Mathcad Users Guide - Wayne State University

[Pages:346]M a t h ca d

User's Guide

Mat hcad 2000 Professional Mat hcad 2000 St andard

MathSoft, Inc. 101 Main Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA

MathSo f t

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MathSoft, Inc. owns both the Mathcad software program and its documentation. Both the program and documentation are copyrighted with all rights reserved by MathSoft. No part of this publication may be produced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form without the written permission of MathSoft, Inc. U.S. Patent Numbers 5,526,475 and 5,468,538. See the License Agreement and Limited Warranty for complete information. English spelling software by Lernout & Haspie Speech Products, N.V. MKM developed by Waterloo Maple Software. VoloView Express technology, Copyright ? 1999 Autodesk, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Mathcad Collaboratory is powered by O'Reilly WebBoard, Copyright ? 19951999 Duke Engineering/O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.

Copyright ? 1986-1999 MathSoft, Inc. All rights reserved. MathSoft, Inc. 101 Main Street Cambridge, MA 02142 USA

Mathcad, Axum, and S-PLUS are registered trademarks of MathSoft, Inc. Electronic Book, QuickSheets, MathConnex, ConnexScript, Collaboratory, IntelliMath, Live Symbolics, and the MathSoft logo are trademarks of MathSoft, Inc. Microsoft, Windows, IntelliMouse, and the Windows logo are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Windows NT is a trademark of Microsoft Corp. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. SmartSketch is a registered trademark of Intergraph Corporation. Other brand and product names referred to are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

Printed in the United States of America. First printing: August 1999

Con t e nt s

H ow t o Use This User's Guide

1

The Basics

1 : W elcom e t o Mat hcad

3

What I s Mat hcad?

3

Mat h cad Edit ions

4

New in Mathcad 2000

4

Sy st em Requir em en t s

5

I nst allation

5

Cont act in g Mat hSoft

6

2: Getting Started w ith Mathcad

7

Th e Mat hcad Wor kspace

7

Region s

10

A Sim ple Calcu lat ion

12

Definitions and Variables

13

Ent ering Tex t

14

I t erat iv e Calculat ion s

15

Gr aphs

17

Sav in g, Print ing, and Ex it in g

19

3 : On- Line Resource s

21

Resour ce Cent er and Elect r on ic Books

21

Help

26

I nt ernet Access in Mat hcad

27

Th e Collaborat or y

28

Ot her Resou rces

32

Cr ea t in g M a t hca d W ork sh ee t s

4: W orking w ith Math

33

I nserting Math

33

Bu ilding Ex pr ession s

39

Edit in g Expr essions

43

Math Styles

51

5: W orking w ith Text

55

I n ser t ing Tex t

55

Tex t and Par agr aph Pr opert ies

58

Tex t St y les

61

Equat ions in Tex t

63

Tex t Tools

64

6: W orking w ith Graphics

and Other Objects

67

Ov er v i ew

67

I n ser t ing Pict u r es

67

I nserting Obj ect s I n ser t ing Gr aphics Com pu t at ion ally Lin ked

t o Your Wor k sheet

7: W orksheet Managem ent Worksheet s and Tem plates Rearr an ging Your Wor ksheet Lay out Safeguarding an Area of the Worksheet Hy p er l in k s Cr eat in g an Elect r onic Book Pr int in g an d Mailing

Com put a t ion al Fe at u r es

8 : Ca lculat ing in M a t h ca d Defining and Evaluat ing Variables Defining and Evaluat ing Fun ct ions Unit s and Dim ensions Wor k ing w it h Resu lt s Cont r ollin g Calcu lat ion Anim ation Er r or Messages

9: Operators Working with Operat ors Arit hm etic and Boolean Operat ors Vector and Matrix Operat ors Su m m at ions and Product s Derivatives I n t egr als Cust om izing Oper at or s

1 0 : Built- in Functions I n ser t ing Bu ilt - in Fu nct ions Cor e Mat hem at ical Fu nct ions Discret e Tr ansform Funct ions Vect or and Mat r ix Fun ct ion s Solv ing and Opt im izat ion Fu nct ions St at ist ics, Pr obabilit y , an d Dat a An aly sis Fun ct ions Finance Fun ct ions Differ ent ial Equat ion Fun ct ions Miscellan eous Fu nct ions

1 1 : Vect ors, M at rices, and D at a Arrays Cr eat in g Ar ray s Accessin g Ar ray Elem ent s Displaying Arrays Working with Arrays Nest ed Arrays

71

74

75 75 79 83 85 87 89 93

97 97 104 106 110 117 119 121

123 123 125 127 130 133 136 140

143 143 145 150 152 157 163 173 176 187

191 191 196 198 201 204

12 : 2 D Plots Over view of 2D Plot t in g Gr aphing Fu nct ions and Ex pression s Plot t ing Vect or s of Dat a For m at t ing a 2 D Plot Modify in g Your 2D Plot 's Per spect ive

