Mysoundtherapy.com



|[pic] |Articles on Tomatis |Articles on Tomatis.docx |

| |Many different forms of Sound Therapy have been based on the discoveries of| |

| |Dr Tomatis who developed the Electronic Ear to filter sound in such a way | |

| |as to provide a progressive exercise program for the middle ear muscles. | |

| |Numerous branches of Tomatis-based sound therapies exist. The most | |

| |portable, affordable and self-help oriented method, is the Joudry program, | |

| |offered by Sound Therapy International. Follow this link for a selection of| |

| |research articles on Tomatis based therapies. | |

|[pic] |Acoustic Shock Injury |[pic]Accoustic Shock |

| |Acoustic shock injury (ASI), from exposure to a sudden unexpected loud |Injury.pdf |

| |sound, has caused specific and consistent pattern of neurophysiological and| |

| |psychological symptoms. These include aural pain, tinnitus, | |

| |hyperacusis/phonophobia, vertigo and other unusual symptoms such as | |

| |numbness or burning sensations around the ear. A range of | |

| |emotional reactions including trauma, anxiety and depression can develop. | |

| |Call centre staff are vulnerable to ASI because of the increased likelihood| |

| |of exposure, close to their ear(s), of sudden unexpected loud sounds | |

| |randomly transmitted via the telephone line. The prevalent mechanism for | |

| |ASI is Tonic Tensor Tympani Syndrome (TTTS), involving chronic and | |

| |repetitive contractions of the middle ear muscles. Read more… | |

|[pic] |Affective Disorders: Neuroscience |[pic]Affective_style |

| |Left prefrontal activation appears to facilitate the maintenance of |Davidson.pdf |

| |positive affect and the shortening of negative affect. In other words, | |

| |stimulating the left brain leads to more positive emotional states. This | |

| |occurs both through the impact on working memory plus a reduction of | |

| |metabolic activity in the amygdala, the seat of negative emotion. Read | |

| |more… | |

| |Auditory dysfunction: traumatic brain injury |[pic]auditory dysfunction |

| |Hearing loss and tinnitus are highly prevalent in the growing population of|brain injury veterans.pdf |

| |returning soldiers who have Blast Related Traumatic Brain Injury. Thus, we | |

| |need to develop and implement strategies for diagnosis and management of | |

| |auditory dysfunction in this population. Read more… | |

|[pic] |Auditory neuroscience |auditory neuroscience.pdf |

| |How does the complex inner ear develop? How does the cochlea convert sounds| |

| |into electrical signals? How does the brain’s ability to compute the | |

| |location of a sound source develop? How does the forebrain analyze complex | |

| |sounds? Participants in the National Academy of Sciences presented research| |

| |results bearing on four key issues in auditory research. Read more… | |

|[pic] |Auditory selectivity: autism |autism selectivity.pdf |

| |They can perceive but do not attend. The goal of the study was to determine| |

| |whether children with autism have a disadvantage in the sensory | |

| |representation of, and attentive orienting to, speech sounds (vowels) as | |

| |compared with non-speech sounds (tones). | |

|[pic] |Fluid dynamics inner ear |Blood labyrinth barrier and |

| |This article presents a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying |fluid dynamicsof the iner |

| |inner ear fluid homeostasis necessary for normal auditory function and |ear.pdf |

| |factors that can disrupt homeostasis and lead to functional disturbances, | |

| |namely sensori-neural hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. | |

|[pic] |The middle-ear-muscles | |

| |This system of sound mufflers and tuners effectively suppresses loud | |

| |internal and external noise, allowing relevant soft sounds to be separated | |

| |from irrelevant loud ones. Specifically, the muscle's reflexive | |

| |contractions prevent desensitization of the auditory receptors, | |

| |interference between high and low frequencies in the perception of sound, | |

| |and injury to the inner ear. | |

|[pic] |Brain Plasticity and Music |[pic]Brain plasticity and |

| |Brain plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to respond to and be |music.pdf |

| |modified by experience, to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust | |

| |its activities in response to new situations or changes in the environment.| |

| |Studies using MRI have shown that several brain areas differ in their | |

| |structure and size between musicians and control subjects. | |

|[pic] |Brain Structures Musicians |Brain Structures Differ in |

| |The strong association between grey matter differences and musician status |Musicians.pdf |

| |in our study lends support to the proposal that brains of musicians show | |

| |use-dependent structural changes. Additional support for structural | |

| |plasticity comes from animal experiments showing microstructural changed in| |

| |the cerebellum, primary motor cortex and hippocampus related to motor skill| |

| |learning and continuous motor activity. | |

|[pic] |Chemical Exposure and Hearing Loss |Chemical Exposure as a Risk |

| |In 2002 the national Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the |Factor for Hearing Loss.pdf |

| |National Hearing Conservation Association cosponsored the Best Practices | |

| |Workshop: Combines Effects of Chemicals and Noise on Hearing. This article | |

| |summarizes the main results of the Workshop. | |

|[pic] |Chemical sensitivity |[pic]Chemical sensitivity |

| |The hypothesis that chemical sensitivity may be a mechanism for disease |tinnitus.pdf |

