performed a semi-official role in managing diplomatic matters. It was against this historical backdrop that Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary in China, acquired his knowledge of Chinese Buddhism. It was also during the temple’s heyday that a new generation of Buddhist priests with knowledge of Christianity arose in Canton. This development was highlighted by ex-Chief Priest Jinglin 敬林, who expressed his wish to spread Christianity throughout China and overseas in the 1840s. The paper begins with an account of the temple’s multi-functional role, followed by an investigation of individual cases to elucidate the interactions between Buddhist priests and their foreign guests, before concluding with an exploration of the temple’s importance in the history of China-West contacts. 5) Mihoko Oka, University of TokyoIn the Shadow of the Successful Missionary Work of the Society of Jesus: Japanese Brothers and DojukusThe author claims that in 16th century Christianity in Japan was viewed as “a Sect of Buddhism,” and it was strongly possible due to its organization, for this reason, and as showed by Valignano in his “adaptation policy” there was a certain mimesis with the Buddhist religion. This paper is also based on the same recognition. Among other things here the adaptation policy of the Society of Jesus in Japan is considered in regard to the existence of Japanese brothers (irm?os) and dojukus. The author wishes to clarify the function that the Japanese who worked inside of the Society of Jesus, their background and particular actions, based on the European Fathers in regard to an analysis of their dojukus, a lot of them ended by leaving the Society of Jesus. The reasons for their defection included the ‘racial discrimination’ that existed in the Society of Jesus. Regarding this issue, it was not only simply an issue of racially discriminated people, because we must ask on what basis these Japanese were considered “inadequate” in the eyes of European Jesuits. To determine that it is necessary to analyze the limits of the adaptation policy. However, a study that deals with the individual actions of dojukus so far has not being researched. Therefore, the author thinks to portray a new image of the adaptation policy of the Society of Jesus which regards the treatment of their dojukus.Session 26: RoomRound Table Publishing in Academic Journals1) John Breen, Japan Review2) Isaac Gagné, Contemporary Japan3) Bettina Gramlich-Oka, Monumenta Nipponica4) Linda Grove, Social Science Research Council5) David Howell, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies6) Ken Kimlicka, Taylor and FrancisRoom 316Saturday 17:45–18:30Presentation of Graduate Student Paper Award&KEYNOTE ADDRESS“Connecting Places”Anne FeldhausArizona State University andPresident, Association for Asian StudiesReception: 18:45–20:30Dining HallSUNDAY, JULY 1Room, BuildingBusiness meeting: 9:30–9:50SUNDAY MORNING SESSIONS: 10:00–12:00Session 27: Room 352The Genealogy of Shinpa Films from the Early Era to after the WarOrganizer: Sawako Ogawa, Kyoto University Chair: Susanne Schermann, Meiji UniversityTwo main genres characterised early Japanese cinema, namely Shinpa films (contemporary drama) and Kyugeki films (historical drama). They developed as Gendai-geki and Jidai-geki after the modernisation of Japanese cinema in the 1920s. Shinpa film refers to a popular tragic drama, which depicts women as victims of feudal society. Most Shinpa films were based on Shinpa plays and the serialised novels published in newspapers. The Shinpa genre is characterised by a transdisciplinary theme, and should be considered a research subject not only for film studies, but also for theatre and literature studies. Furthermore, Shinpa is an indispensable theme for research in contemporary contexts such as mass culture history from a political, historical, and sociological perspective. In preceding studies thus far, the argument regarding Shinpa films flourished only in early film history. As such, different types of research are required. In this panel, we examine a new approach towards Shinpa films from diverse viewpoints such as the relationship between Shinpa films and preceding Japanese mass entertainment; traditional performing arts as the origin of Shinpa films; the continuance of films and plays at the site of cinema architecture; reception of female and lower-class audiences; narrative and stylistic comparisons with novels, stage plays, and films; reasons for the declining popularity of Shinpa; and the development of Shinpa films into melodrama films.1) Norie Taniguchi, Nihon UniversityShinpa Films and Traditional Japanese Mass Entertainment CultureShinpa plays, the archetype of Shinpa films, were first created by political activists who mimicked the Kabuki-style theatrical expressions to promote their democratic ideas in Meiji-era Japan. It is important to note that the origin of Shinpa films is rooted not in theatrical ambitions but more in political ideologies. Aimed directly to influence the mass psychology of Japanese people, Shinpa plays, in order to gain popularity, typically dealt with the subjects that cater to the public taste. With the serialized novels published on newspapers enjoying great popularity by featuring familiar themes related to everyday life of ordinary people, it was only natural for Shinpa plays dealing with similar themes to gain wide support among Japanese theater-goers. The most popular Shinpa plays and films earned their popularity through the portrayal of tragic lives of women who became the victims of feudal society. In this paper, I will examine the relationship between Shinpa films and traditional Japanese mass entertainment culture that had existed before the introduction of cinema in Japan as well as the reasons that allowed Shinpa films to maintain its popularity throughout the development process of Japanese film industry. 2) Manabu Ueda, Kobe Gakuin UniversityScreening Spaces of Shinpa Films: Narrations and Cinemas during the 1910sThis paper discusses that the use of this style of cinema architecture, imitating theatres for live performance, was related to the preference in Japanese film style for long shots and long takes in the 1910s, which was contemporaneously intended to refer to Japanese dramas such as shinpa. In other words, the relatively cheap cinema of the 1910s was an alternative apparatus, a substitute for Japanese dramas and contemporary high culture drama theatres. The theatrical representation of Japanese films in the 1910s was due to not only primitive camerawork but also the demand of benshi because their narration performances shined in screening less shot films. The fact that the Japanese film exhibitions were an alternative to the theatre also applies to the cinema space in the 1910s. The cinemas’ imitation of theatres can be more characteristically confirmed by considering the interiors of the cinemas. This form of cinema architecture is closely related to the fact that the presentation-style of Japanese films was strongly influenced by Japanese theatre such as shinpa plays in the 1910s. The film exhibitions of the 1910s attempted to reproduce the exhibition styles of Japanese theatre. Not only did Japanese films of this era provide a representation of theatrical performances on the screen, but the cinemas also had the characteristics of alternative theatres. It can be said that the benshi were positioned within the cinemas in the context of a theatrical exhibition.3) Sawako Ogawa, Kyoto UniversityInfluence of Kabuki and Bunraku on Shinpa Films and Genealogy towards MelodramaAlthough Shinpa films directly developed from Shinpa plays and Shinpa novels in the Meiji-Taisyo era, they are rooted in Japanese traditional performing arts, which are antecedent to cinema. These are Kabuki and Japanese puppet theatre called Bunraku, in which recited narrative and dialogue are accompanied by Shamisen. The two major genres are Sewamono and Jidaimono. The former depicts contemporary life and manners drama, and the latter a historical drama. Each is an ancestor of Shinpa films and Jidaigeki (historical films).After the 1930s, Shinpa films diversified as melodrama films under the influence of modern Hollywood films. However, Japanese melodrama films differed from Western ones. In Japanese melodrama films, the conflict between compassion or sentimentality and logic centres on the narrative, different from western melodrama films in which virtue is rewarded and vice punished.In this paper, I discuss Shinpa films with their narrative source in Kabuki or Bunraku, and examine the influence of the past tradition and development into melodrama film after the war. One representative example is the Bunraku and Kabuki ‘Asagaonikki’ in 1832, which was filmed several times in the Taisyo era, then set in the novel ‘Ukigumo,’ written by Fumiko Hayashi and shot under the same title by Mikio Naruse in 1955. In this way, I examine the genealogy of Shinpa elements from early to melodrama films after the war in Japanese film history.4) Susanne Schermann, Meiji UniversityNo Blood Relation in Literature, on Stage, and in FilmAlthough shinpa started out in the late 19th century with the aim to modify and modernize the traditional Japanese cinema, it became old-fashioned in the 1920s and disappeared soon later. Not only was the modernization not thorough enough, the typical stories followed a three-hanky pattern, featuring an unfair world where women often sacrifice themselves for a man, be it a lover, a father, or a child. The present paper presents the tremendously popular novel No Blood Relation (Nasanu naka) written in 1912 by Yanagawa Shuny?, the ensuing a stage play, and the adaptations into a silent film (at least ten from 1913 to 1932). Most of these films are completely lost, but a 15 minutes fragment remains of the 1916 version (directed by Inoue Masao and Kako Zanmu). And fortunately, the adaptation by Naruse Mikio for Sh?chiku is preserved as a whole and will be the main source for comparison with the novel and the stage play. The following questions guide the research: How was the story presented in Naruse’s film? Was the story altered in order to suit the taste of the time? How did the public react? How was the critical response? What was the reason for the sharp decline of the popularity of shinpa?Discussant: Chika Kinoshita, Kyoto UniversitySession 28: RoomPeripheries of Proletarian Aesthetics in East Asia Organizer and Chair: Kevin Michael Smith, University of California, DavisThis panel explores the peripheries of the proletarian arts movement under Japanese empire in interwar China, Korea, and Japan. Each of the papers examines canonical literary figures in the proletarian movements of these respective countries through hitherto neglected or marginalized perspectives, illuminating blind spots as well as emphasizing otherwise under-appreciated strengths and interconnections within the field of East Asian proletarian aesthetics. Sangmi Bae’s paper addresses the Korean proletarian Bildungsroman form under colonial government censorship, focusing on censorship’s paradoxical role in contributing to radical Korean writers’ attention toward otherwise suppressed themes, such as sexual violence, as a means of circumventing publication restrictions. Zhen Zhang looks at the early period of well-known Chinese revolutionary Hu Feng during his studies in Japan between 1929 and 1933, through which he became involved in the Japanese communist movement. Hu’s engagement with both the Japanese and Soviet movement through his translation of a Soviet proletarian novel, Zhang suggests, proved formative for his later theoretical development. And Kevin Smith’s paper draws attention to the potential posthuman solidarities in the proletarian fiction of Kobayashi Takiji set within the colonial-peripheral ecology of Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands, which enables an understanding of the proletarian movement’s implicit contribution to contemporary political ecology. 1) Sangmi Bae, Sunmoon UniversityFeminizing Revolutionary Representation: Bildungsroman Form and Censorship in Colonial KoreaThis paper examines the bildungsroman form confronting sexual violence in colonial Korean radical fiction, focusing on Kang Ky?ngae’s novel, From W?nso Pond (Ingan Munje) within the context of censorship. This popular 1930s-era form also attracted many colonial Korean proletarian authors. However, it often featured a sexual violence plot including women protagonists and events concerned with sexuality that were not publicly recognized. Identifying this perplexity, this paper treats the period’s characteristic literary publishing problematic under Japanese occupation: censorship. I address how censorship in colonial Korea affected the revolutionary bildungsroman’s gender representations. Due to strict colonial government repression after 1926, Korean radical writers had to devise strategies to circumvent censorship, often by representing purportedly apolitical matters such as women and sexuality and documenting the gendering of the workplace. For example, the class consciousness and hostility toward capitalism of the female protagonist in From W?nso Pond is awakened by the threat of sexual violence, corroborating Rabinowitz’s argument that sexual violence is the one of the primary determinants in igniting class conflict. I therefore suggest that the bildungsroman form in colonial Korea exemplifies how censorship not only limited freedom of expression but paradoxically highlighted otherwise marginalized political agents and issues such as female workers and the gender question.2) Edwin Michielsen, University of Toronto Celebrating the Proletariat: May Day and Proletarian Literature in interwar East Asia.“Workers of the world, unite!” This slogan coined by Marx and Engels embedded from the start the international aspirations of proletarian movements around the world. Soon after, this slogan would become the motto of May Day, the international worker’s day. In this paper, I examine how proletarian writers in 1920s and 30’s East Asia aimed to represent May Day in their literary works to open up the possibility of envisioning an international community of the proletariat. How did proletarian writers imagine a world for the proletariat to oppose the world of global capital? How could May Day function as a stage for the various proletarian struggles in East Asia such as labor exploitation, gender oppression and colonial violence? In what way did proletarian writers consider May Day as a strategy to contest the oppressive structure of capitalist society dealing with spatio-temporal dynamics connecting May Day to the working day, strikes, and the public sphere? I start with a discussion of the relatively unknown history of May Day in interwar East Asia. Then, I examine Murayama Tomoyoshi’s “Shori no kiroku” and Hayashi Fusao’s “Rogoku no gogatsusai” supplemented by other literary and artistic works from East Asia such as Feng Naichao and Yu Jin-o. Finally, I argue that May Day was a significant trope in proletarian literature to ignite an active participation by proletarians in changing society as well as providing a new language to challenge the capitalist and imperial world order.3) Kevin Michael Smith, University of California, DavisCrabs, Fish, and Workers: Toward a Posthuman Marxist Reading of Kobayashi Takiji’s FictionThis paper will develop insights from Dadaist poet Hagiwara Kyōjirō’s half-serious assertion that in prewar Hokkaido “the retail price for salmon and a human is 50 cents” through a posthuman reading of Japanese proletarian writer Kobayashi Takiji’s fiction. I suggest that Takiji’s most representative work, The Crab Cannery Ship (Kani kōsen, 1929), set in the northern seas off the Kuril (Chishima) Islands, draws an implicit parallel between the exploitation of both human labor power and the natural environment, what eco-critic Jason Moore calls “capitalism in the web of life.” That is, through its searing descriptions of the Taylorized motion of canning crab meat, the novel juxtaposes the disciplining of human laboring bodies with capital’s rationalization of non-human animals and ecologies. While admittedly the novel’s workerist focus – a feature of the global proletarian movement of the 1920s and 30s – precludes attributing any agency or subjectivity to this objectified crab meat, as might be accomplished through the novel’s collective focalization of its many worker protagonists, I nevertheless find a potential solidarity established indirectly through these analogous positionalities under the value form’s objective violence. Further, the “history of capitalist penetration into colonial territories” of the novel’s closing line presupposes an internationalist, posthuman solidarity between various subjects on the peripheries of capitalism. I will conclude by examining how women’s flesh and fish scales are rendered equivalent under the bourgeois male gaze in Takiji’s short story about the fishing of herring in Hokkaido, “Comrade Taguchi’s Sorrow” (Dōshi Taguchi no kanshyō).4) Zhen Zhang, University of California, DavisHu Feng: A Proletarian Aesthetic Education in JapanHu Feng (1902–1985) is often referenced and remembered either as a disciple of Lu Xun (1881–1936) in the sense of inheriting the “critical spirit” of the May Fourth movement or a contemporary competitor of Mao Zedong in terms of Marxist aesthetics. His later theoretical notions such as “subjective fighting spirit” 主观战斗精神 and “scars from mental enslavement” 精神奴役的创伤 have well been studied in both Chinese and English scholarship. And over twenty-year’s imprisonment in the name of “Hu Feng Anti-revolutionary Clique” has invited many political readings from different sides in China. However, prior to the well-researched mature Hu, his early literary and political activities in Japan (1929–1933) are understudied. My paper investigates Hu’s literary connections with Japanese proletarian movement, involvement with Japanese communist party and translation of a Soviet proletarian novel titled Mess Mend via Japanese translation. I argue that such a peculiar and intimate proletarian aesthetic education while Hu was in Japan in the early 1930s, in addition to the influence from Lu Xun and Western Marxism, shapes and anticipates the more mature and theoretical later Hu Feng. Discussant: Naoki Watanabe, Musashi UniversitySession 29: RoomModernity and Visibility of Asian-ness in Popular Culture: A Reconsideration Organizer: Kyunghee Pyun, Fashion Institute of TechnologyChair: Jinyoung Jin, Stony Brook UniversityThis panel presents a revisionist view of what constitute to be Asian. A popular image of Asians in the early modern period has been interpreted as misrepresentation caused by either malignant intentions or erroneous knowledge. An effort to establish and disseminate representation of Asian-ness to a wide audience in and outside Asian countries remained prevalent after the opening of East Asia at the turn of the twentieth century. Many types of Asian-ness were created or further solidified throughout the tumultuous period of colonization and modernization until the Cold War was more intensified.Each paper in this panel discuss a popular conception or misconception of Asian-ness focusing on materials derived from popular culture. By analyzing fashion photography, illustrated magazines, cartoons, surviving garments, industrial technology, or scientific inventions, the first three papers present complicated agency of identity building initiated by each country’s people as well as imposed on them by oppressive institutions within or outside a national boundary. Papers in this panel emphasize a role of clothing because fashion became most visible signs about each country’s moral codes, customs, or socio-political value systems. 