13 : 3 D Plots Over view of 3D Plot t in g Cr eat in g 3 D Plot s of Funct ion s Cr eat in g 3 D Plot s of Dat a For m at t ing a 3 D Plot Rot at in g an d Zoom in g on 3 D Plot s

1 4 : Sym bolic Ca lcu la t ion Overview of Sym bolic Mat h Liv e Sy m bolic Ev aluat ion Using t he Sym bolics Menu Ex am ples of Sy m bolic Calculat ion Sym bolic Optim izat ion

15 : Program m ing Defining a Pr ogr am Condit ional St at em ent s Lo o p i n g Cont r ollin g Pr ogr am Execut ion Er r or Handling Pr ogr am s Wit hin Pr ogr am s

1 6 : Advanced Com put ational Features Wor k sh eet Referen ces Ex ch anging Dat a w it h Ot her Applicat ion s Scr ipt ing Cust om OLE Au t om at ion Obj ect s Accessing Mat hcad from Wit hin Anot her Applicat ion

Appendices Operat ors Sy m bolic Tr an sfor m at ion Funct ion s SI Units CGS u nit s U.S. Cust om ar y Unit s MKS Unit s Pr edefin ed Variables Suffixes for Num bers Gr eek Let t er s Arrow and Movem ent Keys Funct ion Key s ASCI I codes

I ndex

207 207 209 212 216 220

223 223 224 228 234 243

245 245 246 254 255 265

267 267 269 271 272 274 276

279 279 280 292 294 297 298 301 303 305 307 309 311 312 313 314 315 316 317

How to Use This User's Guide

This User's Guide is organized into the following parts:

Th e Basics

This section contains a quick introduction to Mathcad's features and workspace, including resources available in the product and on the Internet for getting more out of Mathcad. Be sure to read this section first if you are a new Mathcad user. Cr eat in g Mat hcad Wor ksheet s

This section describes in more detail how to create and edit Mathcad worksheets. It leads you through editing and formatting equations, text, and graphics, as well as opening, editing, saving, and printing Mathcad worksheets and templates. Com put at ion al Feat u res

This section describes how Mathcad interprets equations and explains Mathcad's computational features: units of measurement, complex numbers, matrices, builtin functions, solving equations, programming, and so on. This section also describes how to do symbolic calculations and how to use Mathcad's two- and three-dimensional plotting features. The User's Guide ends with reference appendices and a comprehensive index.

As far as possible, the topics in this guide are described independently of each other. This means that once you are familiar with the basic workings of Mathcad, you can just select a topic of interest and read about it.

The on-line Mathcad Resource Center (choose Resource Center from the Help menu) provides step by step tutorials, examples, and application files that you can use directly in your own Mathcad worksheets. Mathcad QuickSheets are templates available in the Resource Center that provide live examples that you can manipulate.

N ot at ion s a nd Con ve nt ion s This User's Guide uses the following notations and conventions:

Italics represent scalar variable names, function names, and error messages.

Bold Courier represents keys you should type.

Bold represents a menu command. It is also used to denote vector and matrix valued variables. An arrow such as that in "GraphX-Y Plot" indicates a pull-right menu command. Function keys and other special keys are enclosed in brackets. For example, [], [], [], and [] are the arrow keys on the keyboard. [F1], [F2], etc., are function keys; [BkSp] is the Backspace key for backspacing over characters; [Del] is the Delete key for deleting characters to the right; [Ins] is the Insert key for inserting characters to the left of the insertion point; [Tab] is the Tab key; and [Space] is the space bar. [Ctrl], [Shift], and [Alt] are the Control, Shift, and Alt keys. When two keys are shown together, for example, [Ctrl]V, press and hold down the first key, and then press the second key.

1

The symbol [] and [Enter] refer to the same key.

When this User's Guide shows spaces in an equation, you need not type the spaces. Mathcad automatically spaces the equation correctly.

Pr o This User's Guide applies to Mathcad 2000 Professional and Mathcad 2000 Standard. If you're not using Mathcad 2000 Professional, certain features described in the User's Guide will not be available to you. The word Pro appears:

? In the page margin, as it does above, whenever a section in a chapter describes a feature or a function that is unique to Mathcad 2000 Professional.

? In the page footer, whenever all features described in that chapter are unique to Mathcad 2000 Professional.

This User's Guide also describes a few product features that are available only in addon packages for Mathcad. For example, some numerical solving features and functions are provided only in the Solving and Optimization Extension Pack (Expert Solver).

2

How to Use This User's Guide

Cha pt e r 2 Getting Started w ith Mathcad

Th e Mat hcad Wor kspace Region s A Sim ple Calcu lat ion Definitions and Variables Ent ering Tex t I t erat iv e Calculat ion s Gr aphs Sav in g, Print ing, and Ex it in g

The Mat hcad W orkspace

For information on system requirements and how to install Mathcad on your computer, refer to Chapter 1, "Welcome to Mathcad." When you start Mathcad, you'll see a window like that shown in Figure 2-1. By default the worksheet area is white. To select a different color, choose ColorBackground from the Format menu.

Figure 2-1: Mathcad Professional with various toolbars displayed.

The Mathcad Workspace

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