| |posits that a broad spectrum of “recognised” chronic illnesses, ranging | |

| |from asthma and migraine to depression and chronic fatigue, may be the | |

| |consequence of environmental chemical exposures. | |

|[pic] |Chorda Tympani Trauma and Taste? |[pic]Chorda tympani trauma |

| |The chorda tympani nerve runs just beneath the tympanic membrane, and is |how much does it affect |

| |often traumatised or sacrificed during middle ear surgery. There is varied |taste.pdf |

| |opinion as to whether surgeons should preserve this nerve. This article | |

| |explores how a change in taste sensations changes and recovers after | |

| |surgery. | |

|[pic] |Chronic Fatigue and EMF |[pic]Chronic Fatigue |

| |Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Is prolonged exposure to environmental level |Syndrome exposure to EMF.pdf|

| |powerline frequency electromagnetic fields a co-factor to consider in | |

| |treatment? The authors conclude that, although the link between ELF EMFs | |

| |and cellular dysfunction are far from proven, sufficient evidence exists to| |

| |suggest a causal link. | |

|[pic] |Clubbing Yourself to Deaf |[pic]Clubbing Yourself to |

| |Research reveals huge risk of hearing loss among young people. Major |Deaf.pdf |

| |international research, presented today at the first national Club Health | |

| |conference in 2005 in Australia showed that three out of four young people | |

| |(73%) who go to clubs or concerts regularly are risking permanent hearing | |

| |damage. | |

| |Meniere's and the Menstrual Cycle |Menieres as a function of |

| |Meniere's disease is a complex, progressive disorder of the inner ear |menstrual cycle.pdf |

| |evidenced by vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, aural pressure (feeling of | |

| |pressure in the ear), and tinnitus (ringing in the ear). Several recent | |

| |studies describe women's increasing anecdotal reports of symptom | |

| |exacerbation during the perimenstruum (from ovulation through the menstrual| |

| |bleed). | |

| |Pressure in the Ear |Pressure in the Ear |

| |A simple explanation of the functional anatomy behind chronic ear pressure.|Explained.pdf |

| |Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube causes many common symptoms like blocked| |

| |ear or pressure in the head, clicking, popping or painful ears. | |

|[pic] |Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics |\Probiotics Prebiotics and |

| |Approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Many factors |Synbiotics.pdf |

| |affect the composition of the large-intestinal microbiota in humans. Diet | |

| |may exert a major influence on gut bacterial populations and their | |

| |development. It is possible to manipulate the composition of the gut | |

| |microbiota in infants and adults through dietary supplementation. Some | |

| |interesting data have arisen from the use of probiotics to reduce diarrhea | |

| |and gastroenteritis in infants. | |

| |Cochlear evolution. |“Cochlear mechanisms from a |

| | |phylogenetic viewpoint.” |

| |The hearing organs of modern amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) show a| |

| |bewildering variety of morphologies. The articles assess the functional | |

| |consequences of structural diversity. In sum, it can be said that the most | |

| |important changes in cochlear mechanisms during the evolution of species | |

| |were initiated by changes in the middle ear. This led in most lineages to a| |

| |predominance on micromechanical tuning, a profound elongation of the | |

| |papilla, and the specialization of hair cells that went as far as to | |

| |generate a division of labour in birds and mammals. | |

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| |Complex pitch perception |Correct tonotopic |

| |The ability to extract a pitch from complex harmonic sounds, such as human |representation....pitch |

| |speech, animal vocalizations, and musical instruments, is a fundamental |perception.pdf |

| |attribute of hearing. The article present an interesting dichotomy between | |

| |pitch and spatial perception: transposed tones provide peripheral | |

| |temporal information that is sufficiently accurate for binaural spatial| |

| |processing but produce poor simple, and nonexistent complex, pitch | |

| |perception. This insight should provide a valuable tool in the search for | |

| |the neural code of pitch. This is particularly important to assist hearing | |

| |against more complex background sounds. | |

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| |Electro-pollution medicine |Cross Currents book review |

| |Book review of Cross Currents exploring how EMF causes stress on the body’s|Becker.pdf |

| |immune system [not very informative] | |

| |Dangerous Decibels |Dangerous Decibels types of |

| | |hearing loss stats.pdf |

| |Focuses on noise-induced hearing loss, chiefly the mechanism of hair cell | |

| |damage. Over time the high frequency area of the cochlea becomes damaged. | |

| |Noises over 85 decibels can cause permanent damage to hair cells leading to| |

| |hearing loss. | |

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| |Deep Brain Stimulation: Parkinsons |[pic]Deep Brain Stimulation |

| |Deep brain stimulation has significantly improved the motor symptoms in |how Parkinsons.pdf |

| |patients with Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. Electrical | |

| |stimulation of structures within the brain improves motor symptoms. | |

| |Deep brain stimulation is changing the | |

| |informational content of the neural network, and | |

| |these changes are occurring across populations of neurons through the whole| |

| |basal ganglia circuit. Knowing how these changes result in improvement in | |

| |the neurologic disorder being treated will be critical to the understanding| |

| |of not only how deep brain stimulation works, but how to make it work | |

| |better and how to apply it effectively to other neurologic disorders. | |

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| |Neurotoxicity: Industrial Chemicals |Developmental neurotoxicity |

| |A few industrial chemicals (eg, lead, methyl mercury, polychlorinated |of industrial chemicals.pdf |

