MUTX 340



MUTX 340.001 [pic]Q/A Sets [pic]6 Chapter 2

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p. 33

We start life with nearly ____________________ of the brain uncommitted to specific tasks.

Most animals have a physical specialty. Jaguars are capable of blinding speed, eagles have incredible eyesight, bats fly by means of sophisticated echolocation. Human beings, it might be said, are ____________ specialists and physical generalists. Tremendous intellectual capabilities, combined with a lack of predetermined behavior patterns (__________________), and a lack of reliance on a specific physical trait have given us freedoms that no other animals have. Said another way, we are enormously _______________ creatures. Another term used by Rene Dubos to describe human adaptability is __________________. He used this term to describe how human beings everywhere can be so much the same and yet so very different. As human beings we all have certain invariant needs, but the way in which those needs are satisfied varies tremendously from group to group.

p. 34

Art is a human invariant. People in all places and from all times __________, draw, and ____________.

Animals in arctic climates have heavy fur coasts and thick layers of blubber to combat the frigid temperatures. Humans caught in the same situation ___________________ the environment by creating parkas and igloos.

p. 35

Culture allows each generation to benefit from the accomplishments of the parent generation. Cooperation is a trait that, while observed in other species, has become a hallmark of human ________________ evolution. _________________ of labor is a means of allowing individuals time to devote to a task that may benefit the whole group. Cooperation is a prime requisite for group activities, such as athletic contests and _________ making.

One readily identifiable mark of human uniqueness is our highly developed capacity for symbolic behavior, perhaps most evident in our use of __________________. While language is indispensable to human lifestyles, it is, nonetheless, inadequate for expressing the full range of human thought and feeling. In addition to language, we have developed a broad range of _____________________ symbolic behaviors, including mathematical symbols and computer languages, body language, and art.

p. 36

Nonverbal communication not only supplements and extends verbal communication as in the use of gestures while speaking, but also provides for distinct modes of ____________________. Art provides a way of knowing and feeling that is not possible through any other means. What is gained through an art experience can be discussed, analyzed, or shared verbally, but cannot be ____________________ verbally.

Without love we suffer severe physical and psychological consequences. Many illnesses might be traced to disabilities in the giving and receiving of love. Music is used as an expression of love in these ways: from the singing of _________________ to the crooning of love _____________, from the use of funeral __________ or _____________ songs, to the use of alma maters, _________________ anthems, and ____________.

p. 37

In music, manipulating and ___________________________ with sounds is at the root of compositional activity.

p. 38

Why has music been a part of religious worship?

Language is inadequate to express fully our ___________________ feelings; music can take us beyond the confines of _________. Perhaps music and religion are so intertwined because both deal primarily with internal ________________ rather than external __________.

In what way are our musical instruments considered to be tools?

Used to create _____________ beyond the scope of the human ___________

p. 39

Music is an important way of ________________. Think of all the things one can learn or know through nursery songs, religious music, popular and commercial music (including music used in ________________________, ___________, and television shows), folk music, and art music. On a superficial level, one can learn the alphabet through music. At a deeper level, one can learn about foreign cultures through music. Finally, at perhaps the deepest level, one can learn more about oneself and gain insights into the human condition through music.

p. 40

Human beings are biologically unique in several important ways, including our ______________________ differences and freedom from ____________________ behaviors. However, the biological potential of our __________ is what most separates us from the other animals.

We are the only animal species engaged in ______________ evolution. Culture is the vehicle by which we continually ____________ our environment. It is also the way we share our accomplishments with each new _____________________.

p. 41

Humans have a broad repertoire of nonverbal symbolic behaviors. These are useful not only for supplementing words but also for ____________________ ourselves in ways that are impossible through words.

Human beings have a strong need to give and to receive love. The loving process is critical to the development and maintenance of a healthy _______________________. As is fitting with so important a behavior, we have devised numerous ways of sharing and expressing love.

Play, in the formalized sense of celebrations, occupies a central place in all human cultures. Creative play comes from the ________________________ of the sensory environment and contains elements of ________________ and __________________. Humor is included as a form of play.

The need to worship seems to be a universal trait. Individuals within cultural groups are set aside to handle matters of __________________ concerns.

Human beings are characterized by their thirst for _____________________.

The human race has always been concerned with the notion of beauty. We are moved by the beauty we experience in our natural world and by that which we have created. Creating and/or responding to _______________ is part and parcel of being human.

p. 43

The primary element of all music is _______________.