1) Jinyoung Jin, Stony Brook UniversityFrom Head to Toe: Representations of Modern Masculinity in Colonial Korea This paper will analyze elements of material culture associated with representations of modern masculinity in colonial Korea. I will focus in particular on images—both spectacular and mundane—that proliferated in Korean popular culture, especially printed images produced for the mass market. Through pictorial analysis, this paper will comment on the popularization of visual consumption, as the male body was exhibited in a range of newer ways and photographs of individuals emerged as commodities in and of themselves. The circulation of the images of “modern” bodies with and as commodities helps develop a renewed understanding of the links between masculinity, colonial identity, and national politics. Female modernity and Western beauty trends were heavily criticized during the colonial period in Korea (1910–1945). However, how has the perception and modes of masculinity for Korean men changed over time and across ideologies? Who was more invested in producing a particular modern ideal masculine, Japan or Korea? Who was the audience looking at modern men as they put themselves on display or were displayed sartorially? How have Korean men engaged with images about themselves? In the course of this paper, I will examine several commodities paradigmatically distinctive within the range of masculinities that circulated in colonial Korea. Representations of modern men’s masculinity have behind them a fascinating account that intersects gender, fashion, and popular culture. 2) Minjung E. Lee, Korea University“Concordia Dress (kyōwafuku)” in Manchukuo: Its Origin and Legacy in Modern AsiaThis article attempts to clarify the origin of the Concordia Dress (kyōwafuku) as an archetype of Asian national uniform and to explore how it was disseminated in the wartime and adopted to other regions in East Asia during the rapid industrialization. This study focuses on the period from its creation in Manchukuo in 1936 to the Cold War era (1936–1975).Manchukuo was a site where the “modern” project necessary for a Japan-led Asia might be initiated. The Concordia Association (kyōwakai), the only state-administered mass-organization, was established in 1932. The Concordia Association was an agency for mass education, mobilization, and surveillance, and, most of all, to connect government and people in order to propagate “racial harmony (協和: kyōwa).” The mingei (民藝) activists in China in the late 1930s who were aligned with the fascist political movement designed the uniform for Manchukuo. It was reinventing of the Western-style uniform along with more indigenous Asian lines to create “non-Western modernity” which Japan might lead other Asians to adopt. Wearing of uniform which started in Manchukuo spread to Korea, Taiwan, and to the mainland Japan as Kokuminhuku (国民服) during the wartime. In the Post-WWII era, the legacy of Concordia Dress could be found among strategies of state managements to symbolize racial harmony, Asian modernity, frugality and discipline in East Asia including South Korea, North Korea, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.4) Hannah M. Yoo, Asian Art Museum of San FranciscoFashioning Modernity and Ethnicity: Reflections on Asian Costume Exhibitions and Collections in the U.S. Since the nineteenth century, museums served as public sites for displays of identity through dress and other material culture. The logic behind such displays were to suggest tensions in conceptualizing a group or individual identity, which dress have often made to signify. The West’s understanding of Asian dress manifested in small costume and textile exhibitions that examined decorative and colorful ornaments or fantastic motifs and symbolism found in the works that only revealed hints of the people, history, and culture behind it. It was clear that the way people thought about dress styles and dress practices associated with Asian and Asians fell under the West’s understanding of the "other," the "exotic," and somewhat the "lesser." It wasn’t until the recent decade where Asian dress has re-oriented itself from textiles, craftwork, historic, and ethnic costumes, to fashion.This paper will focus on exhibition strategy and curatorial practices of three Asian costume exhibitions in the U.S. in the 2010s that have defied traditional Western formats. By analyzing different practices in the above cases, I hope to emphasize that understanding how to curate Asian dress and fashion would require not only a firm understanding of history and material culture behind the works but also an astute eye to set design, use of the digital, films, and an overall clear command of visual communication to the audience as fashion exhibitions have become significant in the popular culture. Discussant: Kyunghee Pyun, Fashion Institute of TechnologySession 30: RoomJapan in/as Musical PracticeOrganizer and Chair: Scott W. Aalgaard, Wesleyan UniversityScholarship on music in modern and contemporary Japan in recent years has helped to point to the usefulness of pursuing Japanese studies – and Area Studies writ large – with an eye to musical expression. Works by Wade, Bourdaghs, Manabe, and others have been illuminating in this regard. But can we push this a step farther? What happens when we push beyond questions of music in ‘Japan,’ or music and ‘Japan,’ and situate music as ‘Japan?’ By attending to disparate modes and moments of musical practice in modern Japan, this panel aims to take music sociologist Tia DeNora’s assertion that music affords world-producing potentialities at face value, and consider some of the ways in which ‘Japan(ese)’ has been thought and acted in ways that may challenge what Bourdaghs has termed “oppressive norms of official culture.” By attending to some of the messy meaning produced in musical practice, we aim to push beyond a priori notions of ‘Japan’ as context that is somehow always already there, and grapple with some of the ways in which it may be produced in processes of contingency, revealing other histories that may challenge a discursive construct that has stubbornly limited scholarly engagement to questions of how social actors may relate themselves thereto. Conceiving of ‘Japan’ as musical practice, we insist, can radically expand our understanding of Japan, allowing us to consider some of the ways in which it is assembled by social actors at the level of the everyday.1) Joshua Solomon, Hirosaki UniversityMusical Itinerancy and the Social Construction of Northern TohokuConventional socio-political views of Japan have a habit of reproducing a national map oriented around what Matsumoto Hiroaki calls the “black hole” of Tokyo. Such scholarship often results in the reterritorializing of regions [chihō] as “peripheral,” alters of some imagined true “Japanese” identity. Hopson has argued, for example, Tohoku was long framed as a “frontier” region populated by barbarians [ebisu] in order to provide positive meaning to the center. Complementing his top-down critique, this paper attempts to disturb the clarified center-periphery schematic itself by taking a bottom-up approach focused on the movements and meanings of itinerant musicians in northeastern Honshu on the threshold of modernity. By examining the lives and trajectories of perambulatory beggar-minstrels (female goze and male bosama), I argue that aspects of local society, indexically constructive of consciousnesses of “Japan,” were formed through a combination of musical performance superimposed over a cultural subconscious of a more invisible, ritualistic function. The mobile and liminal figures of the goze and bosama, and the ghetto communities which they occupied, functioned as aspects of an autopoetic system of communal meaning making. With the intrusion of westernized consumerist music in the early decades of the twentieth century, these figures paradoxically represented the belatedness of the national periphery, while simultaneously developing modernized musical and social techniques.2) Alexander Murphy, University of ChicagoWhat the Ear Sees: Sonic Racialization and Nisei Performance in Japan’s Imperial Jazz AgeIn 1935, a cohort of second-generation (Nisei) Japanese-American performers from the U.S. had become the stars of the Tokyo jazz world. This esteem was rooted in a perceived prowess in the vocal and gestural subtleties of jazz performance that seemed unavailable to their Japanese counterparts. While promotional materials appear to attribute this unique skill-set simply to their acculturation in the United States, however, closer readings betray a subtle process of racialization that placed such fluency within an uncanny proximity to blackness that still served as the genre’s sine qua non. I argue that the Japanese press expressed this proximity through a synesthetic language that simultaneously in fact bespoke an unresolved schema of racial cofiguration between Japan and its colonized subjects. Meanwhile, Nisei performers developed an acute sensitivity to these sonic ascriptions that allowed them to carve out new pathways of mobility and subjectivity in their recording careers. This points to the critical relationship between aurality and race across the overlapping imperial precincts of the interwar Pacific, and the latent potential for both intimate solidarities and frictions to emerge in turn. Drawing upon recordings by Fumiko ‘Alice’ Kawabata and Betty Inada, this paper asks how an attunement to these sounds might offer models of ‘becoming’ that can resonate beyond the discrete avenues of identification available within current formations of race, nation, and empire.3) Scott W. Aalgaard, Wesleyan UniversityJapan’s “One More Time”: Takada Wataru, Ryo Kagawa, and Alternative Modalities of Musical CritiqueLike much of the world, Japan found itself in the midst of massive social upheavals in the 1960s. This was a period during which unease over the entrenchment of Cold War capitalist modernity and Japan’s related positionality within the U.S. security matrix were finding articulation in art and action. Key to this articulation was the development of socially- and politically-conscious folk music. Recent scholarship has shown some of the ways in which folk music – and especially that which developed out of the Kansai region around Kyoto and Osaka – afforded a means by which social actors could speak back against phenomena ranging from corrupt politicians to the emperor system to the Vietnam war. But this protest-centered narrative only tells part of the story. This paper will take up selected works from Takada Wataru and Ryo Kagawa – two of the most original and intriguing voices from Japan’s folk music scene – and consider the ways in which they sought not so much to enunciate protest against conditions in Japan, but rather worked to scramble underlying notions of modernity, progress, and indeed the (N)ation itself, thereby denying these discursive authority in a way that ‘protest’ could not, and opening up possibilities for reimagining them. This imaginative undermining of the very terms of the social, I argue, helped to decouple their music from the moment of 1960s protest, and ensures its relevance over a much longer historical arc that intrudes upon Japan’s present as well.Discussant: Hideto Tsuboi, International Research Center for Japanese StudiesSession 31: RoomScience on the Move: The Transnational Migration of Science, Technology, and Personnel in the Cold WarOrganizer: Walter E. Grunden, Bowling Green State UniversityChair: Kaori Iida, SokendaiThis panel examines transnational exchanges of science, technology, and personnel primarily between the United States and Japan in the early postwar era. Panelists illustrate how the imperatives of national security in the context of the Cold War affected the flow of information, scientific artifacts, and personnel in and out of Japan. Restrictions on the importation of certain materials, as well as the migration of particular scientists and engineers, had a profound impact on the reconstruction of Japan’s science infrastructure and economy at this time. Kenji Ito examines the importation of radioisotopes from the U.S. and argues that their transfer was motivated more by international politics than as an act of reparation for the U.S. destruction of Japan’s cyclotrons. Walter Grunden argues that as potential transmitters of “atomic secrets” Japanese physicists were disproportionately scrutinized and prohibited from traveling abroad if they were suspected to be socialists or communist sympathizers. Takashi Nishiyama demonstrates how engineers formerly employed by the Japanese military services during the Pacific War were restricted from travel abroad and therefore “migrated” to employment in the civilian sector, thus having a significant impact on the reconstruction of Japan’s economy, though, ultimately, they too began to migrate out of Japan by the late 1960s. 1) Kenji Ito, Sokendai Nishina Yoshio and the U.S. Export of Radioisotopes to Occupied JapanThe earliest peaceful use of nuclear research (besides radiological studies) was the use of radioisotopes, which deserves some attention from the history of science. In recent studies on the history of science in the post-WWII era, the radioisotope has become an object of serious investigations. While the distribution of radioisotopes by the United States Atomic Energy Commission (e.g. Creager 2013) has been examined, little has been investigated about the U.S. export of radioisotopes to Japan. Not only did the radioisotope become a vital tool in biomedicine in this era, but it also became a deeply political artifact of the Cold War era, mass-produced by nuclear reactors and initially monopolized by the United States Atomic Agencies. When the U.S. program for international distribution of radioisotopes was established, it also became a tool of diplomacy. This paper examines historical and political contexts in which the U.S. AEC started exporting radioisotopes to Japan in 1950. While Japanese scientists speculated that it was an act of goodwill by U.S. scientists, in particular, as a response to the destruction of Japanese cyclotrons (Nishina 1951), this essay will show that the U.S. export of radioisotopes to Japan in 1950 was in fact a result of political pressures in the Cold War context.2) Walter E. Grunden, Bowling Green State UniversityPhysicists and “Fellow Travelers”: Nuclear Fear and Japanese Scientists as Transmitters of Atomic SecretsThis paper examines policies enacted by authorities of the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) to restrict the international travel of selected scientists due to national security concerns of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. Paranoia over communist infiltration – known as the “Red Scare” – ran along parallel courses in the U.S. and Japan in the postwar period. During those years, Japanese scientists – especially physicists – were surveilled and intensely scrutinized out of concern that they might pass “atomic secrets” to communist states. While on the one hand civil authorities in the Economic and Scientific Section (ESS), such as Harry C. Kelly, assisted in the reconstruction of science institutions in Japan and facilitated international outreach, on the other, the Civil Intelligence Division (G-2), under the watchful eye of Brigadier General Charles Willoughby, frequently obstructed these efforts by imposing a regime of surveillance and penalties against those whom it suspected of being communists or left-wing sympathizers, also known as “fellow travelers.” As potential transmitters of “atomic secrets” physicists were targeted more than other scientists. Toward this end, travel visas were used as both a carrot and stick to influence their political behavior, but with mixed outcomes. 3) Takashi Nishiyama, State University of New York, BrockportContaining Wartime Scientists and Engineers in Japan, 1945–1969This paper will examine Japan’s experience of intellectual migration among engineers and scientists after World War II in broad historical, international, and comparative frameworks. A series of comparisons with Germany reveal how and why postwar Japan, especially during 1945-1952, was able to contain former military engineers for its postwar buildup. The emigration of ex-military scientists and engineers from Japan was uncommon for various reasons as seen in both the examples and counter-examples of this migration pattern. Lacking the means and paths to go abroad legally, ex-military engineers were contained in the country and migrated domestically into the civilian sector. Their absence from the emigration in any significant numbers during the American Occupation ensured that their wartime expertise was passed on exclusively in Japan. This containment, however, did not last very long. In 1969, for instance, the Ministry of Education was alarmed by the consistently rising number of Japanese engineers and scientists moving to America during that decade. This paper will analyze the exodus of Japanese scientists and engineers through distinct phases from 1945 to 1969, exploring its implications in the 21st century. Discussant: Wen-Hua Kuo, National Yang-Ming UniversitySession 32: RoomIndividual Papers 7: History and MemoryChair: Roger Brown, Saitama University1) Jake Northey, Sophia UniversityRestoration or Reform? Analysing the “Ishin” Ideology in Modern Japanese PoliticsThis paper explores the often contested, but highly symbolic, ideology of Ishin, (Restoration) in modern Japanese politics. It does so by comparing the political activities of ?mae Ken’ichi and his Heisei Ishin no Kai (Hesiei Restoration Group), with the most recent “Ishin” incarnation of Hashimoto Tōru and his ?saka Ishin no Kai (Osaka Restoration Group). Once prominent in the early 1990s, ?mae and the HIK’s political activities have subsequently faded from public view, with a lack of scholarship in the English, and to an extent, the Japanese literature, an indication of its obscurity. Nonetheless, the impact of ?mae’s activities on Japan’s party system certainly remain to this day. In contrast, Hashimoto’s advocacy of an Ishin occurs in a different political context, and has a greater degree of success. This gives us an excellent chance to compare the two policy entrepreneurs’ advocacy of Ishinism. One element that stands out in any Ishin period is the way political actors attempt to reshape the political environment in which they act. By comparing the innovative contributions ?mae and Hashimoto made to political institutions, political ideology, and political debate, I aim to show how the Ishin ideology is a means for policy entrepreneurs to “produce politics.” Finally, it is hoped that this research can lead to the foundation of a systematic analysis of the Ishin phenomenon which would benefit both scholars of Japanese political history and comparative politics alike.2) Ian Cipperly, University of Chicago/Inter-University Center Restorationist Nostalgia in Shōwa Japan: Dangers of an Imagined PastJapan’s political landscape was punctuated by numerous acts of violence in the years leading up to Mikami Taku’s assassination of Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932, but the May 15th Incident, as it would come to be known, was the first occasion in which uniformed military personnel had been the perpetrators. Mikami and his collaborators framed their actions as necessary, patriotic, and in service to the Emperor. According to pretrial interrogations, the officers claimed to be the catalysts of the Shōwa Ishin. These young men modeled themselves—through thought, rhetoric, and action—after the ishin shishi who had been the vanguard of the earlier Meiji Ishin. In reality, the violent activities of Mikami and his fellows were a reaction to social tensions that was couched in, and expressed as, a particular sort of nostalgic violence. The goal of this paper is to reexamine the violence of the early 1930’s by following the development and utilization of what this essay terms restorationist nostalgia. As a member of multiple ultranationalist factions, writer, ideologue, and active participant in the political violence of the 1930’s, Mikami provided ample rhetoric in the form of popular song, miniature manifesto, and sensational trial testimony all of which will be examined here. Drawing on literary analysis and trial records make clear that Mikami’s actions complicate the current understanding of nostalgia as a response to tensions between the modern and an idealized past.3) Guo Xilin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Politicizing of History: Controversy Over Chinese History in Hong Kong’s Secondary School Curriculum Since 2000The status of Chinese History in secondary school curriculum has been a sensitive issue in Hong Kong since the colonial period (Kan, 2007). In 2000, in a highly controversial attempt to revise the education system, the Hong Kong Education Department