| |biphenyls [PCBs], arsenic, and toluene) are recognised causes of | |

| |neurodevelopmental disorders and subclinical brain dysfunction. Exposure to| |

| |these chemicals during early foetal development can cause brain injury at | |

| |doses much lower than those affecting adult brain function. | |

| |[Abstract only] | |

| |Diagnostics Tinnitus |Diagnostic Approach to |

| |The mechanism that produces tinnitus remains poorly understood. Tinnitus |Tinnitus.pdf |

| |may originate at any location along the auditory pathway from the cochlear | |

| |nucleus to the auditory | |

| |cortex. Some leading theories include a) injured cochlear hair cells that | |

| |discharge repetitively and stimulate auditory nerve fibers in a continuous | |

| |cycle, b) spontaneous activity in individual auditory nerve fibers, c) | |

| |hyperactivity of the auditory nuclei in the brain stem, or d) a reduction | |

| |in the usual suppressive activity of the central auditory cortex on | |

| |peripheral auditory nerve activity. | |

| |This article discusses the causes of subjective and objective tinnitus, | |

| |diagnostic tests and techniques used for evaluating tinnitus. | |

| |Downs Syndrome |[pic]Down_syndrome |

| |As we observe new generations of children with Down Syndrome who have had |Madaule.pdf |

| |exposure to infant | |

| |stimulation programs, increasing integration and normalization, new speech | |

| |and language therapies, and tools such as the computer, have many parents | |

| |and professionals questioning what the true potential of these children is.| |

| |Slow auditory processing and auditory control of speech, plus poor muscle | |

| |tone, are typically observed in Downs children with listening related | |

| |speech, language and learning difficulties. | |

| |Poor muscle tone slows down the movements of | |

| |the middle ear muscles affecting auditory processing and the auditory | |

| |control of speech. The article explores the Tomatis method in relation to | |

| |Down’s syndrome. | |

| |Early intervention: Prematures |Early Childhood intervention|

| |Very preterm children are at high risk for developmental difficulties; |brain images.pdf |

| |almost half of these children will have mild-moderate problems. | |

| |Early intervention has been shown to be efficacious in improving short and | |

| |medium term outcomes for high-risk children and also for those with known | |

| |difficulties. The article describes some early intervention approaches and | |

| |how they impact cognitive development. | |

| |Noise & Jet fuel exposure |Effects of Concurrent Noise |

| |A study examined the effects of occupational exposure to jet fuel on |and Jet Fuel Exposure |

| |hearing in military workers. |o…Hearing Loss.pdf |

| |Subjects with 3 years of jet fuel exposure had a 70% increase in adjusted | |

| |odds of hearing loss and the odds increased to 2. 41 (95%) for 12 years of | |

| |noise and fuel exposure. | |

| |Conclusions: These findings suggest that jet fuel has a toxic affect on the| |

| |auditory system. | |

| |Abstract only. | |

| |Evolutionary Neural Regulation & Emotion |Emotion an evolutionary |

| |Polyvagal Theory of Emotion links the evolution of the autonomic nervous |approach to nerual |

| |system to affective experience, emotional expression, vocal communication |regulation Porges.pdf |

| |and social behaviour. The mammalian vagal system has an inhibitory effect | |

| |on sympathetic pathways to the heart, and thus, promotes calm and | |

| |pro-social behaviour. The paper’s focus on the phylogenetic shift in the | |

| |neural regulation of the vertebrate heart. | |

|image from EMR consulting |Wireless Radiation: Autism |EMR-Autism-ACNEM-final1.pdf |

| |This study assessed the role of wireless device-associated EMR in the | |

| |etiology and treatment of Autism. The relationship between heavy metal | |

| |clearance in children receiving detoxification intervention, which included| |

| |energetic nutrition for Autism, and the length of time the children were | |

| |treated in an electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) free environment was | |

| |evaluated. From a clinical perspective, it is clear that heavy metal | |

| |detoxification was greatly facilitated by the elimination of EMR from the | |

| |treatment environment. | |

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| |Environment and developing brain |Environmental Circumstances |

| |The human brain begins growing in the 4th week of pregnancy at a rate of |that can damage the …eloping|

| |over 4,000 cells per second. Unlike an adult, the foetus does not have a |Brain.pdf |

| |functional blood brain barrier to protect itself from toxic insult. This | |

| |lack of natural defence allows chemicals into the foetal brain with | |

| |potential to cause serious harm and disruption in this delicate brain | |

| |growth process. Children with learning disabilities and attention deficit | |

| |disorder exhibit at least one of several types of damage to the brain | |

| |structure. | |

| |Increasingly research is showing chemical exposure can have adverse effects| |

| |on developing brain structures | |

| |Environment impact on hearing |Environmental Impact on |

| |The article explores a diversity of environmental impacts on hearing loss: |Hearing.pdf |

| |Noise; sound frequency; neurotoxic nature of the neurotransmitter – [If you| |

| |get excessive release of glutamate from presynaptic nerve endings, this can| |

| |greatly elevate the level of calcium in the cells postsynaptic to it and | |

| |produce a cascade of injurious effects]; ototoxic drugs – [alterations in | |

| |sensory function are frequently reported as the first signs of chemical | |

| |exposure in humans]; Organic solvents; Noise and organic solvents – [There | |