One tenet of quantum physics is that everything that exists is in a state of __________________. Helioseismology is the study of the sun’s ____________________________, and astronomers tell us that the galaxies and the entire universe are in states of _______________________.

Human beings live in what we perceive to be a rhythmic environment, based on observations of ________________________. Seasons of the year, phases of the moon, and periods of daylight and dark follow in regular, timely patterns. Our bodies, too, operate on rhythmic patterns. Heart and breathing rates are two of the more obvious bodily processes that are periodic. Brain __________, ________________ outputs, and _________________ patterns are examples of the more than 100 complex oscillations monitored by the brain.

p. 43 – 44

Chronobiologists, those who study body ________________, believe that rhythm is such an important part of life that lack of it can cause _______________.

p. 44

According to your text, complex forms of _______________________ may be a symptom of autism, manic depression, or schizophrenia; dysrhythmia can also indicate dyslexia or other learning disabilities.

Infants who receive stimulation through _______________ or other body _____________________ gain weight faster, develop vision and hearing acuity faster, and acquire regularity of sleep cycles at a younger age.

The cerebellum is directly linked to the limbic system, specifically a region of the hypothalamus known as the ________________ center. The result is that body ________________ brings pleasure. Infants deprived of movement and closeness will fail to develop brain __________________ that mediate pleasure.

Integration into environmental rhythms begins at birth with the onset of rhythmic ____________________ and continues as the baby gradually adapts to the rhythmic cycles of the world into which it has been born. Over the next months the patterns of family life, especially the parents’ cycle of activity and rest, will condition and shape the baby’s social ______________.

Nearly all social interactions are rhythmically based. Researchers have discovered that persons involved in social interactions unconsciously _________ in space with one another through a ___________________ coordination of gestures and movements which exhibit all the characteristics of a __________.

_______________________________ occurs when two or more persons become attuned to the same rhythm.

p. 44 – 45

Human entrainment has been demonstrated experimentally when two people in conversations produced brain _________ tracings so identical as to appear to have emanated from the same ______________. Entrainment may also be operating in riots and other large crowd behaviors.

p. 45

Humans are much more time independent than other living things. Plants thrive or wither depending on the time of year. Many animals, especially the cold-blooded ones, are dependent upon time cycles (light/dark, heat/cold) for their existence. Humans rely on ________________________ to provide an internal environment that is relatively constant and somewhat independent of external events. Thus, our internal body temperature varies only one or two degrees above or below 98.6 degrees F., whether it is blazing summer or bone-chilling winter.

________________ is a primary sense through which we create a stable, inner world of time. Hunting at night requires a keen sense of hearing. Sound events occurring across time must be ordered to become meaningful. A rustling of leaves may indicate a predator approaching or prey retreating. We have a remarkable capacity to interpret sounds that are __________ ordered.

p. 45 – 46

According to your text, what four categories of survival benefits has music conferred on mankind?

Mother-infant ________________, the acquisition of ____________________, a unique mode of _________________, and ____________ organization

In the womb the brain of the fetus grows at the rate of _____________ brain cells per minute.

Nearly _______ % of a newborn’s cerebral cortex is uncommitted to specific behaviors.

p. 46 – 47

This uncommitted gray matter, called _____________________ areas, allows for the integration and synthesis of sensory inputs in novel ways.

p. 47

Human behaviors are not instinctive, but acquired, and it is during this period of extended infant dependency that we acquire many important physiological and psychological benefits on each other. According to your text, perhaps chief among the many behaviors that are first observed at this point are ____________ behaviors.

_________________ is a Greek word meaning wasting away. It was used to describe a child who was placed in a foundling home because the death rate of these children was nearly 100 %. Authorities were unable to trace the cause of this malady until an elderly woman was hired to work there. How did she shed light on the problem?

She spent ________ daily ____________ each infant, and they began to ____________.

Nonorganic __________________________________ infants have acute, life-threatening physical symptoms, as well as potential for long-term psychological and emotional problems.

According to your text, what are three primary modes of communicating with infants?