proposed the merging of Chinese History and History to form a new subject. The decision has been vehemently criticized for “killing Chinese History” by local schools and academics. At the wake of the Occupy Central Movement of 2014, the issue became further politicized as the subject was now seen by both the Chinese government and pro-China forces in Hong Kong as an effective way to cultivate local youths’ national identity and strengthen their ties with China. This paper surveys the Hong Kong governments’ shifting policies toward Chinese History since 2000. It also examines how the subject becomes a political battlefield among different forces especially after 2014, such as the Chinese government, pro-Democracy forces in Hong Kong, and local educational interest groups, etc4) Christian W. Spang, Daito Bunka University Anti-Nazis and Nazis among German Teachers at Japanese High Schools before 1945Until 1945, the old-style Japanese High Schools (Kyusei Kotogakko) were elite institutions to prepare students to enter the few existing universities. At the Kyusei Kotogakko, foreign languages played a key role with English being the no. 1 foreign language, followed by German and French. Sometimes, there were more than one foreign teacher for each language, plus additional adjunct teachers. Overall, native speakers played important roles in introducing the new Japanese elite to American, British, French or German culture. When the Nazis seized power in Germany, they soon realized the importance of having their supporters in teaching positions abroad. Yet, the Japanese government showed little inclination to accept Nazi pressure, stating that the hiring of teachers was the privilege of the school principles.Still, the Nazis managed to influence the German native teachers by means of the National-Socialist Teachers League’s (NSLB) Japan branch. Everyone from conservatives to ardent Nazis joined the NSLB. Some did so to avoid joining the party itself, others mainly because they wanted to participate in the annual NSLB summer retreat. Yet, there were also some who were active anti-Nazis, such as Bruno Petzold, an expert in Buddhism. Another known critic was Eugen Hessel, a protestant missionary, teaching in Kyoto and Matsuyama.This paper discusses the role of these native high school teachers in the interwar and war years, focussing on some exemplary cases.Session 33: RoomIndividual Papers 8: Applied GendersChair: Hyangjin Lee, Rikkyo University1) Colleen Laird, Western Washington UniversityA Career in Transition: The Queer Trajectory of Ogigami Naoko’s On-Screen Reflections.Since Seagull Diner (2006), a feel-good film about Japanese women finding themselves abroad in Finland, director Ogigami Naoko has been at the forefront of iyashi-kei or “emotional healing style” films. Heavily featuring independent female characters and their homosocial bonds, Ogigami’s films have also been celebrated vehicles for queer projection and possible queer identification. However, her 2010 film Toilet, featuring a young man mourning for his mother by wearing skirts, signaled a shift from queer potential read across the grain to an open representation of gender fluidity. The film also marked a departure from Ogigami’s iyashi brand, both in narrative styling and technical cinematography. Now, in her latest film Close Knit (2017), Ogigami has returned from light stories abroad to the dark cinema spaces of the Japanese home and family, addressing forthright GLBTQ discrimination in Japan in her story about a transsexual woman who faces challenges for acceptance in everyday, heteronormative spaces. This paper analyzes the trajectory of Ogigami’s oeuvre from queer ambiguity to queer literalism as a cinematic shift from iyashi (solace) to fukai (discomfort) aesthetics. At the heart of this transformation is the film Close Knit and its protagonist, a character herself in transition as a transsexual woman whose housewife role queers notions of the Japanese family while simultaneously questioning the notion of a society untroubled by gender fluid expression.2) Rebecca Tompkins, Senshu UniversityWomen, Waste, and Work: Gender Roles, National Belonging, and the Complexities of Household Waste Management in JapanIn Japan, managing household waste is a public and highly visible activity. In most municipalities, garbage is collected from a communal pickup site and must be disposed of in transparent bags. If the garbage has been incorrectly sorted, it may not be collected, and the resident, or in many cases the neighborhood association, must deal with the rejected garbage. In some locations, residents are requested or required to write their family names on the bags, making the state of household’s garbage even less anonymous. Garbage disposal in Japan is therefore a public activity, which can sometimes lead to social sanction. The increasingly complicated garbage separation rules in most cities can also make it a significant burden in terms of household labor – most of which is performed by women. Household waste work, as a form of gendered household labor, is deeply connected to the public role of the housewife, as well as to issues of community and national belonging. How does household waste work affect the daily practices of the women (and men) who perform it? How do waste regulations and practices influence local communities? Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Tsukuba, including interviews with residents, city officials, and volunteer organizations, this paper will explore practices and perceptions of household waste work in relation to pressing issues in Japanese society: gendered divisions of labor, citizenship and belonging, and women’s identities and self-perceptions. 3) Maura Stephens, University of Hawai?I, Mānoa“Being Kind to Women is Being Kind to the Earth”: Messages of Femininity and Environmentalism from Japanese Menstrual Cloth Napkin CompaniesMenstrual product manufacturing is a multibillion-dollar industry in Japan, with hundreds of millions of disposable napkins – the most widely-used menstrual product – sold each year. However, recently, women have been turning to alternative, reusable menstrual products – especially cloth napkins – for environmental and health reasons. This project aims to explore how Japanese cloth napkin companies present and construct narratives surrounding these alternative menstrual products. While alternative menstrual products are often connected to environmentalism and menstrual activism in other parts of the world (Fahs 2016; Kissling 2006), does the same hold true in Japan? I provide content analysis of three major cloth napkin companies (Organic Cotton Mütter, LOHAS Kōbō, and Jewlinge), organized into three interrelating themes: naturalness, health and safety, and responsibility of care. Drawing on theories of abjection (Kristeva 1982) and the politics of happiness (Ahmed 2010), I argue that even though cloth napkin companies devote much of their website content to presenting cloth napkins as the superior – healthier, safer, more natural – alternative to disposable napkins and to encouraging women to embrace menstruation as a natural, positive experience, they do so in a way that attempts to discipline women’s bodies and behavior and reinforces societal pressure to conceal menstruation from others.4) Masako N. Racel, Kennesaw State UniversityFrom Frail to Strong: Improving Japanese Women’s Health and Physiques through Education in the Early 20th Century Japanese women have claimed the world’s top position in average life expectancy for many years. This longevity is generally associated with the outstanding health of Japanese women, likely stemming from sensible diet, sufficient physical activity, and good genetics. However, both Japanese and foreign observers of the late 19th and/or early 20th century noted frailty and ill-health of Japanese women, especially compared to Western women. As Japan responded to the threat of Western imperialist policies with increased nationalism, expressed in the slogan, fukoku kyōhei [Enrich the Nation; Strengthen the Military], improvement of the health and physiques of Japanese women became an important issue. Mainly drawing from works of two individuals involved in female education in the early 20th century: Shimoda Utako, the founder of Jissen Women’s University and Kobayashi Teruaki, a professor at Tokyo Women’s Higher Normal School, my paper will examine the rhetoric and methods used to improve the health and physiques of Japanese women, not only to satisfy the notion that healthy women produce healthy children, but also that stronger women were needed for colonial expansion.5) Devin Yun-Jung Wu/Yun-Ju Kao, University of TokyoMarriage Equality in Asia: The Past, Present, and FutureIn recent years, marriage equality has been one of the key focal issue points among LGBT activists throughout the world, though up till the recent constitutional interpretation in Taiwan, marriage equality happened elsewhere but not in Asia. If marriage equality is indeed a universal value as argued by many international advocates, what hinders marriage equality to be realized in Asia? The constitutional interpretation, or constitutional review, on marriage equality also certainly brought the island of Taiwan under international spotlights. From political perspective, marriage equality has so far been realized in the world through majorly two means, legislative and constitutional/judicial. This paper intends to provide a qualitative summary of marriage equality so far, with a focus on the recent event in Taiwan. Also, whether Taiwan’s experience of upholding marriage equality can be of lessons to fellow Asian nations, particularly the emerging democracies, will be discussed. Lastly, this paper intends to look into some key case studies in Asia and discuss whether the legislative mean or the constitutional/judicial mean will be more appropriate to make marriage equality possible in each of the cases under study. Session 34: RoomIndividual Papers 9: Transnational ArtChair: TBA1) Thammachat Krairit, University of WollongongBeyond Reading Shōnen: The Adaptation of Action and Adventure Manga in ThailandThailand has a long history of importing the Japanese cultural form of manga. Japanese manga becomes abundant through translation and adaptation. Since manga’s first appearance in the nation six decades ago, more than ten thousand Japanese manga volumes of diverse themes and genres have been translated into the local language and distributed. Thailand is among the nations with a large and solid manga reading base. It has become a home to major manga-related events organised annually in the region. Moreover, it has manga-style artists who produce high quality manga works well-regarded in Japan and have received International Manga Awards. Despite this, the subject of manga in Thailand has not been given enough academic attention either domestically or internationally. My research aims to examine the movement and development of manga as a transnational and globalised cultural product in Thailand. By analysing the adaptation of shōnen action and adventure manga – one of the most consumed manga themes in Thailand, I seek to understand the way Japanese manga is adapted under the influence of globalisation and transnational flows. To carry out my research, I examine two of the most influential Japanese shōnen action and adventure series from two different eras – Dragon Ball and One Piece, and one Thai manga of the same genre titled Ogre King. I will consider two other reciprocally connected topics: the practice of consuming manga, and the audience of manga in Thailand. 2) Andrew David Field, Duke Kunshan UniversityEarly Jazz Networks in Asia: Teddy Weatherford and the Flows of American Popular Music Across the Pacific and Indian Ocean, 1920s–1940sWhat can the spread of the American popular music known as ""jazz"" in Asia during its early period of the 1920s–40s tell us about the connections between western colonialism and imperialism and music in this world region? How does the historian reconstruct and analyze the flows of jazz music as it spread into this part of the world? Finally, what was the overall impact of the jazz diaspora into Asia during this period, and is it really true that these jazz musicians laid the groundwork for the nativization of American popular music and the formation of modern pop music cultures in Asian countries?While this paper cannot answer all of these questions in exhaustive detail, it constitutes an attempt by the author to tackle at least some of these questions and offer some initial answers. A key observation of this paper is that the spread of live jazz throughout Asia was carried out mainly through the vehicle of passenger liners that cruised along networks of port cities and played in international hotels in these cities. The musicians who played key roles included white and African Americans as well as Filipinos, Japanese, Indians, Russians, and others. My paper focuses on the story of American pianist Teddy Weatherford, who was arguably the most important ""jazz ambassador"" in Asia during this period. Weatherford came to Shanghai in 1926 and spent many years in China and India, dying in Calcutta in 1945, but also performed in many other cities and countries during this age.3) Gerald Figal, Vanderbilt UniversityU.S. Bases and Photo Business in Early Postwar OkinawaHow and to what extent did U.S. military presence in Okinawa shape the recovery, development, and subject of photography in early postwar Okinawa? This is the guiding question behind a larger book project, part of which this paper presents. The postwar settlement establishing U.S. control over the Ryukyu Islands until reversion in 1972 separated Okinawa from the general flow of social, cultural, political, technological, and economic developments occurring on mainland Japan. That separation had particular and multiple repercussions for the business, technology, practice, definition, and canon of “Okinawa photography.” It created conditions for complicated interrelations among local Okinawans, mainland Japanese, and foreign Americans who participated in commercial services and artistic practices of photography in Okinawa. This paper takes up only one small part of that complex history, focusing on the underappreciated business and technology connections between American bases and Okinawan commercial photographers, amateur enthusiasts, gear suppliers, and photo lab technicians, which jumpstarted the revival of local photography in the 1950s. This story is a starting point for examining wider formative connections among Okinawan, mainland Japanese, and American players and for placing American photographers and their images into the landscape of postwar photography in Okinawa.4) Ayelet Zohar, Tel Aviv University“Gift of Sea”: Morimura Yasumasa between Aoki Shigeru and Joe RosenthalGift of Sea (海の幸) is the title of a video art work by Morimura Yasuamasa (2010) in which Morimura re-enacts Joe Rosenthal’s image of “Raising the Flag in Iwo Jima” (1945). The photograph, that has numerous cultural references, including James Bradley’s novel “Flags of Our Fathers” (2000), and Clint Eastwood “Letters from Iwo Jima”(2006). For the American audience of the intensive war events in the Pacific Theatre, this image signified the turning point of the war giving a sense of victory back home. However, Morimura’s re-enactment of the image, holds a transgressive approach, changing the scene from the expected victorious message into a scene of defeatism and pacifism, mocking the image of heroism and triumph by the use of implicit gender passing, white flag, and artistic objects placed on the sea shore. Yet, Morimura’s title, hints to another layer of interpretation: borrowing from Aoki Shigeru’s famous 1904 oil painting “Gift of Sea”, Morimura was able to inject a Japanese specific reference to the sequence, to inverse the nationalist meaning, and turn the original signification of the image into a chain of signifiers that undermine the idea of war, victory, defeat, as well as nationalism and pacifism, instead, suggesting an image of nature, labour, prosperity and place. In my presentation, I will question the multiple layers of Morimura’s image, and how it came to play an important role in undermining Rosenthal original meaning.SUNDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 1: 13:30–15:30Session 35: RoomThe Millennial Generation’s Culture in Chinese CyberspaceOrganizer: Vanessa Frangville, Université libre de BruxellesChair: Jeroen de Kloet, University of AmsterdamThis panel focuses on the emergence of new forms of cultural production in cyberspace within the Great Wall of China, to understand changing values, attitudes and perception among Millennials in China. The digital space here is conceived as a socially embedded cultural artefact, or a space deeply connected to offline culture and society. Immersed in a media-rich environment, China’s “digital generations” (mainly born after the 1980s) create and use digital spaces for social interaction, identity expression, and media production and consumption. From literature to Cosplay, to web series and online video sharing, this panel seeks to demonstrate that China’s young netizens are active in experimentation, not merely consumers but active participants in the creation of new cultural features of social life, both online and offline. Online created and circulated culture is indeed highly participatory and strongly connected to netizens’ experiences offline. Nakajima’s paper takes a comparative perspective on “barrage subtitling” in Japanese Niconico and Chinese Bilibili, as forms of spontaneous online social interaction. Hua focuses on the development of Cosplay practices in China through online platforms. Gaffric examines the emergence of chuanyue, or time-travel literature, a successful literary genre created for and by netizens. Frangville shows how young Uyghurs in China actively use the Internet to create new understanding and meanings of contemporary Uyghur culture. 1) Seio Nakajima, Waseda University The Sociality of Millennials in Cyberspace: A Comparative Study of Barrage Subtitling in Bilibili and NiconicoThis presentation comparatively analyses the barrage subtitling practices in the two popular video sharing sites in China and Japan, namely Bilibili and Niconico. Barrage subtitles are subtitling system in which viewers’ comments appear directly on-screen instead of at the margins. They differ from ordinary subtitling, which is usually well prepared in advance for the purpose of precisely translating the contents of videos, whether a film, TV program, or a music video. Because barrage subtitles are often comments and reactions to what is being played, they allow more spontaneous interactions—sociality—among the viewers. In sum, both Bilibili and Niconico are important virtual spaces for the creation, consumption, circulation and representation of youth culture. There are emerging studies on the youth and virtual public spaces in China. However, because of the particular political-economic environment of censorship and control on online activities in China, the majority of existing studies engage with the question of whether the virtual spaces constitute an alternative form of democratic participation or insignificant, apolitical space of commercialism. While acknowledging the importance of such an approach, I move away from the issue of politics and economics to focus on the problem of “forms of socialization” (George Simmel). I argue that the practices of barrage subtitling both in China and Japan belong to the “sociality of connection”.2) Vanessa Frangville, Université libre de Bruxelles EAStPerforming Contemporary Uyghur Culture Online: “Anar Pishti” Web-series Increasing attention has been paid to the use of the Internet by the Uyghur diaspora; however, the ways young Uyghurs in China use the Cyberspace remain relatively understudied. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how Uyghur youth use the Chinese cyberspace (i.e., cyberspace in China) as a space for creativity and sociality. Particular attention is paid to short audio-visual productions mainly viewed on smaller screens (smartphones, tablets, computers), and distributed, consumed and shared through online platforms and social networks.This paper takes an online web series, created by two young Uyghurs based in Xinjiang (China), as a focal point. Anar Pishti, created for online viewing and distribution, tackles several pressing social issues among young Uyghurs, in a humorous and satirical mood. At the same time, the web series has become a prevailing media of creation and self-expression for Uyghur youth in China, attracting the attention of netizens across Xinjiang and beyond. By carefully looking at Anar Pishti both as text and practice, this study seeks to demonstrate how contemporary Uyghur culture can thrive and expand through the Chinese cyberspace, despite intensified censorship.3) Gwenna?l Gaffric, Université Libre de Bruxelles EAStVirtual Worlds in Virtual Spaces: The Emergence of “Chuanyue” FictionThe literature known as “chuanyue” (穿越) is a fictional genre that has risen along with the already established field of cyber literature in China. Even if this literature is almost exclusively produced in cyberspace, its greatest successes are sometimes published in paper form and more and more are adapted in movies, TV series and video games. Chuanyue fiction writers claim to draw their influence from Chinese literary traditions such of wuxia xiaoshuo or yanqing xiaoshuo, with the addition of a new element which is common to most of theirs novels: a journey through time (often but not only in the Chinese Imperial past such as Ming and Qing dynasties). This presentation will first examine the places of production and the conditions of emergence of this genre and try to understand its success. In addition, I will discuss how chuanyue fiction suggests new ways of making literature within a virtual space. Through the example of the Illumine Lingao (临高启明) series and of the extended universe to which it gave birth, I will observe the collective and interactive dimension of this new type of creation and discuss how the study of cyber literature reveals innovative means of investing public space and creating social networks.4) Hua Bin, Université Libre de Bruxelles EAStCosplay in the Chinese Cyberspace: Exchange, Performance and Commercialization through Online Communities and Online Video PlatformsThis presentation aims to describe current Cosplay practices among online communities (ex. Baidu Tieba and Wechat) and on Online Video Platforms (ex.Bilibli and Tencent Video), focusing on how Cosplay is presented in Cyberspace through Information Exchange, Performance showcase and Online Cosplay Talent shows (Wo’ai erciyuan, I Love 2nd Dimention) judged by experienced Cosplayers. Without an active Cyberspace, Cosplay in Mainland China would not have been able to grow into a prosperous youth culture. Over the past fifteen years, better online infrastructures gave birth to a Cyberspace with varied online media, and the once marginalized Cosplay Culture gradually gained wider popularity and visibility on Online Media. In other words, Chinese Cyberspace accelerated the growth of Cosplay and enriched it with more Cosplay-related programs. In the emerging field of Cosplay studies in Mainland China, the majority of existing studies engage with the questions of Identity Construction, Negotiation and Gender Issues. While considering such approaches, my presentation concentrates on the relationship between Cyberspace and Cosplay practices. With notes on the roles of Cyberspaces in early development of Cosplay, I highlight the recent Cosplay practices in Cyberspace by analysing specific media (Online Communities and Online Video Platforms) to present the reality of Cosplay after its development and localization in Mainland China.Discussant: Bryan Hikari Hartzheim, Waseda UniversitySession 36: RoomWomen’s Biographies in Modern Japan: Fictional, Collective, Exemplary and FakeOrganizer: Ellen Nakamura, University of AucklandChair: Marnie S. Anderson, Smith CollegeThis panel draws upon David Nasaw’s contention that “writing history from the vantage point of individuals is not a retreat from but a way of confronting the theoretical complexities and confusions of the early twenty-first century” (Nasaw 2009). Here, we explore the lives and life stories of women in nineteenth and twentieth-century Japan, both from the perspective of understanding their activities and life courses, as well as the narratives — historical, fictionalized, dramatized and even fake! — that have surrounded them. Our panelists engage with the question of how individual women constructed (or had constructed for them) public identities as activists, medical experts, or exemplary women to ask not only what was possible for women in the past, but also how an engagement with their biographies might lead to a revised understanding of the historical, cultural, and discursive milieux in which they lived. 1) Ellen Nakamura, University of AucklandThe Life of Kusumoto Ine (1827–1903): A ReappraisalKusumoto Ine (1827–1903) was one of the first women in Japan to practice Western medicine. As the daughter of Philipp Franz von Siebold, a naturalized Dutch physician who visited Japan in the early nineteenth century, and Kusumoto Taki, his Japanese concubine, Ine’s extraordinary life has captured the imaginations of novelists, dramatists and historians alike. For a long time, readers have turned to Yoshimura Akira’s 1978 novel “Von Shiiboruto no Musume” as the most accessible and comprehensive – if not reliable – rendition of her biography. With its painstakingly detailed, documentary-type style, the novel convinces readers of its claim to authenticity, so much that even historians have relied upon it. More recently, Richard Rubinger has breathed new life into the work with the publication of his English translation in 2015.Despite the ubiquity of this fictionalized and fossilized version of Ine’s story, historians have been quietly continuing the search for new sources surrounding Ine’s life. In this paper I will make a case that it is time to move beyond Yoshimura Akira and attempt a fresh, historically informed biography of Ine’s life. I will introduce some new Japanese sources made public by the Siebold Memorial Museum, and reappraise my own previously published work. 2) Marnie S. Anderson, Smith CollegeThree Lives Connected in Meiji Japan: Sumiya Koume, ?nishi Kinu, and Kajiro YoshiThis paper assesses the contributions of three single women to social, religious, and political networks in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Okayama: Sumiya Koume (1850–1920), ?nishi Kinu (1857–1933) and Kajiro Yoshi (1871–1959). All three women had careers and participated in overlapping networks surrounding the San’yō Gakuen school and the Okayama Church. All three converted to Protestant Christianity and engaged in activism centered on education and social reform for the rest of their lives. Sumiya ran the Okayama Orphanage with founder Ishii Jūji while ?nishi supervised the students at the San’yō dormitory. The much younger Kajiro studied abroad at Mt. Holyoke College and was later a teacher at the San’yō school. She eventually became the principal.Much scholarship on the late nineteenth-century focuses on women as “good wives, and wise mothers.” The stories of Sumiya, ?nishi, and Kajiro—including their connections to each other—provide new perspectives on what was possible for Meiji women.3) Haiying Hou, University of AucklandYoshioka Yayoi’s View of Womanhood: Sexual Hygiene, Women, and the StateYoshioka Yayoi (1871–1959) was the twenty-seventh licensed female physician of Western medicine in Japan, the founder of Tokyo Women’s Medical University and a women’s activist. She played a leadership role in various social organizations and patriotic groups. Because of her activities during World War Two, for instance, encouraging women to support the soldiers, Yoshioka was later considered to have cooperated with the war and abused her role as an educator. As a result, she was purged from the educational field and public positions from 1947–1951. Yoshioka’s political stance is perhaps one reason why she has not been paid much attention by scholars, in particular, her contributions beyond the medical field. However, it is noteworthy that one of Yoshioka’s main focuses throughout her life was improving women’s status. She left a large number of writings which recorded her opinions and advice to women on many topics. They are valuable resources that provide a further understanding of Yoshioka’s ideas and women’s roles.This paper is based on Yoshioka’s writings and women’s magazines in which Yoshioka published her works. I focus on the topic of sexual hygiene, into which Yoshioka had a unique insight as a doctor. I will explore women’s status and ethical questions in relation to sexual hygiene and how these connections linked to nation building during the first half of the twentieth century in Japan.4) Marcia Yonemoto, University of Colorado, Boulder“The Life and Afterlife of “Exemplary Women”: Filial Piety and Fake Biographies from Tokugawa to Meiji”In the mid-Tokugawa period, collections of semi-fictionalized biographical tales of exemplary women began to appear on the publishing market. Many of these tales celebrated vendettas and violent acts of revenge undertaken by girls and women on behalf of their parents, as acts of filial piety. One such tale tells the story of Miyagino and Shinobu, two girls who were in their teens when their peasant father was unjustly cut down by a samurai retainer in the northeastern domain of Sendai. Their sickly mother dies shortly thereafter, victim of grief and shock in the wake of her husband’s murder. The girls vow to avenge their parents’ deaths, and eventually gain official permission to wage a vendetta against their father’s killer and, ultimately, they accomplish their goal with admirable skill, much drama, and copious bloodshed. This talk will focus not only on the story itself but on the meanings of its intriguing afterlife in the later Tokugawa period and into the Meiji period, when it was dramatized on stage and also depicted in sumptuous brightly colored nishiki-e prints of the sisters, all of which celebrated their filial acts while incorporating their goals into those of the new imperial state.Discussant: Hori Hikari, Toyo UniversitySession 37: RoomBorders in Transition: Logistics, Voyage and Diplomacy of Ming China and Chos?n Korea, 1592–1634Organizer: Jing Liu, Syracuse UniversityChair: George Kallander, Syracuse UniversityThis panel examines the transition of the border regions between China and Korea, and the varying Chinese-Korean relationship in an international framework from the 1590s to the 1630s. During this period, Ming China and Chos?n Korea had experienced the Imjin War and the expansion of Manchu power in Liaodong, which dramatically transformed the political, economic, and social patterns of East Asia. To investigate these changes, the presenters offer case studies from aspects of Chinese-Korean wartime logistics, tribute trip and diplomatic exchange. They stress the importance of understanding the major shifts of East Asia in the late sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries from the peripheral and cross-border perspectives. Especially, this panel provides a maritime dimension of rethinking transnational history other than giving a territorial view. By focusing on the sea transport of provisions between China and Korea during the Imjin War, and the exploration of marine navigation for maintaining their official connections in the 1620s, Jing Liu and Kai Suzuki aim to reveal the vital role that China and Korea’s maritime borders played in reinforcing their trans-regional cooperation and influencing their political relations. Jaekyung Lee deals with the Chos?n’s reception of the Ming envoys in the 1630s in the context of the thriving East Asian maritime trade, and displays the tension between Korea’s domestic economy and this international trend since the Imjin War. 1) Jing Liu, Syracuse UniversitySea Transport, Chinese-Korean Maritime Borders, and the Imjin War, 1592–1598 Ming China and Chos?n Korea’s conduct of military logistic operations can be used to illustrate the transnational military, economic and social interactions during the Imjin War (1592-98). By exploring diverse primary sources, the existing scholarship has shown the tendency of revealing the tensions in the wartime land transport of provisions. However, a cross-border view is less offered, especially in the investigation of sea transport. In addition, while historians have often discussed China and Korea’s maritime regions from a military perspective, it is also necessary to probe the geopolitical, social and environmental aspects of these areas. This study contextualizes sea transport across the Bohai Bay and the Yellow Sea during the Imjin War as part of the Chinese-Korean maritime history. While it examines the dilemmas of organizing sea transport, especially during the early stage of the war, it stresses the adoption of various methods, the adjustment of political strategies and the shift of maritime perceptions to overcome these challenges and to increase the role of sea transport in the late stage of the war. This research also displays the complex tensions and interactions among the multiple transnational and local agencies involved into sea transport. It further reveals the economic and social integration of Chinese-Korean coastal waters caused by the trans-regional mobility of natural and human resources, which was restricted by both governments before the war. 2) Kai Suzuki, University of Shiga PrefectureThe Chos?n’s Tribute Route from the Land to the Sea: On Yi Pil-y?ng’s Trip in 1620–1621In 1621, the Qing Dynasty Tai-zu Nurhaci invaded the Liaodong, and the Chos?n envoys had to travel to Beijing by the sea route until 1636. While the previous studies seem to regard these 15 years as a less important period in Ming-Chos?n relations, it actually had a major impact on the following Qing-Chos?n interactions. Focusing on the Chos?n envoy Yi Pil-y?ng’s trip in 1620-1621, this study tries to reveal the routines of Ming-Chos?n relationship during these 15 years, and to shed light on the transitional institutions of Chos?n envoys’ trip to the Ming, which changed from the land route to passing through the sea.Yi Pil-y?ng and his mission were dispatched to mourn the Wan-li emperor’s death in 1619. Although they went to Beijing by the land route, as they encountered Nurhaci’s attacks to Liaodong in 1620, they had to return to Korea across the sea. However, when travelling on the sea, the vice envoy Park I-s?’s ship sank in a storm, and therefore the members of Yi and Park’s mission were unclear in various historical materials. In this study, I will clarify the composition of this mission and the actual situation of the envoys’ activities through analyzing the diplomatic document collection Imun T?nglok(吏文謄錄). This historical material includes Chinese-Korean diplomatic documents from 1593 to 1621, and a case study based on this is important to elucidate the cross-border interaction during this transition period.3) Jaekyung Lee, Seoul National UniversityCost of Investiture: Chos?n’s Reception of Ming Imperial Envoy in 1634After the Imjin War, Chos?n had to face the skyrocketing cost of Ming envoy receptions. They demanded more silver and ginseng from the Chos?n government, reminding them of Ming’s role in saving Chos?n during the war. Fortunately, Chos?n’s thriving international trade allowed it to make the ends meet. From 1609, Japanese silver flowed into Chos?n in exchange for imported Chinese goods. Since 1621, Ming troops stayed in the Chos?n shores to fight the Manchus. In turn, their presence stimulated the maritime trade between Ming and Chos?n. After the truce with Chos?n in 1627, the Manchus sold ginseng to Chos?n to buy Chinese fabrics.However, Chos?n struggled to collect enough silver and ginseng for envoy reception. In Chos?n, international trade and internal circulation of goods operated separately. Since silver was a valuable commodity for foreign trade in a natural economy that relied on rice and cotton as its currency, the Chos?n government had to buy large sums of silver with the abruptly collected cotton, which then inflicted high transaction cost. Therefore, the limited capacity of the Chos?n government could barely pull alongside the increasing demands of the Ming envoys.This presentation will focus on the case of Ming imperial envoy in 1634 to investigate how Chos?n government managed their increased burden in a changing diplomatic and economic environment of East Asia and question the reality of “giving more and getting less” doctrine of the “tributary system.” Discussant: George Kallander, Syracuse University Session 38: RoomGhostly Realities in Contemporary East Asian MediaOrganizer and Chair: Lindsay Rebecca Nelson, Meiji UniversityIn contemporary Japan and South Korea, ghosts can be found in the aftermath of traumatic events, within the frames of the cinematic medium itself, and in the marriage of “real” stories with stories of the supernatural. How does this ghostliness function across different media forms, and how do the traces, apparitions, and traumatic memories that inhabit it push us toward a new way of thinking about ghost stories? The four papers in this panel examine ghost stories and ghostly spaces in Japanese cinema, Korean cinema, and Japanese literature / amateur storytelling. Seán Hudson argues that J-horror has taken a “journalistic turn” since the 2000s, incorporating more faux documentary elements and manipulating the audience’s sense of reality. Clélia Zernik examines cinema as the “ghostly space par excellence” in the films of Hirokazu Koreeda and Kiyoshi Kurosawa. Peter Bernard looks at the role of Japanese ghost stories after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, illustrating how these ghost stories expand the affective horizons of the traditional kaidan genre. Finally, Namhee Han connects recent South Korean horror films set in the colonial period to newsreels produced by the Japanese Government General of Korea. Together, these papers aim to begin a discussion about how stories of ghosts and the supernatural serve as a way to make sense of the often thin line between living and dead, real and fantastical, ghostly and human. 