| |is the possibility of a synergism, of an interactive-additive type of | |

| |potentiation between noise and solvent exposures]; Heavy Metals. | |

| |It explores mechanisms of Cochlea self-protection, specifically looking at | |

| |heat-shock proteins. | |

| |Eustachian tube treatment |Eustachian Tube Anatomy |

| |The article explores the anatomy of the Eustachian tube, dysfunctions, test|Rehabilitation and |

| |procedures, and treatments. Specialists agree that Eustachian tube |Treatment.pdf |

| |disorders continue to represent some of the most challenging management | |

| |problems faced by otolaryngologists. Many of these conditions, often the | |

| |ones most puzzling to the doctors, could be easily remedied with a course | |

| |of Sound Therapy treatment, and it is hoped in the future that more doctors| |

| |will be referring clients for this therapy | |

| |Eustachian tube dysfunction |Eustachian tube |

| |…the cause of chronic blocked ear. Poor performance of Eustachian tube |dysfunction.pdf |

| |muscles can be the result of muscular tension or poor muscular tone in the | |

| |head, neck and jaw areas. It can also be linked to ear damage from | |

| |infections, viruses, head injury or noise exposure. Hence it is common for | |

| |people with blocked ear problems to also suffer from tinnitus or hearing | |

| |loss. The article explores risk factors; Symptoms, Diagnosis. Surgical | |

| |options and Sound Therapy’s muscular rehabilitation. | |

| |Schizophrenia: left brain failure |Failure of dominant left |

| |Variations in normal brain asymmetries may be associated with a variety of |hemisphere in |

| |neuro-pathologies. It has often been argued that temporal lobe asymmetries |schizophrenia.pdf |

| |may underlie language-related hemispheric specialization. Failure to | |

| |establish this type of hemispheric dominance is associated with psychotic | |

| |symptom development. Lack of contralateral dominance in the auditory | |

| |pathway, as reported here for schizophrenia patients, may reveal a failure | |

| |to develop language-related hemispheric specialization. | |

| |Absence of left-hemispheric contralateral dominance in response to | |

| |right-ear auditory stimuli among schizophrenia patients may index a failure| |

| |to establish normal development of brain asymmetry. | |

| |Managing OCD |Four Steps for Managing |

| |Cognitive-bio-behavioural self-treatment: Re-label; Reattribute; Refocus; |OCD.pdf |

| |Revalue. Deep inside the brain lies a structure called the caudate nucleus.| |

| |Scientists worldwide have studied this structure and believe that, in | |

| |people with OCD, the caudate nucleus may be malfunctioning. Think of the | |

| |caudate nucleus as a processing centre or filtering station for the very | |

| |complicated messages generated by the front part of the brain, which is | |

| |probably the part used in thinking, planning, and understanding. During a | |

| |normal day, we make many rapid shifts of behaviour, smoothly and easily and| |

| |usually without thinking about them. It is the functioning of the caudate | |

| |nucleus and the putamen that makes this possible. In OCD, the problem seems| |

| |to be that the smooth, efficient filtering and the shifting of thoughts and| |

| |behaviour are disrupted by a glitch in the caudate nucleus. | |

| |Autism: Reducing Hypersensitivity |Frontiers Listening Project |

| |Auditory hypersensitivities are a common feature of autism spectrum |Protocol.pdf |

| |disorder. The study explored the effectiveness of a novel intervention, the| |

| |listening project protocol. LPP was developed to reduce auditory | |

| |hypersensitivities. LPP is based on a theoretical “neural exercise” model | |

| |that uses computer altered acoustic stimulation to recruit the neural | |

| |regulation of middle ear muscles. LPP was hypothesized to reduce auditory | |

| |hypersensitivities by increasing the neural tone to the middleear muscles | |

| |to functionally dampen competing sounds in frequencies lower than human | |

| |speech. The trials demonstrated that LPP, when contrasted to control | |

| |conditions, selectively reduced auditory hypersensitivities. These findings| |

| |are consistent with the polyvagal theory, which emphasizes the role of the | |

| |middle ear muscles in social communication. | |

| |Asymmetry Auditory Processing |functional assymetry for |

| |Structural asymmetries in the supratemporal plane of the human brain are |auditory processing.pdf |

| |often cited as the anatomical basis for the lateralization of language | |

| |predominantly to the left hemisphere. However, similar asymmetries are | |

| |found for structures mediating earlier events in the auditory processing | |

| |stream, suggesting that functional lateralization may occur even at the | |

| |level of primary auditory cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was| |

| |used to evaluate human auditory cortex responses to monaurally presented | |

| |tones. Relative to silence, tones presented separately to either ear | |

| |produced greater activation in left than right Heschl’s gyrus, the location| |

| |of primary auditory cortex. This functional lateralization for primary | |

| |auditory cortex is distinct from the contralateral dominance | |

| |reported for other mammals, including nonhuman primates, and may have | |

| |contributed to the evolution of a unique role for the left hemisphere in | |

| |language processing. | |

| |Stutterers: Auditory cortex |[pic]Functional organization|

| |The basic functional organization of the auditory cortices was found to be |of the auditory cortex in |