Speaking, ____________, and touching

_____________________ refers to the particular kind of speech patterns mother use with their infants. The musical aspects of motherese are critically important, not only as an aid to language acquisition, but especially in the communication of _______________. Long before youngsters begin to talk, they are adept at deciphering the emotional content of speech, largely due to the ___________________ characteristics of motherese.

p. 47 – 48

In motherese speech, the pitch, _______________, dynamic, and _______________ aspects are the stimuli to which the baby responds, not the verbal content.

p. 48

Vocalizations are a primary way babies express their feelings. The development of variations in _____________ styles is important to emotional development, in providing cues to parents regarding their state, and in practicing for the eventual development of ___________________. Babies learn to cry to gain ____________________ and to express an increasing range of ________________. Because their vocalizations are nonverbal, it is the manipulation of _________, timbre, ____________, and the dynamics that form the basis of their communication system.

Musical elements are primary means of communicating love and affection to a newborn. These elements include rhythmic behaviors such as ______________, patting, and stroking and the modulation of the ___________, timbre, ________________, and rhythm in both speaking and singing. According to your text, as the ______________ capacity and length of infant __________________ increases, there are clearly survival benefits in building in a responsiveness to nonverbal forms of communication.

p. 49

The musical aspects of language are melodic _______________, _____________ variations, and rhythm. One of the outcomes of the mother-infant dyad is that the baby becomes motivated to recognize and respond to sound patterns that will later become necessary for speech perception.

Research by Restak revealed that we have inborn mechanisms that orient us toward ____________.

Rhythm plays a crucial role in language acquisition. Newborns move their limbs in rhythm to the ________________ they hear around them. If they hear a different language, their rhythms will change subtly. Rhythmic activities in the acquisition of language are so important that they form the basis for acquiring __________________ expectancies and for interrelating cognition and ____________. According to Campbell the ability to interpret microtimed intervals exists only for speech and music and nowhere else.

p. 50

According to your text, the real meaning behind the words may be expressed through body language, context, and primarily through the musical aspects of speech (________________).

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences includes 7 indicators of intelligence: linguistic, _______________, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Each of these types of intelligence was included on the basis of eight criteria:

1. potential isolation by __________ damage

2. the existence of prodigies, idiot savants, and other exceptional individuals

3. an identifiable core operation or set of operations

4. a distinctive developmental history, along with a definable set of expert end-state performances

5. an evolutionary history and evolutionary plausibility

6. support from experimental psychological tasks

7. support from ______________________ findings

8. susceptibility to encoding in a ___________ system

Each intelligence is uniquely suited to allow human beings to understand the universe in which we live in a unique way. One is not better than another, they are just _____________________.

p. 50 – 51

Some of the most important human concepts, such as truth, beauty, justice, love, and faith, can be learned and understood through ______________________ experiences as well as through the use of words. Moreover, it is possible to __________ artistically.

p. 51

Your text proposes that perhaps the most important thing human beings have learned through music is how to deal with ________________.

p. 52

Related to social organization, in what two ways may music have conferred survival benefits?

1. Music is a powerful ________________ force.

2. Music is a powerful _______________ device.

If a group scatters at the first sign of danger, the individuals will have a much more difficult time of coping. Behaviors that help promote the notion of group identity would be of immense value. One of music’s strongest attributes is that it brings people _________________ for a common ________________. To have a feeling of unity, some common ideas, goals, visions, dreams, and beliefs must be shared. Your text asks what better way there is to share them than through music and __________.

Members of a tribe are often brought together by common ___________________ beliefs and these are frequently expressed through music. Music gives _________________ to those going off to battle and it gives _______________ to those who must stay behind.

p. 53

According to your text, music not only provides for _______________________ movement but also for relief from ____________.

Music is one of the most effective mnemonic devices; it enables preliterate societies to retain information, not just facts, but the _________________ that accompany the facts as well. Poems, __________, and dances are primary vehicles for the transmission of a ________________.

Summary/Recap of previous q/a set:

Our sense of ______________ conferred advantages as a means of dealing with time-ordered events. Music may have provided survival benefits by helping to establish mother-infant ___________, by aiding in the acquisition of _________________, by providing a unique way of ________________, and by playing important roles in _____________ organization.

p. 69

A tree falls in the forest.

Physically, there is sound – massive ______________ resulting in powerful traveling disturbances.

Psychologically, there is no sound – no human ___________ _______________occurs.

The operation of sensory processes on auditory stimuli to build tonal sensations that may function as musical building blocks is rudimentary _________________.

 

p. 70

The basis of all sound is ____________. Movement of some type characterizes every particle in the universe. Groups of particular particles may move with their own characteristic group patterns. Of myriad possible vibrations, some occur at rates and in settings that result in audible _________.