1) Seán Hudson, Kyushu UniversityFound Footage: Japanese Horror Media and the Turn to ActualityIn her book on Japanese avant garde cinema of the 1960s and 70s, Yuriko Furuhata refers to the incorporation of documentary styles and conventions into fictional narrative filmmaking as not only a sign of innovation and novelty, but also “a gesture of return to the original fascination of actuality that cinema used to impart in the early days”. In this paper I suggest that a “journalistic turn” in film aesthetics has taken place in television and cinema since the 2000s, this time not through the avant garde but through genre-based mass entertainment, and especially in the horror genre. I examine the impact of this recent trend in Japanese horror films, considering what conditions have enabled the revived interest in film’s ability to both capture and document “actuality." As well as societal and technological changes such as the spread of video-sharing platforms, I will explore several antecedents for the found footage horror revival in both Japanese horror media, such as the J-Horror boom, which has been argued to focus on a fear of images themselves rather than what they connote (Chika Kinoshita), and also the Hollywood found footage boom sparked by low-budget horror film The Blair Witch Project and its viral internet marketing campaign. As well as charting a genealogy of these media products, I will consider what Japanese found footage horror films have to say about the relationship of today’s “fake news” society to media images, representations of truth, and storytelling.2) Namhee Han, Leiden UniversityHaunted Times: Colonial Footage in South Korean Historical FilmsIn the 2000s, we witnessed the reemergence of the South Korean vernacular genre called Sikminsiki y?nghwa, or films set in the colonial period (1910–1945). This was a cultural response to the discourse on colonial modernity in Asian studies. Such films include YMCA Baseball Team (2002), Radio Days (2007), Epitaph (2007), Modern Boy (2008). Unlike films produced in the 1960s and 1970s, these films are less interested in narrating the independent fighters’ resistance and deploy various modes such as horror, comedy, and melodrama while displaying spectacular views of colonial Seoul. This paper, focusing on horror and haunting in Epitaph, explores how the digital appropriations of found footage shape the popular understanding of colonial experiences and challenge nationalist historiography. First, I examine scholarly debates on colonial modernity and the historical context of the 1990s and early 2000s, in which colonial Korean or co-production films were unearthed, repatriated, and digitized. Second, I define horror as a mode which allows us to examine the horror sensibility in a range of films set in colonial Korea. Finally, I analyze colonial footage in Epitaph, focusing on the tension between material evidence and affective disturbance in observations of colonial Korea. I argue that the digitally-mediated horror mode invites us to approach colonial or nationalist violence, addressing social and political contentions of colonial modernity that linger in postcolonial East Asia. 3) Clélia Zernik, Beaux-arts de ParisThe Space of the GhostsIn Ghost Dance by Ken MacMullen (1983), Jacques Derrida, playing the role of Jacques Derrida, improvises and letting himself "ventriloquize" himself says: "Psychoanalysis plus cinema equals ghost science", seeming to affirm on the one hand that cinema is the very place of the appearance of ghosts (“Here the ghost is me,” says Jacques Derrida), but even more so that cinema is the ghostly space par excellence.We will therefore try to extend Derrida’s programmatic intuition by exploiting not only the appearances of a few contemporary Japanese ghosts (in the films of Kiyoshi Kurosawa and Hirokazu Kore-eda in particular) but also by revealing the truly ghostly nature of the cinematographic space in general. Indeed, if the phantom is a creature of the threshold, of the liminal, of the intervallary, it is as stuck between the front and the back of the film. The ghost is both present and absent, visible and invisible, inside and outside, here and elsewhere. The figure of the phantom, by its very way of inhabiting space and time, thus introduces an unrealistic, non-mimetic, non-illusionist cinematographic space that is non-continuous, non-volumic, but irreducibly flat, segmented, stuttering and twitching. With the example of the new Japanese ghosts in the cinema, we will try to see how the ghostly creature articulates a strong pictorial tradition in Japan and unpublished contemporary questions, including those on new technologies and cinematographic texture in particular.4) Peter Bernard, Harvard UniversityOn the Poetics of 3.11 Ghost StoriesWhat sorts of relationships exist between disaster, affect, and narrative genre? This paper will consider this question in the context of “disaster ghost stories” (shinsai kaidan) that grapple with the events and aftermath of Japan’s March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami. There is a growing corpus of ghost stories inspired by 3.11; these stories display a remarkable diversity in terms of authorship (ranging from professional writers to amateur storytellers), audience (ranging from the national to the local), and means of circulation (ranging from print to postings online to oral storytelling gatherings). This paper will use representative examples to examine how the kaidan genre has been mobilized and modified to effectively express this intensely traumatic material. Considering shinsai kaidan from the vantage point of literary affect, I will show how these ghost stories expand the affective horizons of the kaidan genre and complicate its “true-story” reportage promise by shifting their narratives into a more lyrical, personal, retrospective register that accompanies an affective intermingling of terror with deep sadness. The unpredictability and instantaneity of affect bound up within kaidan, I argue, makes them a powerful vehicle for the expression of the unpredictability and instantaneity of natural disaster filtered through bodily experience. I believe this in turn has important implications for modes of articulating remembrance and critique in the Anthropocene.Discussant: Lindsay Rebecca Nelson, Meiji UniversitySession 39: RoomNew Perspectives on Murakami Haruki: Transmediality, Gender, the Quest, and LoveOrganizer and Chair: Michael Tsang, Newcastle University2018 marks the 40th anniversary of the moment Murakami Haruki first decided to write a novel. Now one of Japan’s most famous authors, his works have increasingly attracted scholars’ attention from Japan and beyond. This panel brings together researchers around the world to explore new angles in Murakami studies. While much has been written on the postmodern style of his novels, the four papers here engage the breadth of his oeuvre from interdisciplinary perspectives. Tsang opens the panel with a study on transmediated products inspired by Murakami, such as comics and films. Hansen then draws on gender studies to examine some of his female protagonists, narrators and main characters. Giammaria continues with an investigation on the multiple representations of love across his writing career. Finally, Stretcher evaluates critically the relationship between the trope of the quest and psychological trauma in Murakami’s latest novel.The presenters’ diverse backgrounds further highlight how Murakami appeals to scholars around the world and across generations. Currently based in Japan, Ms Giammaria is a graduate student at Sophia University, and Professor Stretcher, an expert on Murakami, has penned numerous articles and books on him. Both based in Newcastle University, Dr Tsang is an early-career Research Associate in Japanese Studies, and Associate Professor Dr Hansen runs a research project on Murakami funded by the UK’s Arts and Humanities Research Council Leadership Fellowship.1) Michael Tsang, Newcastle University Politics of Transmediality in Murakami HarukiMurakami Haruki’s writings are filled with references to works of art, films, jazz and classical music, but this is not the only reason they form an intriguing case study of transmediality—the translation from text to other mediums. Not only have his works been translated into more than 50 languages, his novels and short stories, such as Norwegian Wood and the first and second ‘Attack of Bakery’ stories, have inspired many adaptations across different media and genres including comics, CD compilation, dance performances, artistic works, and films.Using Murakami’s writings and their adapted derivatives as examples, this paper examines what sort of politics is involved in transmedial cultural productions. Specifically, I aim to explore how themes such as gender, history, and capitalism are transposed thematically in the transmediated product. I will also study editorial changes made to the work’s aesthetic representation in accordance with the conventions of the new media platform. Finally, “politics” also refers to Murakami’s pivotal role in questioning the distinction between “pure” literature (junbungaku) and “popular” literature (taishū bungaku). While he has received some of the world’s most prestigious literary awards such as the Franz Kafka Prize (2006), his fandom is typically more associated with popular culture. This paper aims to propose a new research direction for Murakami studies with these multiple approaches to politics and transmediality.2) Gitte Marianne Hansen, Newcastle UniversityWomen in the World of Murakami HarukiMurakami Haruki’s most well-known character-type is undoubtedly the lonesome protagonist—the male narrator who tells his stories through the male pronoun “boku’”(“I”). The few available literary analyses of gender representations in Murakami’s work have generally led to two critical conclusions about his character construction: first, that his fiction mirrors Japanese patriarchy; and second, that he positions female characters traditionally as objects for male subjectivities and sexualities. While some of Murakami’s stories do fit such generalisations, this paper argues that these criticisms appear incomplete. Murakami’s works are not just “boku-stories” (male-narrated-I-stories) that reproduce established gender roles and exploit the female through the male narrative. His works also portray female main characters, protagonists and narrators that act as subjects in their own worlds, using their own language and first person pronoun (“watashi”) to convey stories of their own, as evident in “Sleep” (1989), “The Ice Man” (1991) and “The Little Green Monster” (1991). Murakami’s female characters are therefore not limited to stories about the “mysterious young girl” and “disappeared woman” as told by his male boku-narrators. Readers also encounter female characters that are housewife-narrators and strong-willed protagonists, a character development that mirrors women’s shifting position and paradoxical empowerment in contemporary Japanese society and feminist thought.3) Valentina Giammaria, Sophia University The Many Facets of Love in Murakami HarukiLove is present in a many of Murakami Haruki’s novels, but it appears in a variety of guises. In Japanese, “love” can be expressed as koi (恋), ai (愛), ren’ai (恋愛), suki (好き), or iro (色), each representing a different shade of feeling. In Murakami’s fiction, all of these different types of love are represented through the interactions of the protagonists with other characters. The protagonist seems always to be destined to experience unrequited or unrealisable love, as the person he truly loves disappears or leaves him: both Naokos from Pinball, 1973 (1980) and Norwegian Wood (1987) die; in Kafka on the Shore (2002), the title character’s mother and sister left him when he was just a child; in The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994–95) and Killing Commendatore (2017), both of the main characters are abandoned by their wives after several years of marriage. Examining these varied examples of love, the focus of this paper will be on the differences between real love and “surrogate” love, as well as the differences between young and mature love as they are expressed in the above-mentioned novels.4) Matthew C. Stretcher, Sophia University The Quest as Therapy: Mythic-psychological Underpinnings in Murakami Haruki’s Kishidanchō-goroshiCritics are becoming more acutely aware of the psychological and mythological underpinnings of Murakami Haruki’s fiction in recent years (Iwamiya 2004, Strecher 2014, Uchida 2016). This paper will look at key scenes in Murakami’s most recent novel, Kishidanchō-goroshi (2017; Killing Commendatore) in order to elucidate where these two critical discourses intersect within the text. In particular, it will explore how the mythic quest is presented as a means of overcoming personal trauma and tragedy, essentially in order to heal the damaged soul. Along the way, connections to related texts from a variety of sources (Oscar Wilde, Ueda Akinari, the legends of Faust and Don Juan, etc.) will be explored.Discussant: Chikako Nihei, Yamaguchi University Session 40: RoomIndividual Papers 10: War and PeaceChair: Robert Eskilden, International Christian University 1) Natsuko Godo, International Christian UniversityPeace Activities Before, During and After World War II: Activities by Missionary Esther B. Rhoads of the Religious Society of FriendsThis paper explores Quaker involvement in the peace movement in Japan and United States before, during and after World War II. After the World WarⅡ, Quakers in Japan and United States worked together to provide welfare and food relief for impoverished Japanese through the Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia (LARA). American and Japanese Quakers sought to create a new relationship between the two people on the basis on common humanity and seekers for peace. One of the most important person who worked in Japan as a member of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) and as a LARA representative is Esther B. Rhoads (1895-1979). She traveled between Japan and United States before war and worked as a teacher in Japan. Although her activities have attracted attention for her participation in Social Welfare programs after the war, including LARA, her work in prewar Japan and in wartime America are less well known. During the war years, she worked as a member of AFSC in internment camps for Japanese-Americans. Interestingly, she was able to use connections with the Japanese-American community to help with postwar relief in Japan as many gifts of money and foodstuffs were received by LARA from Japanese-Americans. Although there are several studies that mention her activities during wartime, specific information is lacking. Therefore, on this paper to clarify her thought and activities with the Japanese-Americans in US internment camps during the war years with Japan.2) Raiyah bint Al-Hussein, University of California, Los AngelesDomesticated Violence: Minamoto no Tametomo and the Hōgen monogatariThis paper will examine the ways in which the literary representation of Minamoto no Tametomo in the Hōgen monogatari functions to embody the matrix of interconnected political and familial tensions that marked the Hōgen Rebellion of 1156. It will further assert that Tametomo’s portrayal in the Hōgen monogatari first evokes and then attempts to neutralize 12th century anxieties about the rise of warrior power. Tametomo’s portrayal presents a seemingly contradictory duality. One the one hand, the Hōgen glorifies his exuberantly martial nature - as well as the choice to put familial obligation above political ambition that sets him apart from every other character in the tale. On the other hand, it presents him as a creature that, when not constrained by filial piety, possesses terrifyingly violent appetites – one that ignored imperial authority in order to conquer Kyushu in his youth before spending his post-Hōgen exile rampaging across Izu. In both cases, he forces those under his dominion to pay him taxes while still terrorizing them – thus embodying the fear of both uncontrolled warrior violence and unjust governance. This paper’s examination of the manner in which the Hōgen monogatari’s portrayal of Tametomo first glorifies him into a larger-than-life figure before, necessarily, pacifying the violent, politically disruptive potential he embodies will, therefore, also provide a model for the study of the literary taming of violent figures in other contexts.3) Rajit Mazumder, DePaul University“Killers” and the Nation: Legal Ramifications of Fratricide During the Partition of India, 1947–1950Recent histories of the partition of British India have highlighted the violence unleashed at the personal level in the creation of India and Pakistan. This paper deepens extant scholarship to examine the ramifications of this violence on its perpetrators. It considers one aspect of the violence: fratricide, particularly of females, to protect family ‘honor’. Inevitably, women’s bodies became the site not only to abuse and shame, but also to defend and protect, entire communities. Anthropological and oral historical works by Butalia, Menon and Bhasin, among others, include confessions by men who killed their women to prevent them falling prey to vengeful mobs. This paper examines the legal ramifications that these ‘killers’, victims themselves of the anarchy of 1947, faced in their new nation. Individual cases allow us to examine how India addressed the crimes committed during its very birth. How did the new state, scrambling to deal with the largest refugee crisis of the 20th century, pursue these crimes? This paper investigates fundamental questions surprisingly unasked, if not totally absent, in the vast scholarly and governmental literature created in the aftermath of the partition of British India. A study of fratricide also deepens our understanding of how communities perpetrate, and respond to, violence on women in South Asia and beyond. Finally, this paper will be of interest to scholars of Asia interested in the history and anthropology of violence.4) Andrea Mendoza, Cornell UniversityMadwoman’s Address: Witnessing the Poetics of War Trauma in Enchi’s OnnamenA narrative in which the concepts of history, literature, and trauma closely intertwine, Enchi Fumiko’s Onnamen (Masks, 1958) places into question the possibility for writing memory in the face of its repression and the potential for literature to bear witness to the repressed. In this presentation, I address Enchi’s narrative’s proximity to the history of the Asia-Pacific War and its ghostly residues. In Onnamen, the inability to fully know the hauntings of the past within the present is central to the questions raised in the novel’s tracing a history of a patrilineal inheritance betrayed by the protagonist Mieko’s extramarital affair and its tragic loss. Here, I will ask, what does it mean to read the narrative structures of war trauma and women’s madness in Onnamen through Mieko’s delayed and failed revelation and the violence that her trauma eventually perpetuates? This paper therefore explores how the figure of the madwoman and the masks that she takes on occupy an important, performative space within the trajectory of piecing together the phantasms of war history. The literary structures of trauma and madness in Onnamen, I will argue, demonstrate the transgressive poesis of a struggle against the patriarchal inheritances of history that deploys feminine violence as a creational, yet disastrous, force. Reading Onnamen through the revelations that arise out of the site of trauma in the novel thus allows for thinking and unmasking, anew, the madwoman’s unclaimed address.Session 41: RoomIndividual Papers 11: International RelationsChair: TBA1) Sanchez Cesar Miriam Laura, City University of Hong Kong The Rationale of Chinese NOCs’ Internationalization Process: A Dynamic Between the State and the MarketThe creation of global competitive enterprises in strategic sectors has been one the fundamental goals of the Chinese industrial policy since the mid-1990s, an interest that follows the assumption of using the state’s means to make them more efficient versus their foreign competitors. The state- National Oil Companies relationship is best understood not in complete state control or total autonomy terms but as an evolving process between different actors within the not well-coordinated energy governance structure. By deconstructing the Chinese NOCs? globalization process, it is possible to highlight the division between the exclusively business initiatives and the Chinese State responses. The analysis of the Chinese NOCs internationalization stages and the convergence or distance from Beijing concerning these operations denotes the rugged, fragmented, and no linear nature of the relationship between the Chinese NOCs and the state. The argument that I will advance in my presentation, supported by evidence gathered from recent fieldwork in Latin America is that the form and degree of Chinese activity in oil procurement varies considerably depending on host country characteristics. The argument has significant implications for how we understand Chinese influence abroad and, indeed, the nature of the Chinese state, with specific Chinese state and state-linked actors operating with considerably more autonomy and concern for market imperatives than is often thought. 