| |different in stutterers and controls. The altered inter-hemispheric |stutterers.pdf |

| |balance in stutterers was affected by speech production, due to changes | |

| |in the left auditory cortical representation, and more severely by | |

| |self-paced than accompanied speech | |

| |[Abstract only] | |

| |Auditory Ossicles |Gray the Auditory Ossicles |

| |The tympanic cavity contains a chain of three movable ossicles, the |1918.pdf |

| |malleus, incus, and stapes. | |

| |The article explores the functional anatomy of these structures, | |

| |articulations, ligaments, muscles of tympanic cavity, vessels and nerves. | |

| | | |

| |Brain & Hearing aids |Hearing aids and the Brain |

| |Even though we are typically born with the capacity to code the acoustic |whats the connection.pdf |

| |information, our brain—specifically the central auditory system—“changes” | |

| |as a function of auditory deprivation and stimulation. It reorganizes | |

| |itself throughout our lifespan according to the auditory input that it | |

| |receives. | |

| |The central auditory system of a person who has been diagnosed with a | |

| |conductive or sensorineural hearing loss has experienced | |

| |deprivation-related plasticity. Hearing aids and cochlear implants, through| |

| |signal processing circuitry, modify the content of the incoming sound and | |

| |deliver a modified signal to the central auditory system. In a sense, these| |

| |modified signals are new signals because they are unfamiliar to the | |

| |listener and so are likely to stimulate the auditory system in a new way. | |

| |It is widely believed that people learn how to relate the modified signal, | |

| |and the altered neural spectral and temporal codes, to an existing memory | |

| |of sound…if a person can learn to differentiate acoustic cues, this ability| |

| |might in turn contribute to improved speech perception. | |

| |Cortical activation |[pic]Hearing cortical |

| |Reversible inactivation of the auditory cortex leads to a transient |activation does matter.pdf |

| |impairment in tone detection and frequency discrimination. | |

| |Assuming that long-term inactivation of the auditory cortex leads to a | |

| |transient loss of auditory function, what neural mechanisms might account | |

| |for the reacquisition of hearing? A rapid reorganization of cortical | |

| |function that occurs without further training is often attributed to | |

| |unmasking of cortical connections. But it is difficult to imagine that | |

| |unmasking, or any other cortical mechanism, can account for the retention | |

| |of auditory function following massive lesions involving over half the | |

| |cerebral cortex. An alternative is that sub-cortical processing, possibly | |

| |responding dynamically to a release from cortical influence, may mediate | |

| |the restored function. | |

| |Hearing Health Care |Hearing Health Care.pdf |

| |The article aims to provide all health care providers with a complete | |

| |overview about hearing loss, treatment for hearing loss, and the role of | |

| |the audiologist, in addition to reviewing other areas within the scope of | |

| |practice of audiology. | |

| |Antioxidants prevent Hearing loss |High Doses of Antioxidants |

| |Recent studies indicate that noise exposure damages sensory cells by the |May help Prevent Hearing |

| |formation of free radicals, damaging molecules known to cause cell death. |Loss.pdf |

| |In the past 10 years, scientists have learned that noise-induced hearing | |

| |loss occurs in part because cell mitochondria in the ear churn out damaging| |

| |free radicals in response to loud sounds. | |

| |Le Prell’s research shows that damage to the sensory cells can be prevented| |

| |by antioxidants that prevent free radical damage by binding to free radical| |

| |molecules and rendering them harmless. A combination of high doses of | |

| |vitamins A, C, and E and magnesium, taken one hour before noise exposure | |

| |and continued as a once-daily treatment for five days, was very effective | |

| |at preventing permanent noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. | |

| |Hypertension & Airport noise |Hypertension and Exposure to|

| |Significant exposure-response relationships exist between exposure to |Noise Near Airports…udy 08 |

| |night-time aircraft noise, daily average road traffic noise, and the risk |05 08.pdf |

| |of hypertension | |

| |Music brain regions pleasure |Intensely pleasurable |

| |Cerebral blood flow changes were measured in response to |responses to music brain |

| |subject-selected music that elicited the highly pleasurable experience of |regions.pdf |

| |‘‘shivers-down-the-spine’’ or ‘‘chills.’’ Subjective reports of chills were| |

| |accompanied by changes in heart rate, electromyogram, and respiration. As | |

| |intensity of these chills increased, cerebral blood flow increases and | |

| |decreases were observed in brain regions thought to be involved in | |

| |reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal. These brain structures are known| |

| |to be active in response to other euphoria-inducing stimuli, such as food, | |

| |sex, and drugs of abuse. This finding links music with biologically | |

| |relevant, survival-related stimuli via their common recruitment of brain | |

| |circuitry involved in pleasure and reward. | |

| |Tympanic treatment Meniere’s |Intratympanic Transtympanic |

| |The article explores the efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin treatment for|Gentamicin Treatment |

| |Meniere’s. It involves injection of gentamicin through the eardrum. |Menieres Dissease.pdf |

| | |Labyrinthitis and Vestibular|

| |Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis |Neuritis.pdf |

| | | |

| |Vestibular neuritis means inflammation of the vestibular nerve. | |

| |Labyrinthitis is a condition that is due to inflammation of the labyrinth | |

| |in the inner ear, although sometimes the vestibular nerve is also involved.| |