The rate at which a particular vibration occurs is ______________.

A vibrating object’s frequency is the number of ___________ in a designated amount of _______.

A cycle is a complete journey or excursion of a _____________ object, starting from some given point, moving through both extremes of ___________________, and returning to the same point, moving in the same direction.

 

 

In musical acoustics one usually defines frequency as the number of __________ completed in one second. Cycles per second are usually referred to as ___________ (Hz) in honor of Heinrich Hertz, an early investigator of electromagnetic phenomena.

If one assumes that each cycle lasts as long as any other, which will be the case if frequency does not change, the time required for one cycle or period is the reciprocal of the ________________. Conversely, the frequency is the reciprocal of the ____________.

When one speaks of amplitude in reference to a vibrating object, one usually is referring to the distance between an _____________ position and a point of maximal ________________.

p. 70 – 71

For a vibrating pendulum, the displacement amplitude is the distance from the _________ position to the maximum ________________ to either side. Amplitude is related to the _____________ of vibration which affects loudness. The more powerful the vibration, the greater the _________________, and the louder the resulting sound.

p. 71

Single components which each have a single characteristic frequency and amplitude may be called _____________, sine tones, sinusoids, and _______ tones. The terms harmonics, overtones, and inharmonics are used when a particular ___________________ relationship is of concern.

Each component vibration pattern illustrates simple harmonic motion (SHM), a form of motion where the ____________ force (a force that directs a displaced object to its original position) is proportional to the _________________.

Sound waves are a series of disturbances following each other through a physical __________. A medium is an ______________ physical substance.

Sound may travel through _____, water, and ________ substances. Without some medium, it cannot travel. For musical purposes the medium is usually ______.

________________ is the process by which the disturbance travels.

The moving object responsible for the original vibration (a drumhead, string, reed, vocal folds) disturbs particles in the surrounding ___________. As another particle is disturbed in the process, the vibration is _____________ to that particle.

Does a ball traveling through the air or a stack of dominoes best illustrate the travel of a sound wave?

________________________________

Any component of a complex tone is a __________. A harmonic is a frequency that is in an integral multiple relationship with the ____________________ frequency, which usually is the lowest frequency component.

An overtone is a harmonic, excluding the _____________________, that is present in the complex tone of interest.

An inharmonic is a partial that is not also a _________________.

When music is broadcast, the physical disturbances in the air made by the music making are converted to an __________________ current by microphones and to an _________________________ disturbance by the broadcasting station’s transmitter. The radio receiver and speakers convert the incoming electromagnetic wave back to a __________ wave. The broadcast medium is an _____________________ field, not air.

p. 72

Sound waves may propogate in two basic movement patterns. In _______________ waves the overall disturbance travels perpendicular (at ________ angles) to the direction of individual particle displacements. In __________________ waves the overall disturbance travels _______________ with (in the same direction as) the direction of the individual particle displacements. Waves in air are always ___________________l. Transverse waves have musical importance because the travel of a disturbance along a string or in a solid surface such as a piano keyboard or drumhead is partly ________________.

Three properties of traveling waves which are important are: speed, _______________, and wavelength.

__________ is the rate at which the disturbance travels through the medium. It is dependent on properties of the medium such as _________________, density, and ___________ composition.

When one speaks of the speed of sound, one usually means the rate of ______________ through a particular medium. Waves in air travel at a speed determined by the _______ properties. Waves originating from high frequency sounds travel at the same speed as waves originating from low ______________ sounds.

A wave’s frequency is the ______________ rate of the individual particles that convey the disturbance. A wave’s frequency depends on the _____________ of the source of vibration; a tuning fork vibrating at 440 Hz will create a traveling wave that has a frequency of _______ Hz.

A wave’s speed and frequency are independent of each other in air, but they are related mathematically through the _________________, which is the distance between a point in one wave (or "wave front") and the corresponding point in the next wave.

The relevant equation is: S = fw, where

S = __________ of the wave in some linear unit (usually meters or feet per second)

f = _______________ of the wave in Hz

w = _____________ in the linear unit

p. 73

In the process of traveling, particular phenomena may alter the wave. Such wave phenomena include interference, ______________, absorption, _____________, and diffraction.

________________ is the result of adding two or more waves together.

Particular particles in a medium may be displaced in one way or another by each disturbance that meets them; their particular locations at any given time are the result of ______ the traveling disturbances acting on them.

