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Boston UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringDepartment of Material Science and EngineeringEC/MS 573 Solar Energy Systems (This course is jointly offered for both EC A1 and MS A1 Students)Course Outline Fall 2020Professor: Malay K. MazumderPhotonics Building Room 514Email: mazumder@bu.edu, Phone 617.353.0162Course Description: This course is designed for first year graduate and senior undergraduate students from engineering and science disciplines and is aimed to educate students in the field of solar energy technologies. The course is multidisciplinary and welcomes students with diverse background. It focuses on fundamentals of solar energy conversion processes, solar radiation, sun-earth geometry, semiconductor physics related to solar cell operation, p-n junctions, I-V characteristics and energy storage. The course encompasses solar cells and module manufacturing processes, PV module design, stand-alone and grid-connected systems, maximum power point operation, and concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. A class research project and experimental analysis are required to augment the basic science and engineering principles. Students form team to research, write reports and give presentation on topics of their choice. The course includes an economic analysis for sustainable growth of solar energy towards terawatt-scale application for capping CO2 emission and minimizing further global climate changes. Textbooks:, by C. Honsberg and S. Bowden (an excellent on-line resource)Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications, Martin Green Published by the University of New South Wales, 1980 (Required), available at the BU Barnes and Noble book store Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technology and Practice. Konrad Mertens, Second Edition, Wiley, 2019 (Required), available at the BU Barnes and Noble book storeReferences: Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, John Wiley and Sons, 2012 Solar Energy, The Physics and Engineering of Photovoltaic conversion technologies and systems, UIT Cambridge, England, 2015 (Free online from )Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition, John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2005 (Chapters 1 & 2) Grading: Homework (conceptual and problem solving) 30%Midterm Exams (conceptual and problem solving) (2) 20%Quiz/ Take home exams 15%Team Project presentation 20% Final Exam15%Class Participation (Extra 5%)Class Hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays; 12:20 noon to 2:05 pm, Classroom to be decided or taught remotely via Zoom, Boston University, BostonOffice Hours: Wednesdays: 2:30 pm to 4:30 pm. Email Contacts: mazumder@bu.eduFall 2020 Class SchedulesLecture 1. (a) Course outline, resources, requirements, class schedule, guidelines for class research Projects(b) Introduction to Solar Energy Conversion processesIntroduction to Photovoltaic (PV), Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems, and solar fuels;Solar energy in different forms, Non-renewable and renewable energy sources, fossil fuels, solar energy conversion in large-scale PV and CSP operations, solar economicsReading assignments: To be provided.Lecture 2Introduction to renewable energy systems Energy Fundamentals, Solar Resources, Residential, commercial and utility-scale energy needs, climate change concerns and how applications of renewable energy resources could significantly prevent catastrophic climate changes; Introduction to photovoltaic, thermal and electrochemical conversion of solar radiation to energy for meeting our national needs and global needsReading assignments: (Ch. 1); textbooks: # 1 Martin Green, Solar Cells (Ch. 3) and # 2. Conrad Mertens, Photovoltaics (Ch. 2), Lecture 3 Properties of sunlight Properties of light, solar radiation; composition of sunlight, energy of photons, photon flux, spectral irradiance, radiant power density, mean annual irradiance on horizontal surface, Blackbody radiation, Planck’s Radiation Law, Stefan Boltzmann Equation, solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere, Terrestrial solar radiation, air mass (AM), atmospheric effectsRef: and textbooks: #1. Solar Cells (Ch. 1 &2) and # 2 Photovoltaics (Ch. 1 &2), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 1)Lecture 4 Sun-Earth GeometryMotion of the sun, effects of latitude, longitude, declination, azimuth angle and solar time on the angle of incidence, Radiation on an inclined and horizontal surface surfaces: direct, reflected, and diffused radiations, radiation on inclined surfaces, extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, measurement of solar radiation, Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data Estimation of available energy in a given locationReading assignments: , (Ch. 2), Reference # 3. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition, John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2005 (Chapters 1 & 2) Lecture 5 Homework 1 dueReview of the solar energy resources, sun-earth geometry, calculation of solar insolation, measurement of direct normal irradiance and global radiationQuiz 1 Reading assignments: (Ch. 2.4 and 2. 5); Reference # 3: Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition, John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2005 (Chapters 1 & 2) Lecture 6 Photovoltaic Fundamentals Absorption of light, absorption depth, absorption coefficient, charge carrier generation rateCharge carrier concentration in intrinsic semiconductors, doping, donors and acceptors doping, location of Fermi levels in doped semiconductors, density of states, current density, drift and diffusion currents, charge carrier mobility, Einstein relationship, Thermal energy of photons, effect of temperatureReading assignments: (Ch. 3.1 to 3.4); textbooks: #1. Solar Cells (Ch. 3) and # 2. Photovoltaics (Ch. 3), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 3)Lecture 7Dynamics of electrons and holes, absorption of sunlightDrift current density in an applied electric field, diffusion current density in presence of a concentration gradient, charge carrier mobility, light absorption, generation rate, direct and indirect band semiconductors, crystal momentum, phonon absorption and emission, absorption coefficient, recombination processes, types of recombination, diffusion lengthReading assignments: (Ch. 3.1 to 3.4); textbooks: #1. Solar Cells (Ch. 3) and # 2. Photovoltaics (Ch. 3), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 3)Lecture 8 Charge carrier separation: p-n junctionFormation of p-n junction, p-n junction diodes, diode equation, electrostatics of p-n junction, Poisson’s equations, electrical field strength and potential distributions, junction capacitance, carrier injections, minority carrier concentrations in the quasi neutral region, minority carrier currents, dark and illuminated characteristics, space charge regions, depletion regions, built-in voltage, diffusive flow of charge carriers in quasi-neutral region.An overview of the different types of solar cells, methods of characterization of solar cellsReading assignments: (Ch. 3.4 to 3.5); textbooks: #1. Solar Cells (Ch. 4) and # 2. Photovoltaics (Ch. 4), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 3)Lecture 9 Homework 2 dueFundamental principles of solar cell operation, Solar cell device physics, basic structure of solar cells, Formation of p-n junction, p-n junction diodes, diode equation, electrostatics of p-n junction, Poisson’s equations, electrical field strength and potential distributions, junction capacitance, carrier injections, minority carrier concentrations in the quasi neutral region, minority carrier currents, dark and illuminated characteristicsReading assignments: (Ch. 3.4 to 3.5); textbooks: #1. Solar Cells (Ch. 4) and # 2. Photovoltaics (Ch. 4), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 3)Lecture 10 Review of p-n junction, p-n junction diodes, diode equation with forward and reversed bias, electrostatics of p-n junction, dark and illuminated characteristics, space charge regions, depletion regions, built-in voltage, quasi Fermi energy levels, Law of junctions, carrier generation rate and recombination rates, dark current and light generated current densities.Quiz #2Reading assignments: (Ch. 3.5 & 3.6); textbooks: #1. Solar Cells (Ch. 4) and # 2. Photovoltaics (Ch. 4), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 3)Lecture 11 Measurements of I-V characteristics and Maximum Power Point OperationSolar cell output parameters, current-voltage (I-V) relationship, fill factor (FF) and solar cell efficiency. Fill factor, solar cell efficiency, Short circuit current, Open circuit voltage, I-V characteristic measurement, efficiency measurement, Maximum power point operation, Effect of finite width of the solar cell, Solar cell equivalent circuit, Effect of bandgap, maximum thermodynamic efficiency limits.Reading assignments: (Ch. 4.3, 4.4 & 5.1 ); textbooks: # 1. Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and #2. Photovoltaics (Ch. 9)Lecture 12 Review of topics for Midterm 1 ExamHomework 3 dueReading assignments: (Ch. 4.3, 4.4 & 5.1); textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 4)Lecture 13 Midterm Exam #1Lecture 14 Solar Cell Design Principles: methods for minimizing lossesOptical losses, anti-reflection coating, surface texturing, light trapping, practical efficiency limit, losses in short circuit current, losses in open circuit voltage, efficiency, temperature effects, fill factor losses, effects of series and shunt resistances, top contact design, finger resistance, finger spacing, sheet resistance, surface passivation, gettering, reducing recombination, back surface field (BSF)Reading assignments: (Ch. 5.2, 5.3 & 5.4); textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 4)Reading assignments: (Ch. 5.2, 5.3 & 5.4); textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 6) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 5), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 1)Lecture 15 Solar Cell Device: Material Properties and PerformancePV Module: Assembly and performanceSilicon solar cells to Photovoltaic Module (PV) production, Cell fabrication and interconnections, top and bottom connections, manufacturing process, cell matrix, encapsulation, vacuum lamination, post-lamination steps, bifacial modules, electrical and optical performance of modules, Local shading and hot spot formation, field performance.Charge carrier collection efficiency, design of solar cells, measurements and characterization of solar cells and PV modules, spectral response measurements, multi-junction solar cells, group III-V solar cells, Reading assignments: (Ch. 8); textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 3 & 4) Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 18)Homework 4 dueLecture 16 Manufacturing Solar CellsSolar grade Silicon production, Quartz to metallurgical-grade (MG) silicon, MG silicon to semiconductor grade (SG) polysilicon, SG polysilicon to single-crystal ingot by Czochralski (CZ) process, Ingot to silicon wafers, microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cells production by block-cast sheet production method, comparison between Cz-Si solar cells and mc-Si solar cells.Reading assignments: (Ch. 9); textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. ) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 5 and 6)Lecture 17 DC to AC & DC-to-DC Power Conversion; MPPT TrackingInverters (DC/DC, DC/AC), Power conditioning, buck converters and boost converters, maximum power point (MPP) tracking operation, stand-alone PV system design, Grid-connected PV system, micro-inverters, inverter efficiency and lifetime, Balance of System (BOS) for PV module installation, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems, energy yield losses caused by environmental degradations, corrosion, moisture ingress, dust depositions, UV radiation damages. Reading assignments: Textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 5), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 19)Lecture 18 Review of topics for Midterm # 2 ExamLecture 19 Midterm Exam #2Lecture 20 PV and CSP plants design Sun-Earth Geometry: Motion of the earth relative to the sun, Apparent motion of the sun relative to a fixed observer on the earth, Air Mass, estimation of available solar radiation on earth, absorption of solar radiation by earth’s atmosphere, direct, diffused and albedo components of sunlight, solar radiation table, global radiation data.Reading assignments: Textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 5), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 22), Duffie and Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, (Chapters 1, 2) Lecture 21 Concentrating PV (CPV) Systems and Concentrating Solar Power Systems (CSP)Introduction to concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and concentrating PV systems, Energy generation and capacity factor, concentrator optics, solar collectors for CSP systems, Parabolic troughs and Heliostats, Fresnel lens, tracking systems, Reading assignments: Textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 5), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 10)Lecture 22 Thin Film Solar cells Thin film solar cells, Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cells, Cadmium Telluride (Cd-Te) Solar cells, Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells, Perovskite solar cells, transparent conducting oxides.Reading assignments: Textbooks: Solar Cells (Ch. 5) and Photovoltaics (Ch. 5), Reference: Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook, (Ch. 11, 12 &13)Presentation Reports DueLecture 23 Energy storage Grid storage, electro-chemical storage of energy, Li-ion batteries, hydraulic storage, flywheel storage, super capacitors Lecture 24 Review of topics for the final examLecture 25 Presentations by Students on their Class Project Lecture 26 Presentations by Students on their Class Project Lecture 27 Presentations by Students on their Class Project Final Exam: To be decidedCourse Policies:1. Missed Exam – Absence from an exam/quiz can be excused only for reasons of illness or an unavoidable reason. In each case, permission of the instructor is required, as well as a written document by a physician (in the case of illness) or other appropriate authorized document. The student will be required to take a makeup exam.2. Late Homework – Late homework will be accepted until the date when the solutions are posted. A penalty of 5% off per day after the due date may be applied. A weekend counts as a single day.4. Attendance and participation in the class are considered essential and required.5. Exams given in class periods are closed book and closed note tests. However, students can bring one page (both sided) notes.6. All students are required to follow BU’s code of academic conduct. ................
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