| |The article explores causes and treatment. | |

| |Cochlea Damage –Personal Stero |[pic]Latent Cochlear Damage |

| |The use of pure tone audiometry to assess the potentially harmful effects |in Personal Stereo Users.pdf|

| |of amplified music in personal stereo use [PS] on young people's hearing | |

| |has failed to show any marked effect. Further research may reveal more | |

| |sensitive measures of cochlear damage than pure tone audiometry. | |

| |Otoacoustic emissions may offer new precision in determining an | |

| |individual's risk of hearing loss; | |

| |•the use of PS headsets, even in typical moderate use, is associated with | |

| |rapid ageing of the cochlea comparable with industrial noise trauma; | |

| |•as personal stereos are here to stay, the essential message for preventing| |

| |premature hearing loss in users is that listening times and volumes should | |

| |be moderate, and that users should be aware of the potentiating effect of | |

| |noisy background conditions which both add directly to the noise dose and | |

| |encourage them raise the PS volume. | |

| |Left Brian Hears through Noise |[pic]Left Brain Helps Hear |

| |In our daily lives, we are exposed to many different sounds from multiple |Through The Noise.pdf |

| |sources at the same time, from traffic noise to background chatter. These | |

| |noisy signals interact and compete with each other when they are being | |

| |processed by the brain: a process called simultaneous masking. The brain’s | |

| |response to masking stimuli brings about the “cocktail-party effect” so | |

| |that we are able to hear a particular sound, even in the presence of a | |

| |competing sound or background noise. The left hemisphere was the site of | |

| |most neural activity associated with processing sounds in a noisy | |

| |environment. | |

| |Abstract only | |

| |Mal de Debarquement |Mal de Debarquement.pdf |

| |Mal de Debarquement or "MDD" is a type of vertigo and imbalance that occurs| |

| |after getting off of a boat. A recent conjecture is that MDD is caused by | |

| |adaptation to roll while rotating. In other words, if one is rocking | |

| |side-side (roll), and also rotating the head, for long periods of time, one| |

| |might develop an inappropriate cross-coupling between roll and rotation | |

| |A plausible mechanism for the development of MDD is that it is due to | |

| |formation of an inappropriate internal predictive model. It is proposed | |

| |that people develop a predictive model of the boat motion, and use their | |

| |prediction to adjust to the boat motion (and avoid falling). Treatment | |

| |approaches should be considered that assist people in changing their mental| |

| |processing of motion, rather than searches for vestibular suppressant | |

| |medication or physical therapy that includes more motion. | |

| |Managing Chronic Tinnitus |Managing Chronic Tinnitus As|

| |It is clear that the perception of chronic tinnitus has many physiological |Phantom Auditory Pain.pdf |

| |characteristics in common with the perception of chronic pain. Briner used | |

| |the phrase phantom auditory pain to describe severe chronic tinnitus. The | |

| |study explores similarities in psychological characteristics, reactions, | |

| |and coincidental disturbances exhibited by patients who experience chronic | |

| |tinnitus or pain. The goal is to contribute to the development of treatment| |

| |strategies that are likely 4qto be effective for patients experiencing | |

| |phantom auditory pain. | |

| |Mediation and the brain |Meditation Builds up the |

| |Meditating does more than just feel good and calm you down, it makes you |Brain.pdf |

| |perform better - and alters the structure of your brain. Meditation was the| |

| |only intervention that immediately led to superior performance on image | |

| |response tests. Meditating increases the thickness of the cortex in areas | |

| |involved in attention and sensory processing, such as the prefrontal cortex| |

| |and the right anterior insula. The growth of the cortex is not due to the | |

| |growth of new neurons but results from wider blood vessels, more supporting| |

| |structures and increased branching and connections. | |

| |Memory and hearing |Memory Impairment Linked to |

| |A new report suggests mild memory impairment may be associated with central|Hearing Disorder.pdf |

| |auditory processing dysfunction, or difficulty hearing in complex | |

| |situations with competing noise, such as hearing a single conversation amid| |

| |several other conversations. Central auditory function was affected by even| |

| |mild memory impairment. | |

| |Music & Dopamine |Music improves dopaminergic |

| |Previous studies indicated that calcium increases brain dopamine (DA) |neurotransmission.pdf |

| |synthesis through a calmodulin (CaM)-dependent system. Increased DA levels | |

| |reduce blood pressure in rats In this study we examined the effects of | |

| |music on this pathway. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by exposure to | |

| |Mozart's music and the effect vanished when this pathway was inhibited. | |

| |Exposure to music also significantly increased serum calcium levels and | |

| |neostriatal DA levels. These results suggest that music leads to increased | |

| |calcium/CaM-dependent DA synthesis in the brain, thus causing a reduction | |

| |in blood pressure. Music might regulate and/or affect various brain | |

| |functions through dopaminergic neurotransmission, and might therefore be | |

| |effective for rectification of symptoms in various diseases that involve DA| |

| |dysfunction. [Abstract only] | |

| |Music and sleep Music resulted in significantly better sleep quality in the|Music improves sleep quality|

| |experimental group, as well as significantly better components of sleep |in older adults.pdf |