The combined wave form resulting from interference is a ________________.

________________ is a sudden change in the direction of wave travel resulting from a sudden change in properties of the medium. Surfaces vary in how reflective they are because the amount of __________ absorbed varies with particular surfaces. A heavy velvet curtain absorbs a considerable proportion of the energy in a sound wave and _________very little. A concrete wall __________ very little and reflects a considerable amount.

A room’s "liveliness" is a matter of how much sound is ____________ verses how much is ___________.

_______________ is a gradual change in the direction of wave travel resulting from a gradual change in properties of the medium. Refraction occasionally results from _____________ inversions, which explains why you may be able to hear a band outside from a long distance away but not from a location closer in proximity to the band.

______________ is the process by which a wave passes through a small opening or bends around a corner. If the opening is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will bubble through and reform.

p. 73 – 74

If the opening is ___________, the wave simply will beam ahead without spreading to either side.

p. 74

A wave’s ability to turn corners is a function of _____________. Because lower _____________ waves have longer wavelengths, they turn corners more effectively.

The apparent pitch of a rapidly approaching sound source ________, and that of a rapidly vanishing sound source ________. This pitch change, called the ___________ effect, is due to the frequency with which corresponding points of the sound wave pass the observer. As a rapidly approaching source comes closer to the observer, the wave fronts come by _______ frequently. As the source goes away, the fronts come by _____ frequently.

Waves that propagate throughout a medium until they spend their energy are ____________ waves. In the process of propagation, each medium particle has its turn at vibrating, at the wave’s frequency, to the maximal ___________ possible. Under special conditions, a wave may reflect back on itself in a small confined medium to form a ___________ or stationary wave. Standing waves may exist in vibrating violin and guitar strings, in a singer’s vocal tract, and in the ____ column of a sounding woodwind or brass instrument.

Unlike a traveling wave, a standing wave does not propagate through the medium. Rather, it vibrates in a series of characteristic patterns. Some particles, located at points called ______, do not vibrate at all. Particles located at ____________ vibrate maximally (i.e., vibrate to the maximum amount of displacement possible in the standing wave). Particles located between nodes and antinodes vibrate to _____ than the wave’s maximum amplitude. The standing wave’s vibrations are conveyed to a surrounding medium, in which a _____________ wave forms and propagates.

p. 75

_________________ time is the time necessary for a sound to decay to one millionth of its original intensity. Reverberation time is a function of two room properties: volume and ______________. The larger the room, the __________ the reverberation time, the smaller the room, the __________ the reverberation time.

Sound that is not reflected by a particular surface is ____________ (although some sound may pass through or transmit), and absorption is related inversely to ________________ time. Increases in absorption ___________ the reverberation time; decreases in absorption ___________ it. Rooms that are overly ______ have too long a reverberation time. ______ rooms have too short a reverberation time. Ideal reverberation times are between 1.0 and _____ seconds.

Sound should spread evenly throughout a room, with no "dead" or "live" spots. Even distribution is encouraged by rough, irregular surfaces and a lack of an overly _____________ shape. Rectangular rooms or rooms with a concave wall may focus ________ in particular places.

How can fluted columns, gargoyles, and ornate facades serve a useful acoustical purpose?

_________________________________

Freedom from unwanted sounds, internal as well as external, is desirable in a room intended for musical performance. What five room factors are important in achieving this freedom?

_______________________________________________________________

______________ is the amount of power passing through a unit area.

Decibels represent ______ comparisons of particular amounts of a property in question to an arbitrary baseline.

p. 76

_________________________ is an area of psychophysics which traditionally concerns itself with human sensation in response to physical stimuli. Psychoacoustics focuses on tonal sensations arising from _______ stimuli.

Tones are basic _______ structures for most music.

4 physical aspects of a tone are:

____________________________________

6 psychological aspects of a tone are:

____________________________________________________________________

________________ is the rate of cycle completion for a particular vibration.

Pitch, the roughly corresponding ___________________ sensation, is a variable of apparent location on a highness-lowness continuum.

In general, the greater the ________________, the higher the pitch, although not every change in frequency will be heard as a pitch change. Other physical attributes may have an effect on pitch perception; for example, a change in perceived pitch may occur when the ______________ of a tone is altered while maintaining the frequency.