2) Mai Isoyama, University of TokyoThe Asia Foundation in Japan and the Cold War Educational Research NetworkFocusing on The Asia Foundation’s funding of the Institute for Student Affairs in Japan, this presentation uses the Foundation’s archival records and official documents from the U.S. government and the Institute to clarify the significance and limitations of the Foundation’s activities vis–à–vis US foreign policy, which aimed to build hegemony in Japanese education. The Institute conducted sociological and psychological research on Japanese students from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, when Communism’s expansion among Japanese students was a critical issue for the U.S. government and Japanese liberalists. The grant helped form a network of anti-communist and Christian liberal intellectuals. Moreover, by establishing the Institute and providing research equipment, the grant encouraged student research based on American-style counseling and social surveys. The U.S. government used these surveys to gather data on Japanese students’ behavior and attitudes, which influenced the U.S. government’s diplomatic strategy toward Japan. Although the Institute depended on the Foundation for operating funds, and therefore closed down when the Foundation’s grant ended, the intellectuals who participated in the study continued to disseminate academic counseling knowledge in Japan. This suggests that the Foundation accelerated the penetration of American academic knowledge into the educational research field in Japan, which indirectly slowed the expansion of Communism.4) Tony Tai-Ting Liu, National Chung Hsing UniversityJapan-China-Taiwan Relations in the New Century: Opportunities and ChallengesFollowing China’s rise after the Cold War and heightened competition with Japan over regional leadership – replacing Japan as the second largest economy in the world in 2010 – Japan-China relations deteriorated quickly, evidenced by growing maritime tensions between the two countries and Japan’s warming relations with Taiwan, particularly after the Tohoku earthquake in 2011. Noting the power transition between Japan and China in the new century, this paper examines how such change has generated an opportunity for Japan to improve relations with Taiwan while creating a new variable for Japan-China relations. The question is discussed in four parts. Part one briefly reviews the development of Japan-China relations in the post Cold War period and deterioration of the relationship between Tokyo and Beijing in recent years. Building on such discussion, part two observes the development of Japan-Taiwan relations in the same period and various political, economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation that have greatly consolidated the relationship between Tokyo and Taipei. Part three looks at the strategic dimension of Japan-Taiwan relations and its potential implications for Japan-China relations. Part four concludes with some considerations on the future of Japan’s respective relationship with Taiwan and China, noting in particular the influences of China’s new institutional projects and US retreat the Asia Pacific.4) Yu-chi Chang, Brown UniversityThe Contour of the State: Maps and the Production of Geographic Knowledge in China, 1920s–1940sThe imagination of a geographically unified state is a haunting ghost in the political ideology of modern Chinese regimes throughout the twentieth and the twentieth-first centuries.?Although the territorial issue has been one of the keynotes in early-twentieth-century and contemporary Chinese political discourses, questions such as how and why the territory of modern China was usually viewed historically inherent by political actors as well as to what extent did geographic knowledge shape Chinese people’s concepts of the nation-state have not been fully elaborated in historical studies yet. This paper focuses on how maps and geographic textbooks under state censorship shaped the public’s understanding of the national territory and the image of the state in an era that the physical and conceptual contours of the state were polymorphous and uncertain. Also, it?traces how the Nationalist Government attempted to control discourses regarding China’s?national territory and borderlands by using censorship on maps and geographic publications. This paper addresses the role of what I call “geographic nationalism”?in the making of modern China; I argue that map-making and state censorship on the production of geographic knowledge have long articulated the issues of “lost territories,”?“uncertain boundaries,”?and nationalism?of Chinese people in the early twentieth?century and keep playing an important role in contemporary political and cultural discourses in China.SUNDAY AFTERNOON II SESSIONS: 15:40–17:40Session 42: RoomJapanese Culinary Politics: Taste, Nutrition, Safety and StatusOrganizer and Chair: James Farrer, Sophia UniversityEspecially since the recognition of “washoku” as intangible culinary heritage by UNESCO in 2016, the politics of Japanese cuisine has generated admiration and controversy worldwide. Culinary politics is not limited to state actors, however, nor is it merely concerned with cultural diplomacy. All over the world, food is the focus of cultural criticism, environmental and health scares, identity politics, and tourism promotion. All of these can be labeled culinary politics. As these papers show, culinary politics ranges across a variety of issues from health, safety and nutrition, to authenticity and taste, to regional and national identity. Around these issues and debates, cultural networks, social movements, and institutional responses take form at local, national and transnational scales. The papers on this panel identify transnational, national and regional arenas of culinary politics, while giving detailed empirical accounts of the issues at stake. Linking them together is the globalization of Japanese foodways, in which the transnational food trade and globalizing foodways are perceived simultaneously as a threat and opportunity by state and non-state actors. Issues such as food safety, food dependency, culinary hierarchies and culinary authenticity are all linked to these globalizing processes.1) James Farrer, Sophia UniversityThe Culinary Politics of Taste in Global Japanese Restaurant CuisineIn recent years, Japanese restaurants have proliferated around the globe, increasing from 24,000 in 2006 to 89,000 in 2015 according to Japanese government reports (MAFF 2015). Authenticity and taste have become the focus of culinary politics within the increasingly globalized field of Japanese culinary production and consumption (Farrer 2015, Sakamoto and Allen 2011). Such politics includes interventions by the Japanese state, such as the restaurant certification program announced in 2006, caricatured as the “sushi police,” and more sophisticated interventions such as the Japan House exhibitions this year in London, Sao Paolo and Los Angeles. However, such state-led culinary politics operates in a globalized culinary field dominated by non-state opinion leaders such as the Michelin Guides and the World’s Best Restaurants lists. These in turn compete for influence with large consumer opinion websites. In local markets, restaurant groups and small media outlets exercise a powerful but local influence. The culinary field is a space of culinary politics on multiple levels and scales involving diverse state and non-state actors. Our research group uses a comparative perspective to investigate how this culinary politics operates on a global scale.2) Stephanie Assmann, Hokkaido UniversityCulinary Politics: The Revival of Shokuiku in JapanGlobal concerns about the rise of obesity and lifestyle-related health conditions have prompted numerous governments of industrial nations to initiate educational campaigns with the objective to improve their citizens’ eating habits. This is also the case in Japan where the enactment of the Fundamental Law of Food Education in 2005 led to the launch of a nationwide food education campaign called shokuiku, which is now part of school lunch programs and nutritional guidelines. A closer look at the current campaign reveals that shokuiku is a historical concept and needs to be seen in the wider context of culinary politics that sought to enable Japanese citizens to cope with the demands of modernity but also pursued a nationalistic agenda. Nutritional debates in the Meiji period included the encouragement of meat consumption and polished rice as a sign of civilization whereas the early shokuiku teachings viewed food education as part of a holistic educational concept, which stressed self-cultivation, discipline, familial conviviality and an appreciation of local food. Through tracing the historical roots of shokuiku, I argue that the current revival of this educational concept represents an anti-globalization force that seeks to improve the nation’s dietary habits and supports ailing rural economies.3) Tine Walravens, Ghent UniversityTrust beyond Safety: Official Responses to Food Incidents in JapanA series of food-related incidents deeply eroded public trust in the regulatory framework ensuring food safety in Japan. Institutional changes followed, as the government set out to regain consumer confidence in the domestic food supply (MAFF 2001). Crises, such as the BSE incident, should be seen as inherent to the food system, and the management of them becomes an element of the system itself (Kjaernes, Harvey, & Warde 2007). However, despite being one of the defining factors of consumer confidence (De Jonge et al. 2008), institutional trust is often overlooked in studies of the management of these food safety crises in Japan. This presentation explores the trust dynamics in the government’s response to the BSE outbreak in 2001, the poisoned dumpling incident in 2008 and the radioactive contamination of the food supply after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. Based on Peters (1997), Johnson (1999) and Maeda & Miyahara (2003), four analytical dimensions of trust in the regulatory authorities are defined: (1) openness and honesty, (2) care and concern, (3) competence and (4) consensual values. The analysis demonstrates that in any of the three cases, the image of competence is a major concern in the government’s response, whereas the factor of care and concern is entirely lacking. Furthermore, it is argued that, when trust is a priority, consensual values are strongly appealed to in convincing the public about the safety of the food supply. 4) Chuanfei Wang, Sophia UniversityWine Producing and Consuming in Japan: Culinary Politics in the Global Wine WorldProducing domestic wine has been increasingly regarded by governments around the world as a national project. This presentation will discuss Japan’s case. Using the “wine worlds approach”, built upon Howard Becker’s idea of “art worlds” (1982), I treat wine as a cultural product. A “wine world” is an interpretative community consisting of various actors. All of the actors interact with one another in the creation of shared cultural meanings associated with the consumption of wine. In recent decades, the wine world has become a stratified global network. In this paper, Japan’s wine producing and consuming are examined though the ethnography of three types of wine scenes--Japanese wine festival; Japanese wine tourism in wine producing rural areas; and Japanese wine bars. The ethnography will show how the producers, the sommeliers, government agencies and the consumers interact each other to improve the image of Japanese wine. In particular, government policy has pushed Japanese wine producers to improve the overall quality of their products. Improvements in wine quality make wine-related tourism possible. Tourism is regarded as a way for Japan’s rural regions to address the social problems caused by aging populations and intensified urbanization. Discussant: Shoko Imai, University of TokyoSession 43: RoomAt the Interstices of Empires: Cultural Fissures, In-between Spaces, and the Manufacturing of (Neo-)Colonialism in the Northwest Pacific, 1895-1953Organizer: Li Youjia, Northwestern UniversityChair: Okamoto Koichi, Waseda UniversityThis panel brings together scholars of the Japanese and American empires to explore a trans-war, inter-colonial approach to understanding the workings of imperial formations in East Asia. Comparing four different colonial scenarios, we propose a methodological refocusing on the spatial-linguistic interstices of colonial empires as crucial sites for the production of East Asian postcoloniality. Dong’s paper explores how the space of soldier cemeteries in Manchuria became a contested site that came to represent the rising imperial power of Japan in the late 19th and early 20th century; Li’s paper discusses the balancing acts among colonial bureaucracy, indigenous capital, and island geography that fueled the unexpected rise of human-drawn pushcar railway and redefined Taiwan’s (post-)colonial spatial hierarchy; Matsudaira’s work analyzes how the manifest in-between-ness of the Japanese-American soldiers enabled the American forces to capitalize on the legacies of the Japanese empire in Korea; Rui examines the changing ideas of rights and legality at the margins of the Japanese empire through a reconstruction of the Sino-Japanese self-governance movement in the Manchurian borderland before and after the Mukden incident in 1931. Throughout, the inter-colonial parallels show that geographic and cultural contingencies unique to the in-between zones mediated key forms of postcolonial spaces and subjectivities, thus enabling us to problematize the becoming of postwar boundaries on colonial middle grounds. 1) Dong Yuting, Harvard UniversityLand and Ashes: Why Cemeteries Became “Sacred” in Manchuria (1898–1945)?This paper focuses on the implications of emphasizing cemeteries, especially of soldiers, as a sacred space in Manchuria during the late 19th and early 20th century. With the expansion of military power in Japan, the land for military use also grew in both the home island and the empire at large. The burial ground for soldiers became part of the military land. On the one hand, by claiming its administrative power over the burial grounds, the Japanese military power in Manchuria successfully expanded its control over more territories, especially in the face of constant doubts and questions from the Chinese side. On the other hand, behind the emphasis of the “sacredness” of such burial grounds lay a conflict of interests between the expanding military force and the demands for lands from non-military communities. For many communities, lands were for farming, husbandry, or gaining profits by selling the earth. Once left unattended by the armies, the burial grounds soon were grasped by local communities to meet their own needs. Crowning the burial ground as a sacred place—together with the erections of memorial monuments, such as chureitō and chūkonhi, and the planting of trees and flowers—the military power attempted to voice its own interests through the space of cemeteries. I argue that the “sacredness” of cemeteries represented the conflicts over lands with the rise of military power in Japan.2) Li Youjia, Northwestern UniversityHuman-powered Metropolis: Push-car Railway in Taiwan and Spatial Construction of Colonial Urban SpacesThis paper examines the innovation of human-powered push-car railway, its subsequent diffusion from Japan to colonial Taiwan, and its transformative effects on colonial urban spaces in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Human driving carriages on railways was an underwritten chapter in urban railway transporation, which usually features horse-drawn or electrified railways as precedents to the subway system. Although mostly used as leisure transport in Japan’s urban areas – such as around shrine and hot spring regions – the push-car railway system operated on a much larger scale all across Taiwan. Invented as an expedient way to deploy Japanese troops across Taiwan’s hinterlands, it soon expanded into a massive system of civilian passenger and cargo transportation. By the time of its final retirement in the 1970s, it had helped remapped the city hierachy of Taiwan, becoming an icon in indigenous memories of colonial modernization. The push-car railway industry was one of a few industries in which Japanese administrators and entrepreneurs had to work closely with local capital, which showcases the constant negotiation and compromises on both sides of the colonial structure that characterized Japan’s first colonization project. This paper also proposes that mundane refinement of semantic forms of technology could be just as important as the pursuit of advanced technology in transforming social behavior, reshaping urban spaces, and defining modernity.3) Matsudaira Keaki, Sophia UniversityThe Aftermath of the Japanese Empire for Japanese Americans: An Examination of the Military Experience during the Korean WarThis presentation examines the aftermath of the Japanese Empire for Japanese Americans, by studying their military experience as Japanese translators and interrogators during the Korean War.The experiences of Japanese Americans have been described as “Between Two Empires” by Eiichiro Azuma. This work is important in understanding how they were involved in and struggling between the Japanese Empire and the US Empire, although it only discusses up to 1945. However, Japanese Americans were still influenced by the two empires after WWII. For instance, Japanese American Nisei (the second generation) encountered Korean people when they served in Korea as the US military because both were connected through “Japanese language.” For Japanese Americans, the language was “cultural heritage,” and for Koreans, it was a “former colonial language.” During the war, the Nisei soldiers worked with South Koreans and interrogated North Korean POWs in Japanese. The US Army, which was supposed to take the initiative in decolonizing Korea, employed the product of empire – colonial language - to aid their work.I will examine how Nisei soldiers were faced with the “former Japanese Empire” during the Korean War by analyzing oral histories. Some of them show that Nisei experienced deeply ingrained hatred from Koreans even though they served there as US soldiers. In this way, it can be said that both Japanese Americans and Koreans were struggling against the aftermath of the Japanese Empire.4) Hua Rui, Harvard UniversityWhere Empires Run Aground: Trans-Temporal Imageries of the Russo-Manchurian Border and the Making of the Northeast Asian Territorial SpaceIndigenous self-governance under imperial patronage was a key element in the Japanese colonial discourse of the early 1930s. Recent scholarship has suggested that this brand of trans-Asian imperialism was an offshoot of the anti-imperial internationalism of the interwar decade. Using previously untapped archival sources, this paper reconstructs the borderland pretext to this critical discursive shift in Japan’s Northeast Asian empire. It traces how the Russians and Chinese weaponized the concept of self-governance in their earlier bids to control Manchuria, a contentious process that culminated in the Chinese experiments with frontier electoral politics in the late 1920s. Rising to power at a perilous time of inter-imperial rivalry, the nationalist-minded Northeast Chinese regime under Zhang Xueliang used voting rights as a symbolic instrument in an elaborate program to territorialize the multinational frontier. Resonating with earlier endeavors in the Russian sphere of influence in North Manchuria, the project involved everything from the contentious production of electorate maps to the restructuring of rural judicial infrastructure. Zhang’s liberal utopia nevertheless ended in an interwar dystopia. It gave rise to a new local culture of legality, which revolved around the indigenous right to self-governance and grassroots legal activism against the interventionist state. The Japanese colonizers seized upon the concept, yet remolded its meaning in a subtle epistemological transition from interwar civil rights to the so-called “human rights” in a new colonial legal regime.Discussant: Okamoto Koichi, Waseda UniversitySession 44: RoomTaishō Love: Romance and Marriage Played out on Page, Stage, and in SocietyOrganizer: Miriam Wattles, University of California, Santa BarbaraChair: Mark A. Jones, Central Connecticut State UniversityThe lexical framing of emotions shifted markedly from Meiji to Taisho, amidst the importation and absorption of Western notions and behaviors and the steady propulsion to modernize. Different from affect, which acts amorphously, emotions—especially newly emerging ones—are named and defined to become the center of discourse; in the process, emotional communities form and become motivating forces for social debate and demonstrative action.Initially, Meiji writers, critics and social reformers worked to promote the idea of “love” as part of the reconstitution of marriage and family, discarding the aesthetic appeal of iro 色and the lustiness of koi 恋 in favor of a broadened usage of ai 愛 that newly emphasized an elevated connection with the spirit (Saeki). By the mid-Taishō years, the discourse on rabuラブ, ai, and ren’ai 恋愛 was widely embraced and hotly contested. The new potentialities of love were acted out, depicted, and voraciously discussed in the public sphere. Was this new love a liberator or a social bane? Jones focuses on the notorious series of love-escapades during 1921 that stimulated public debate on the meaning of ren’ai (romantic love); Fujioka analyzes issues that arose around “love” arising from the strong infusion of Western elements in the popular musical “Philosophy of Love” (Rabu tetsugaku; 1922); and Wattles examines the hit manga by Okamoto Ippei, "Someone’s Life" (Hito no isshō; 1921-27) for its sly stabs at modern romance and marriage.1) Mark A. Jones, Central Connecticut State UniversityThe Year of Runaway Love: Emotion and Opportunity in 1921 JapanDuring the Taishō era, the new middle class (shinchū kansō) promoted themselves as the vanguard of an enlightened citizenry envisioning society anew, as a democratic space favorably inclined toward the realization of modern dreams. Their dreams extended beyond educational achievement and consumerist pleasure to include a desire for emotional fulfillment. One particular emotional pleasure sought by the middle class was the experience of romantic love (ren’ai). Their public commitment to romantic love burst forth suddenly and unexpectedly in 1921. In that year, a scandalous series of love incidents prompted widespread reflection on the merits and demerits of the individual’s pursuit of emotional satisfaction. As emotional moments multiplied, talk of love oxygenated the urban atmosphere, leaving Japan’s highly educated public pondering the power of human feeling to remake the emotional etiquette of modern society. Was the individual’s quest for romantic love capable of creating a collective emotional force that could destroy lingering social restrictions and widen access to emotional opportunity? Or was love a primitive feeling that inspired impulsive action and tore asunder the social fabric? These incidents illuminate important stories of the 1920s, including the rise of the middle class as a social group defined by its pursuit of emotion, and the overlooked place of opportunity seeking—in particular, love seeking—in the story of Taishō-era democracy. 