| |quality: better perceived sleep quality, longer sleep duration, greater | |

| |sleep efficiency, shorter sleep latency, less sleep disturbance and less | |

| |daytime dysfunction Sleep improved weekly, indicating a cumulative dose | |

| |effect. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence for the use of soothing | |

| |music as an empirically-based intervention for sleep in older people. | |

| |Music & Auditory Skills |Music Training for the |

| |Neuroscience research has shown that music training leads to changes |Development of Auditory |

| |throughout the auditory system. Fifteen months of intense music training |Skills.pdf |

| |has been shown to induce structural changes in the primary auditory and | |

| |primary motor areas of children. These structural changes were associated | |

| |with improved auditory and motor skills, respectively. Taken together, | |

| |these data suggest that music training can cause functional and structural | |

| |changes in the brain throughout our lifetimes. | |

| |Brain development |New Brain Development |

| |In the first 3 years of life brain connection develops quickly in response |Research.pdf |

| |to external stimuli. Links exist between physical or emotional trauma and | |

| |long-term impairments in learning and development. Strong attachment to | |

| |caregivers helps to improve cognitive ability, empathy and affect. In the | |

| |early years the ability of the brain to change is strongest. Positive | |

| |bonding enables synapses to grow and connections to be strengthened. | |

| |Strategies are discussed to improve child development. | |

| |Autism Overview |Overview Of Autism |

| |Autism is a very complex disorder; and the needs of these individuals vary |Edelson.pdf |

| |greatly. The paper presents a survey of our common understandings of | |

| |autism, its characteristics, related disorders, causes, abnormalities, | |

| |impairments, cognition and possible interventions. | |

| |Polyvagal Theory: social behavior |Porges_2003The Polyvagal |

| |The paper focuses on the role that evolution has played in shaping both the|Theory phylogenetic |

| |structure of the nervous system and the adaptive social behaviours. |conditions - Copy.pdf |

| |Polyvagal theory explores the way evolution has influenced the particular | |

| |sequence of behavioural response to stimuli. It focuses particularly on the| |

| |relationship between the brain, gut and heart. The theory has enabled the | |

| |development of integrated neurobiological and neurobehavioral models of | |

| |social behaviour. | |

| |This paper focuses on how a specific component of the autonomic nervous | |

| |system, the vagus, is involved in the expression of several of the | |

| |behavioural, psychological and physiological features associated with | |

| |social behaviour. Polyvagal Theory provides a neurobiological model to | |

| |explain how positive social behaviour, social support and positive | |

| |affective states might support health and growth. | |

| |Acoustic Brain map |Representing the Acoustic |

| |Exploring the way in which acoustical aspects of the outside world are |World Within the Brain.pdf |

| |represented within the brain. The study suggests that chronic conductive | |

| |hearing loss caused by repeated middle ear infection may change the way in | |

| |which the cochlear activates the brain. This could possibly disrupt normal | |

| |central development. Auditory plasticity is greatest in the developing | |

| |individual. The early postnatal period is very important for the | |

| |establishment of auditory pathways that can accurately represent complex | |

| |sounds at the cortical level. | |

| |Tomatis Research |Research on the Tomatis |

| |A summary of 14 research articles |Method 4408CA07d01.pdf |

| |Sensory interactions |Sensory modalities are not |

| |Animal studies and human-deprivation cases provide evidence for a |separate modalities.doc.pdf |

| |surprising degree of cross-modal plasticity in cortical processing. For | |

| |example, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study showed that| |

| |the primary auditory cortex is activated when a talking face is viewed in| |

| |the absence of sound. Psychophysical data indicate that interaction | |

| |between modalities is the rule as opposed to the exception in brain | |

| |functions. | |

| |Salt myth |Shaking up the Salt Myth.pdf|

| |Evidence has been mounting against universal salt restriction guidelines. A| |

| |low-salt diet may cause serious health consequences and higher overall | |

| |mortality, especially in the presence of certain chronic health conditions | |

| |and lifestyle factors. In this article, I will discuss scientific evidence | |

| |that contradicts salt restriction recommendations, as well as potential | |

| |health risks of consuming a diet too low in salt. | |

| |Sleep |Sleep Mechanics Harvard.pdf |

| |During the night, a normal sleeper moves between different sleep stages in | |

| |a fairly predictable pattern, alternating between REM and non-REM sleep. | |

| |When these stages [N1, N2, N3 and REM] are charted on a diagram, called a | |

| |hypnogram the different levels resemble a drawing of a city skyline. Sleep | |

| |experts call this pattern sleep architecture. | |

| |In a young adult, normal sleep architecture usually consists of four or | |

| |five alternating non-REM and REM periods. Most deep sleep occurs in the | |

| |first half of the night. As the night progresses, periods of REM sleep get | |

| |longer and alternate with Stage N2 sleep. Later in life, the sleep skyline | |

| |will change, with less Stage | |

| |N3 sleep, more Stage N1 sleep, and more awakenings. The circadian rhythm | |

| |makes people's desire for sleep strongest between midnight and dawn, and to| |

| |a lesser extent in mid-afternoon. In one study, researchers instructed a | |

| |group of people to try to stay awake for 24 hours. Not surprisingly, many | |

| |slipped into naps despite their best efforts not to. When the | |

| |investigators plotted the times when the unplanned naps occurred, they | |

| |found peaks between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. and between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. | |