_____________ is the pitch property of "obviousness". It is illustrated by the sound of a sustained trumpet tone of good quality which has a more definite pitch than the sound of a cymbal crash, which in turn is more definite than a snare drum tap.

Within an established tonal context, a particular tone is more related to some tones than to others. This pitch property may be termed ________________, circularity, or ________________.

p. 77

Pitch sensation is a function of ________ activity. For tones of just one frequency, which are relatively rare, the point of stimulation in the ______ ____ is the basis for pitch assignment. For complex tones, which contain ____________ of frequencies, and are far more common in music, the pattern of ____________ in the inner ear, as deciphered by _________ processes occurring between the inner ear and the ________, is the basis for pitch assignment. The pitch of a complex tone, often called low pitch or _____________ pitch, is produced by the neural process of __________________ tracking, which employs information about where and how often stimulations occur in the inner ear.

Consonance and dissonance refer to the apparent __________________ or ____________ of the interval.

______________ is the periodic rise and fall in loudness experienced when two simultaneously sounding tones are not quite in tune. The closer the frequencies, the __________ the beat rate. If the frequency distance is increased, the beat rate will __________. If the frequency distance continues to increase until a distance called the ______________ _______________ is reached, the sensation becomes one of two clearly different simultaneous sounds.

_________________ tones are extratonal sensations experienced due to distortion in the inner ear; that is, more stimulation occurs than that which may be accounted for by the input sound waves.

p. 78

A combination tone, often referred to as a ________________ tone, is one elicited by a frequency equivalent to the _____________ between two frequencies.

The fre quency eliciting the combination tone sensation is not in the ______________ waveform; the sensation is supplied by the ____.

Groups of intervals become chords, and chord movement is a basis for __________.

A complex tone is a ____________ of frequencies in one __________ vibration arising from one source, sounds like one sound with one pitch while two tones, even two simple tones of one frequency each, arising from two separate sound sources sound like a ________________ interval.

Successive frequencies need to be sufficiently far apart in order for listeners to hear the resulting pitches as clearly different. The _____ _____________ ______________ (JND) for frequency discrimination (distinguishing between two ________________ tones) and frequency resolution (distinguishing that a continuously sounding tone of _______________ frequency has risen or fallen in pitch) varies with the frequency ________, the listener, and _______.

The relationship between pitch and frequency is not perfect. Not every minute frequency change elicits a change in pitch sensation. Tones of constant frequency but changing intensity may appear to change in ________.

The physical property of ____________ is a function of the amount of power in a sound. It is defined as the amount of ________ passing through a unit area.

p. 78 – 79

_____________ is the sound’s apparent strength or magnitude. People occasionally substitute the term _________________, a wave property that describes graphically the degree of displacement from a point of rest, for ___________.

p. 79

Greater amplitude generally elicits ___________ loudness. Amplitude is proportional to ___________. The authors of your text believe that a relationship between power and apparent strength is more clear. Using the term volume as a synonym for loudness is misleading.

In general, a sound of a particular intensity level becomes louder and louder with increasing frequency until somewhere in the ______ – 3000 Hz area; then it becomes __________ with increasing frequency. The effect is more pronounced for _______ intensity levels. The intensity-loudness relationship is confounded by _____________.

In destructive interference the combined wave form (___________________) is smaller than the _______________ wave forms; with totally destructive interference, the combination has zero ____________________ throughout. In addition, loudnesses act differently with different ______________ relationships; in general, sounds further apart in frequency summate to a greater _______________ than sounds close together – unless they are "quite a bit" apart.

p. 80

Waves carrying particular sounds have their own characteristic shape, which may be viewed on an _________________ or described mathematically. This shape or waveform is a function of the particular _______________ contained within the complex vibration, the relative strengths of the frequency components, and where each particular component is in its _______________ cycle in relation to where the other components are. The waveform changes continually during the history of a tone; in particular, the beginning or onset of a tone contains additional _______________.

The psychological tonal aspect that is quasi-parallel to waveform is ___________.

_____________ is the apparent amount of time a tone lasts. ___________ is an extension of the duration relationships or sounds and silences.

The physical aspect of ___________ is the apparent size ("extensity") of a sound.

The physical aspect of ____________ is the apparent compactness of a sound.

Each of these physical aspects result from a combination of frequency and ______________. An increase in intensity increases both _________ and density.

Volume decreases with ______________ frequency and increases with _____________ frequency.

Density _________ with increasing frequency and ____________ with decreasing frequency.

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