2) Ayumi Fujioka, Sugiyama Jogakuen UniversityA New Transnational Performance under the Spell of Love: “Philosophy of Love” at the Imperial Theatre, 1922“Ai” as a translation of love, was first enacted in the realm of theatre at the beginning of the Taisho era. It had emerged as a translation of ‘love’ along with the modernisation and Westernisation of Japanese literature, drama, and philosophy. Although other words such as “koi” and “nasake” were previously used to translate love for the stage during Meiji era, a new holistic concept of the word ‘ai’ that included aesthetic appeal, sexual lustiness, and spiritual aspects began to be introduced out of the tensions of translated Western dramas, shocking audiences and raising controversy. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1911), Sudermann’s Magda (1912), and a play from Mérimée’s Carmen (1918) stimulated much debate in the 1910s, whilst Japanese playwrights, such as Kan Kikuchi and Momozō Kurata, simultaneously started to promote a broadened concept of ‘ai’ to large audiences. Around 1920, there were a number of popular performances that highlighted the issues of “ai”, one of which was a satirical musical comedy ‘Philosophy of Love’ (Rabu Tetsugaku) written by Tarō Masuda and performed at the Imperial Theatre in 1922. The form of this musical comedy was heavily indebted to that of British musical comedy and the issues of love depicted in the play reflected much of Victorian sexual double standard. The issue of love=ai provides a new lens to understand transnational forms of performances, which attracted large audiences in Taishō Japan.3) Miriam Wattles, University of California, Santa BarbaraRomantic Love, Rejected: Ippei’s Satire of Taishō Feeling in “Someone’s Life” (1927)The bumblings of Tadano Hitonari (literally, Just Becoming-someone), the weak-willed protagonist of “Someone’s Life” (Hito no isshō), make for constant reversals of normative expectations; love, marriage and prosperity are never in store for the reader. Writing his illustrated story serially off and on from 1921 (for Asahi newspaper and then Fujokai magazine), in the preface to the hardback published in 1927 Okamoto Ippei stressed his deep resolve to have what he dubbed a “manga shosetsu” express the “emotions and conditions of the times” (setai ninjo), and to create an artwork that would impact the future. Tadanori’s misadventures result in a humorous attack on the modern aspiration to marry for love as a foundation for social and financial success. Growing up, the protagonist is rejected by adult rabu, and is taught marriage is about altercation from playing house with the bossy girl next door. As a young man, no fewer than three expect to marry him: a rich bourgeois daughter, a café waitress, and a girl from his country. Yet his heart remains with his childhood friend. When the kind of love leading to marriage proves impossible, pledges of everlasting brother-sister love prevail. Afterwards, deciding to use his ex-sweethearts’ affection as his “capital” Tadano starts a rice store, which he manages to run without capital. This popular early manga ironically pictures and speaks the “structure of feeling” (R Williams) of its time.Discussant: Robert Tierney, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignSession 45: RoomIterations of Individuality and Selfhood in Modernizing Japan, 1890—1930sOrganizer and Chair: W. Puck Brecher, Washington State UniversityJapan’s engagement with modernity was fraught with tensions between self-interest and state-interest. These tensions are symbolized by the Imperial Rescript’s call for young “subjects” to “offer themselves courageously for the state,” and the concurrent emergence of a powerful discourse on individuality (kosei). This panel’s four papers explore how individuals in various contexts constructed and expressed individuality and selfhood between 1890 and the 1930s, a period of growing nationalism and state oversight. Hiroyuki Tsutsumi begins with a study of how middle school students sought to reconcile individuality and school spirit, as expressed through school colors. Puck Brecher then discusses how mid-Meiji educators used modern leisure (and summer vacationing in particular) to promote and prescribe forms of individualized self-cultivation. Yusuke Tanaka’s research focuses on a Sendai higher school where the private practice of diary-writing was transformed into a rich public sphere wherein students shared and debated authentic self-expression. Finally, Robert Ono underscores the tensions underlying selfhood and state interest by contrasting “leprosy literature” (literary self-representations by Hansen’s disease patients) with government publications that subtly manipulated those patients’ confessions. Collectively, these four studies examine some of the contexts wherein young Japanese negotiated between modern selfhood and their countervailing responsibilities as citizens.1) Hiroyuki Tsutsumi, Jobu UniversityStudent Individualism and School Identity based on “School Colors”: A Case Study of an Old-System Middle School in Nagano PrefectureThe purpose of this study is to consider the conflict between the individuality of students and their “school colors” (kōfū), which is consisted of the collective identity of the school and the diversity of its members. While modern schools in Japan went through various conflicts, each school was simultaneously required to perform congruently as a system. This paper focuses on “school colors” to clarify this structure, especially from the 1890s to the 1910s, by looking into an alumni association in a middle school in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture. School colors were not a strong representation of school identity; rather, it vaguely implied a suitable attitude for students attending a particular middle school. With the 1899 Amendment to the Middle School Order, however, the number of middle schools increased rapidly, as did interscholastic sporting events. At such events, students wore their school color to differentiate themselves from other schools. Students’ school spirit was closely associated with their schools’ performance at sports, and they demonstrated their spirit through cheering at the events. While the diversity of the students was preserved, the students were, at the same time, indispensable members of the school, and their identity was represented through school colors. Moreover, since their identity depended on school membership, students constantly redefined their school colors.2) W. Puck Brecher, Washington State UniversityLeisure as Prescribed Individuality in the Meiji EraIn Japan’s Taisho period (1912–1926), growing numbers of disillusioned urbanites were exhibiting what the government called “rampant individualism” and what Maruyama Masao referred to as an “existential boom.” The merits and dangers of individualism were vigorously debated through the Taisho era and afterward, but the antecedents of this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. In fact, interest in individuality (kosei) and self-making had been gaining momentum since the mid-Meiji years, momentum that was fueled in large part by growing interest and participation in modern notions of health and leisure. This paper shows how, from the 1890s, early proponents of modern leisure—summering at bucolic resorts and engaging in pastimes like mountaineering, sea bathing, and other predominantly Western sports—connected the health benefits of these pursuits to individuation. Many of these proponents were writers and educators, intellectuals who helped shape public school curricula to train students to use their leisure time in ways that maximally developed their individuality. In this way, the paper argues, individuality became a prescribed set of “modern” qualities and values that right-minded individuals pursued during the relative freedoms afforded by leisure. The paper’s findings challenge the stereotype of modern Japan as a unilaterally collectivist society.3) Yusuke Tanaka, Meiji Gakuin UniversityVoices of Others Meddling in Naked Self-Expression: The Christian Dormitory Diaries at the Second Higher School in Taisho periodChūai Ryō Nisshi (忠愛寮日誌) is a series of diaries written by Christian dormitory students at the Second Higher School in Sendai city. Spanning from the late Meiji to early postwar Showa, students of Chūai Ryō devotedly kept dormitory diaries. Essentially, the purpose was to keep a record of the morning church services, with the verses from the Bible and hymns read and sang on each occasion. By the late Taisho period, however, the students took advantage of the diary to share their otherwise concealed ideas: their beliefs, thoughts, anxieties, and distresses. In short, upstanding or “naked” self-expressions became the main concern in the discourse of this public diary. This paper analyzes the manner in which the students expressed themselves (often audaciously) under the scrutiny of intimate readers, i.e. their dormitory fellows. They sought sincerity in their entries and expected others to do the same. Occasionally the readers added critical comments on an entry, which in some cases evoked more responses from others, resulting in heated discussions. Even when such disputes ensued, they were expected to be sincere by keeping self-expression authentic. Through examining the norm of the diary discourse, this paper aims to understand in depth the unique mode of reading and writing performed by Chūai Ryō students, and to evaluate this case in a larger context: the social history of implicit ritual concerning naked self-expression in modern Japan.4) Robert Ono, Japan College of Social WorkThe Leading Confession: Self-Representation of Leprosy Patients During the 1920s–1930sJapan in the 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of at least two contrasting sets of self-representation by the patients of Hansen’s disease, who were legally forced to reside in designated leprosaria scattered across the country. On the one hand, enthusiastic young writers such as Hōjō Tamio (1914–1937) endeavored to dissect their identities through works of fiction in front of readers nationwide, igniting the rather short-lived but influential boom of so-called “leprosy literature.” On the other hand, the government too was eager to encourage patients to share their views on the disease and the situations they were in; for example, the Home Ministry of Japan published Rai Kanja no Kokuhaku, or The Confessions of Leprosy Patients in 1923, a collection of articles penned by the patients dating from 1921. By juxtaposing the two, this paper aims to shed a light on how the articles of The Confessions were carefully manipulated to justify the government’s policy towards the disease; in other words, how the “confessions,” which by definition imply the articulation of true representation of the self, were in reality (mis)led by the government to reflect the ideals of the state, rather than those of the patients. Discussant: M. William Steele, International Christian UniversitySession 46: RoomXingling (Native Sensibility) after Yuan Hongdao: The Inheritance and Innovation of Classical Chinese Poetics in Early Modern China and JapanOrganizer: Wanming Wang, McGill UniversityChair: Jonathan Chaves, George Washington University1) Kinyip Hui, Community College of City UniversityThe Reconciliation of Natural Sensibility and Style and Tone in Late Ming Poetics: A Case Study of Tang Ruxun’s Huibian Tangshi shijiBy the end of the sixteenth century, the Chinese poet Yuan Hongdao in his poetic theory strongly advocated the importance of xingling, a criterion highlighting a poet’s native sensibility and spontaneous inspiration. This panel will demonstrate the reception and innovation of the xingling theory from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century in China and Japan. We examine four approaches that provide instances of underexplored aspects of the xingling theory. Kin-yip Hui shows Tang Ruxun’s (1565–1623?) reconciliation of two popular criteria, xingling and gediao (poetic styles and tones) in his anthologization of Tang poetry. Wanming Wang explores Yuan Mei’s (1716–1798) interpretation of the historic authority of two criteria, xingling and xingqing (a poet’s nature and emotions), in his opposition to the division between Tang and Song poetry. Rintaro Goyama explicates how Yanada Zeigan (1672–1757) revised Yuan’s xingling theory in his poetry by his frequent application of historical allusions and his imaginative depictions. Matthew Fraleigh investigates how Koga Tōan (1788–1847) engaged in complex ways with the xingling theory, accepting it in part while also critiquing its exponents and reception in Japan. This panel showcases early modern Chinese and Japanese scholars’ shared attempts to develop the xingling theory by highlighting their differences, Chinese literati’s synthesis of previous poetics and Japanese literati’s reactions against their Chinese predecessors.2) Wanming Wang, McGill UniversityXingling and Xingqing: Yuan Mei’s Poetics in the Debate over Tang and Song Poetry?In the late sixteenth century, the School of Natural Sensibility, represented by Yuan Hongdao (1568–1610), encouraged poets to demonstrate their originality and inspiration. It competed with the School of Style and Tone, which imitated the High Tang poetic style exclusively. This paper analyzes an anthology compiled by Tang Runxun, Huibian Tangshi shiji, which brings together three anthologies. Two of these three, Gao Bing’s (1350–1423) Tangshi zhengsheng (The Correct Sounds of Tang Poetry) and Li Panglong’s (1514–1570) Tangshi xuan (A Selection of Tang Poetry), represent the School of Style and Tone. The third, Zhong Xing’s (1574–1625) Tangshi gui (A Return to Tang Poetry), is a work of the School of Natural Sensibility. Tang’s anthology collects the commentaries on the poems from these anthologies and provides Tang’s remarks on them. I demonstrate that Tang’s poetic values synthesize those of the three anthologies. Tang accepts the structure of Tangshi zhengsheng as the orthodox approach but finds this anthology lacking in poems of noble and vigorous styles. He agrees with Li Panglong’s preference for noble and vigorous styles in Tangshi xuan but denigrates Li’s exclusion of other poetic styles. While appreciating the flavor of serene, quiet elegance in Tangshi gui, he opposed Zhong Xing’s obsession with the characteristics of strangeness and casualness. His practices exemplify the efforts to reconcile the two influential poetry schools in the early seventeenth century.3) Rintaro Goyama, Keio UniversityHow Did Early Modern Japanese Poets Understand “Innate Sensibility?”: The Reception of Yuan Hongdao by Yanada ZeiganYuan Hongdao, a prominent late-Ming literary scholar, is famous for his unique literary theory that emphasizes the importance of xingling or “innate sensibility.” It has been pointed out that Yuan Hongdao’s works and theory were widely read by Early Modern Japanese poets, however the matter of how Japanese poets actually understood and were inspired by his poems hasnot fully explored. Yanada Zeigan, a scholar who worked for Akashi clan, is a good example to analyze this topic. Zeigan was initially a keen admirer of Yuan Hongdao and Xu Wei (1521–1593), a poet praised by Yuan Hongdao, although Zeigan would later abandon this preference. Zeigan used the phrase “kaleidoscopic imagery” to depict his attitude toward composing poems in light of Yuan Hongdao’s poetic theories, which suggests his high evaluation of the spectacular expressions in Yuan’s works. Zeigan composed several poems where he explicitly noted being inspired by Yuan and Xu’s work. Although the contents of these poems range widely reflecting the complexity of two poets’ ideas, it is worth noting that some of them were full of historical allusions and fascinating depictions. For Zeigan, xingling theory was more strongly associated with the free exertion of imagination rather than the frank declaration of inner feeling, a characteristic that was to a certain degree shared with other Japanese poets in this age.4) Matthew Fraleigh, Brandeis UniversityKoga Tōan’s Encounter with Yuan Mei’s Eighteenth Century “A Pest in the Forest of Poetry”Nineteenth-century Japan saw the proliferation of shiwa or “remarks on poetry,” a genre of literary treatise in which Sinitic scholars, inspired by continental shihua precedents, introduced exemplary verses, theorized about the aims and functions of poetry, and offered practical advice to aspiring writers. Written in the wake of the initial surge in popularity of this new medium of poetic criticism, Hishiwa (“Opposing remarks on poetry,” 1814) by the Japanese scholar Koga Tōan is a lengthy treatise that reflects Tōan’s reading of and reflection upon dozens of these treatises that had been imported from abroad as well as those written in Japan. In addition to presenting Tōan’s idiosyncratic ideas about the nature and purpose of Sinitic poetry, the work is a tendentious argument about the genre of shihua itself: one of the first comprehensive studies of the genre to appear anywhere. This paper focuses on Tōan’s complex engagement in the work with theories of xingling (native sensibility) and its poetic exemplars, particularly Yuan Mei, whose Suiyuan shihua had recently been reprinted in Japan and had inspired Tōan and his contemporaries. In Hishiwa, Tōan recounts his youthful enchantment with Yuan Mei and subsequent shunning of this “pest in the forest of poetry.” While endorsing the emphasis on individual affective self-expression with which Yuan Mei was associated, Tōan noted the limitations of such an approach and to fault the way Yuan Mei’s theories had been read in Japan.Discussant: Jonathan Chaves, George Washington UniversitySession 47: RoomIndividual Papers 12: A Very Niche FilmChair: Lisa Yinghong Li, J.F. Obirin University1) Mei Yang, University of California, San DiegoFrom Displacement to Homecoming: Poetry as Relational Space in Contemporary Chinese CinemaIn their resonance with films made by Jia Zhangke, recent Chinese films unveil a relational space, or a cosmology, in which the hometown manages to exist as the reification of childhood and memory. Kaili Blues (dir. Bi Gan, 2015) includes eight poems written by the director to structure the protagonist’s trip from his hometown to a nearby city. Chai Chunya’s Four Ways to Die in My Hometown (2012) laments the destruction of folk belief system through the voices of country poets. Poetry in these films creates a reflexive space to instate an artistic subject who commemorates the disappeared time through traveling in interrelated locations. In light of Lyotard’s critiques, text crossing can be construed as an intervention in the accelerating process of modernity that befalls and evades selfhood, an “inhuman condition” shared within and beyond the film diegesis. By augmenting writing in film images, present-day Chinese cinema displays a reset sense of history wherein home and tradition is not a stasis but a springboard to envision a livable future. Through cinematic lyricism, directors bring individuals back to the remaking of history—the mechanism at work is not to retell the epical past from an individualistic perspective, but to allow the receding ways of life to debunk both the end of history schema and the epistemological impasse that perceives history as a monstrous and helpless externality.2) Hannah Airriess, University of California, BerkeleyCorporate Cartographies: Salaryman Cinema in Japan’s Era of High Economic Growth.My paper focuses on Japanese cinematic narratives of white-collar workers (salarymen), arguing that such films act as important texts registering the cultural and political economic logics of postwar Japan through their narrative, generic, and aesthetic form. I situate salaryman cinema within both a domestic and transnational mass cultural theorization of new models of work and management presented through popular fiction and social science texts, asking what cinema, as a visual medium, contributes to the popular imaginary of work and class in the era of high economic growth (1955–1972). I argue that comedies such as Tōhō Studio’s popular “Company President” (Shachō) series, which ran from 1956 to 1972, animates what I call the “labor/leisure dialectic” central to the production of new categories of labor in postwar Japan. I contend that the ostentatious exhibition of travel and recreational activities in the Shachō series, rather than constituting a separate social sphere of “leisure” for its characters, is tied to the intensifying integration of affective labor into all levels of subjective life. I ask how these films act as a foundation for a history of postwar cultural politics and the role of affective labor more broadly in the era of high economic growth. Insofar as the salaryman is an enduring figure of ideological significance, I argue that an examination of these unstudied films bears upon transformations of labor and cultural identity in contemporary Japan as well.3) Joelle Tapas, Harvard UniversitySurface Tensions: ?bayashi Nobuhiko’s House and the Animation of Girlhood?bayashi Nobuhiko’s first feature-length film, House (1977), is a dizzying, colourful take on a horror film, one that remains a cult favourite even into the present day. What is often noted in reviews of this film is its use of special effects, which range from superimposition to the insertion of hand-drawn animation. By adding or removing layers to the screen image, these special effects make the audience aware of the surfaces of the film, and draw attention to its materiality. Moreover, because so much of these effects are applied to the onscreen images of the film’s girl protagonists, one cannot help but ask: how does the application of these effects, this play on surfaces, impact the film’s presentation of girlhood? Particularly in light of ?bayashi’s previous interpretations of girlhood in his work as both an experimental amateur film director and a television advertisement director, what is the significance of his first feature film, his take on the horror genre to be driven by a group of girl protagonists, who are – visually and narratively – all about surfaces? Referencing affect theory and critical writings on female adolescence, I investigate how the film’s aesthetics present specific arguments on the space and time of girlhood.4) Molly Kim, University of SuwonComparative Analysis of South Korean Hostess Films and Nikkatsu Roman Porno: Screening Sex and WomenThis research provides historical accounts of South Korean Hostess Film (1974–1982) and Japanese Nikkatsu Roman Porno Film (1971–1984) in comparative perspective. Apart from the historical period they share, these two strands of film are in common in multiple aspects of their scale of popularity, industrial practices and artistic legacy. They were born when Korean and Japanese film industry were hitting the lowest point due in large part to the rise of television and Hollywood blockbusters. The Japanese film studio, Nikkatsu decided to avoid bankruptcy in 1971 by shifting its entire production line to soft porn – labeled as, ‘Nikkatsu Roman Porno.’ South Korean hostess films (ho-s?-t’e-s?’: a Korean euphemism for prostitutes and bar girls) were also perceived as a studio resort to survive the industrial depression during the 1970s. However these films became historically one of the most important phenomena in postwar Japanese and Korean cinema history.Despite the films’ economic scale and cultural significance, there have not been in-depth studies done on each genre of films, not to mention viewing these films in comparative perspective. It is still a marginalized field perhaps because of the scholarly aversion to the study of erotica in general. However I would contend that it is hard to dismiss or should not dismiss the industrial, economic and artistic legacy these films have contributed to Japanese and Korean cinema.Session 48: RoomIndividual Papers 13: Immigration and DiasporaChair: Mark E. Caprio, Rikkyo University1) Daesung Kwon, Doshisha UniversityWhy Immigration Matters in Internationalization of Higher Education: A Critical Review of International Student Migration in JapanSince the “big bang reforms” on Japanese higher education in 2004, Japanese universities have been buckling down to the task of internationalizing universities in earnest, and it seems like the buzzword, “internationalization”, is increasingly considered something that affects the very existence of the entire higher education in Japan. Amid the change and development, there have been many attempts to answer the two major questions on internalization of higher education (IHE) in Japan – what is the meaning and impact of internationalization for and on Japanese higher education? The answers provided by both “inside” and “outside” perspectives are both polemical and rounded. It is clear that various accounts of IHE in Japan so far are very informative, insightful, productive and sometimes reflexive. However, there is still always one thing missing in the reviewing and evaluating process despite its great importance in discussing about IHE in Japan, and that is “immigration”, in other words, ""the permanent settlement of international students"" who are a key component of IHE. Against this backdrop, this paper critically reviews international student migration in the context of IHE in Japan, and attempts to spell out reasons why the permanent settlement of international students has been ignored by the Japanese government and universities, and argues why the issue of immigration now matters, and concludes with a new direction for future research on student migration in Japan.2) Kristina S. Vassil, California State University, Sacramento Tales of Okei: The “First Japanese Woman Immigrant” and Pioneer of Gold HillThis presentation focuses on the legend of Itō Okei, the Aizu Wakamatsu native and Boshin War refugee who arrived in California’s Gold Country in the fall of 1869. Okei settled in Northern California as part of the Wakamatsu Tea and Silk colony, a short-lived venture led by the German John Schnell and 20 samurai who hoped to support the defeated province through the establishment of an international satellite colony. Serving as a caretaker for Schnell’s children, Okei remained in the U.S. when the venture failed a year later. She died of malaria in 1871 at the age of nineteen. Okei’s short life and tragic death have become symbolic of the life and death of the Wakamatsu colony itself and the gravesite attracts busloads of tourists annually, including those from Japan. My talk addresses the historiography of Okei’s story, embedding it in revisionist ideologies presented in two twentieth-century compendiums of Japanese immigrant history (written in the vernacular). I also place it within Japanese immigrant reform efforts of the early 1900s and Meiji period discourses surrounding women and family. Ultimately, I show how these ideological discourses increased the potency and the poignancy of the story, sealing the legend in early Japanese American history. I will also touch on some of the fictional reverberations of the legend, including Mitsugu Saotome’s Okei (1974), and the local community’s work to preserve the grave as an enduring symbol of immigrant history and culture.3) Ji-Yeon Jo, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillUnsettling Diasporas: Cinematic Explorations of Korean Japanese in Transnational Korean Cinema“Unsettling Diasporas” is situated at the crossroads where the changing post-Cold War dynamics among North Korea, South Korea, and the Korean diasporas intersect and pays heed to the fluidity of diaspora subjectivity, representation, and affect in transnational Korean cinema. With the increasing volume and velocity of transnational migration in recent years, the belonging of diasporas in both home and host land has become even more blurred and contested, which in turn contributes to the unsettling nature of the diasporas’ affective connections and their mobility across borders. By utilizing theories of affect and diaspora/transnational migration, this paper explores how cinema documents and (re)imagines Korean Japanese diaspora subjectivities. In this paper, I discuss works of two Korean Japanese filmmakers–Yang, Yong-hi and Hyun, Woo-min. Yang and Hyun are second and third generation Korean Japanese, respectively. Both filmmakers’ works are deeply engrained in their personal background as Korean Japanese. By analyzing Yang’s trilogy–Dear Pyongyang (2006), Goodbye Pyongyang (2009), and Our Homeland (2012) and Hyun’s trilogy–To-la-ga (2010), No Place Like Home (2011), and Ohamana (2015), I aim to 1) identify major metaphors or themes in which Korean Japanese diasporas are portrayed and positioned, 2) investigate what constitutes Koreanness, and 3) highlight ways in which Korean Japanese diaspora subjectivities interrupt and inform notions of Koreanness. 4) You Gene Kim, Waseda University Issues and Prospects of Multilingualism: The Case of Joseonjok (Korean-Chinese) in Japan Joseonjok are the descendants of Koreans who migrated from the Korean Peninsula to Northeast China in the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Since the diplomatic normalization between China and South Korea in 1992, a large number of Joseonjok have moved to South Korea in pursuit of “Korean Dream”. On the other hand, some of them have already moved to Japan since the 1980s constituting a sub-group of Chinese migrants. The geographic proximity and similarity of Japan attracted educated Joseonjok to move to Japan rather than South Korea for their better life chances. In Japan they exert multilingual capacity generated from Korean ethnicity and Chinese nationality as well as Japanese cultural competences. This research primarily focuses on the issues of Joseonjok migration in relation to multilingualism, and then moves to the issues of multilingual education of the second generation. Regrettably, Japan has not yet established a de facto plan for multilingual education for the increasing immigrants albeit the advocacy of “the multicultural coexistence society”. To implement this research, I have performed social media analyses, participant observation, and in-depth interviews in Tokyo area since June, 2016. I come up with the findings that the multilingualism will keep evolving into being a distinctive function of Joseonjok migrants in the host society of Japan. 5 )Jie Zhang, Waseda University, Charlie V. Morgan, Ohio University, Timothy Cichanowicz, Ohio UniversityJapanese Perceptions on the Assimilation Processes of ImmigrantsJapan is experiencing an unprecedented shrinking and aging population. One of the few solutions is an influx of immigrants into Japan, although the Japanese seem reluctant to such notions. This paper explores the perceptions of the Japanese people towards immigrants living in Japan. More specifically, we are interested in the contexts of reception of immigrants related to the assimilation processes. Using a national random survey of Japanese people (国際化と市民の政治参に関する世論調査), we explain the factors that influence opinions about immigrants assimilating into Japanese society. We employ regression analyses to break down assimilation into its various stages: cultural, structural, identificational, and civic. We also explore notions of prejudice and discrimination based on the nationality of immigrants. We found that Japanese perspectives on assimilation vary based on both the country of origin, and the type of assimilation. China and Korea are the least accepted, whereas America and Germany were the most accepted across most of the types of assimilation. Results of the perceptions of the assimilation processes varied greatly, but in general, Japanese were more receptive to the cultural assimilation of immigrants, and less receptive to the structural and identificational assimilation of immigrants. These results have enormous implications for an influx of future immigrants, especially in terms of public policy towards the integration of immigrants into Japanese society.Session 49: RoomIndividual Papers 14: Labor and Employment1) Akira Shimizu, Wilkes UniversityCreating “Impurity” Within: The Early Meiji Construction of a Slaughterhouse and the Question of Defilement in the Fukagawa Neighborhood in TokyoDespite the 1872 media coverage of Emperor Meiji’s beef-eating as the dawn of Japan’s “modern” dietary practice, the recent scholarship has revealed that early-modern Japanese ate meat. Although the traditional Japanese religious discourse deemed this practice as a cause of defilement because of the physical contact with dead animals, historical records show that all sorts of four-legged animals were consumed under the pretext of medicinal eating. However, beef was absent; not only was the handling of cattle corpses assigned to outcast groups, but cattle slaughter was prohibited.This paper seeks a new understanding of the Tokugawa-Meiji transition by examining Japanese attitude toward beef against the above historical background. In1872 when the unprecedented practice by the emperor was publicized, a British merchant filed a petition to the Tokyo prefectural government for the construction of a cattle slaughterhouse. While Japanese intellectuals promoted beef as a dietary symbol of modern civilization, the government assigned a plot in the Fukagawa neighborhood. However, how did Japanese, especially those living in that neighborhood, react to the plan that would bring “impurity” to their daily life? How did the government deal with the case? In answering these questions based on s set of administrative records, the presentation will demonstrate the flexibility of the notion of defilement as well as government’s considerable control over the handling of the petition.2) Kyungok Kim, University of TokyoWomen’s Mining Labor and Childcare in Wartime, 1937–1945The Asia-Pacific War had a vast social and psychological impact on Japanese women. They were treated as objects of government labor mobilization schemes, and so played a crucial role in mines. In 1939, the Japanese government alleviated the regulation of female labor to solve a serious shortage of labor in mines. At the same time, childcare centers have functioned as an instrument to mobilize female labors in mines. This research examines the Hanaoka mine in Akita Prefecture which produced mainly copper, which was designated as a munitions company in 1944. This mine built a kindergarten in 1935 and a childcare center in the mine site in 1937. Previous studies on the Hanaoka mine have focused on only the Hanaoka incident, which was caused by Chinese draftees on 30 June 1945. They have overlooked childcare and labor of the female workers who worked there. Moreover, these studies have not focused on mobilization of married women and the role of them in mines during the war. The aim of this research is to analyze what the role of female workers was and what the function of the childcare center was in the Hanaoka mine in wartime. The Japanese government required childcare centers to be charged with keeping a role as a buffer zone between decreasing population and labor shortage. This research will also show the relationship between the region where the mine were located, the Hanaoka childcare center and female workers.3) Kristen L. Luck, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityThe Nail that Sticks Up Isn’t Always Hammered Down: Women, Employment Discrimination, and Litigiousness in JapanIn recent years, the Japanese government has made strides in achieving gender equality, particularly in light of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s “womenomics” platform. These policies are aimed at promoting greater female labor participation; however, workplace sex discrimination is still a widespread problem and Japanese women face impediments when seeking judicial relief. According to the literature, litigation rates are rising in Japan yet women are reluctant to litigate when they encounter workplace sex discrimination. This paper seeks to answer “how” and “why” Japanese professional women decide to mobilize the law when they believe they have encountered workplace sex discrimination drawing from semi-structured interviews and content analysis. Moving beyond analyzing litigiousness in terms of litigation rates, this study sets up an alternative framework by examining litigiousness as an individual intent to mobilize the law, capturing a significant range of activities which may stop short of litigation. Furthermore, this study addresses how institutional structures interpret and implement policy, carrying the discussion beyond the provisions contained within the law and focusing on how judicial relief is actualized. The premise of this exploratory study is to determine which variables are the most significant when Japanese women decide to mobilize the law and illuminate how institutional structures, particularly the judiciary, are accessed and utilized.4) Ma Jianxiong, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyThe Making of Identities and the Silver Mine Industry on the Yunnan-Burma Borderland in the 19th centuryThis research reviews the history of the exploitation of silver mines on the borderland between the Yunnan and Burma. After a century of exploitation, resulting in the silver mines becoming exhausted from the 1800s to1840s, a large number of unemployed miners had to search for outlets other than mining deep in the mountains. Their mobility created two different styles of social mobilization against the Qing governments, due to the two different social political environments in the official county areas and the frontier chieftain areas. Some miners found political interests with the mountain communities through their participation in the rebellions in the mountains, through which a new Lahu identity was created. Other idle miners mobilized and became involved in the competition and violent conflicts in other mines. Along with more and more serious conflicts among miners, an ethnic mobilization line between the Hui miners and the Han miners was gradually established. The decline of the silver mine industry on the borderland brought about the local governments’ failure to manage social mobility when miners shifted into agriculture or business. The two styles of identity construction or re-construction against were all based on the invalidation of social mobility management, and the different judicial systems empowered by state authority on frontier societies. Thus, different local rebellious polities against the Qing state were created by local agency. ................
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