| |Sound Therapy |Sound Therapy |

| |The research has demonstrated that music has a profound relaxing effect. It|InducedRelaxation.pdf |

| |is believed that this occurs via Nitrous Oxide [NO], opiate and hormonal | |

| |systems. NO has been shown to be a necessary molecule in the development of| |

| |the auditory system, which is required to enable music to act as a | |

| |relaxant. Taken together we believe that the complex nitric oxide | |

| |signalling system is the primary and fundamental method by which music acts| |

| |as a relaxation device. | |

| |Music and its calming effects have been demonstrated to have a large | |

| |emotional component. When pleasant music is heard the brains motivation and| |

| |reward pathways are reinforced with positive emotion mentally linked to the| |

| |music. This emotionalized memory includes many somatic markers, i.e., | |

| |bodily sensations that accompany emotion and set the feeling tone that | |

| |feels right to the person. | |

| |Speech & auditory cortex |Speech comprehension and the|

| |The research explores the interrelationship between cortical processing and|auditory cortex.pdf |

| |speech comprehension. It suggests that training may enhance processing | |

| |capacities and enable better comprehension of speech in challenging | |

| |listening conditions. | |

| |Sudden Deafness |Sudden Deafness nicd lack of|

| |Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL), or sudden deafness, is a rapid |oxygen.pdf |

| |loss of hearing and constitutes a medical emergency. The article explores | |

| |causes and treatments. | |

| |Two factors that help hearing function properly are good air and blood flow| |

| |inside the ear. Many researchers now think that SSHL happens when important| |

| |parts of the inner ear do not receive enough oxygen. | |

| |Tensor tympani: Chewing. |Tensor tympani strange |

| |This article has concerned itself with the need for understanding the |chewing muscle.pdf |

| |presence of a masticatory muscle in the middle ear, which can complicate | |

| |temporomandibular disorder. It explores the relationships between various | |

| |auditory dysfunctions and the chewing muscle. | |

| |Tensor Tympani syndrome |Tensor Tympani Syndrome.pdf |

| |People with hyperacusis—abnormal intolerance to ordinary, everyday | |

| |sounds—show an increased activity in the tensor tympani muscle in the | |

| |middle ear. Following exposure to intolerable sounds, this contraction of | |

| |the tensor tympani muscle tightens the ear drum, which can lead to | |

| |the symptoms of ear pain/a fluttering sensation/a sensation of | |

| |fullness in the ear (in the absence of any middle or inner ear pathology). | |

| |Once the mechanism of hyperacusis has been understood, practical | |

| |self-management strategies to assist desensitization and reduce auditory | |

| |hypervigilance, personalized to suit each person's individual coping style,| |

| |can be developed. Sound enrichment and low level sound therapy are | |

| |required as part of the desensitization process. | |

| |Tensor Tympani Syndrome |Tensor_tympani_syndrome_Kloc|

| |There is no acoustic tensor reflex — the raised tension of the Tympanic |hoff.pdf |

| |membrane—in humans unless the sound stimulation is strong, sudden and | |

| |threatening enough to produce a "startle reaction". | |

| |The article explores the main symptoms of the condition and in particular | |

| |impedance fluctuation. | |

| |Neuroanatomy of tinnitus |The functional neuroanatomy |

| |Data suggest that the neural systems mediating tinnitus may be linked to |of tinnitus lockwood.pdf |

| |systems controlling emotions and memory systems. Like the severity of | |

| |phantom limb pain, the severity and the psychological impact of tinnitus | |

| |may depend on the nature and extent of plastic transformations within| |

| |the central auditory system. It is hypothesized that persistent or repeated| |

| |high levels of arousal, or the attachment of affective significance to the | |

| |sensation, impedes the development of tolerance to these phantom sounds. | |

| |Prenatal Sound |The Importance of Prenatal |

| |The elements of music, namely tonal pitch, timbre, intensity and rhythm, |Sound and Music.pdf |

| |are elements used in speaking a language. For this reason, music prepares | |

| |the ear, body and brain to listen to, integrate and produce language | |

| |sounds. Music can thus be considered a pre-linguistic language that is | |

| |nourishing and stimulating to the whole human being, affecting body, | |

| |emotions, intellect, and developing an internal sense of beauty, sustaining| |

| |and awakening the qualities in us that are wordless and otherwise | |

| |inexpressible… With foetal sound stimulation the brain functions at a | |

| |higher level of organization. | |

| |Tinnitus mechanisms |[pic]The Mechanisms of |

| |This research increasingly suggests that tinnitus is most commonly a |Tinnitus.pdf |

| |disorder that can originate in the peripheral and/or central nervous system| |

| |and brain, and can undoubtedly be triggered by injury to the ear. The | |

| |article explores symptoms, management and treatment of tinnitus. Effective | |

| |therapies include masking devices, hearing aids (for those with | |

| |higher-level hearing loss), and acoustic (filtered music) therapy. | |

| |Stimulating the auditory system in a way that better restores activity to | |

| |the damaged area may have the effect of reversing the plasticity. Instead | |

| |of neurons remaining hyperactive, over-synchronized, or | |

| |Over-selective to certain frequencies, directly stimulating the ear with | |

| |frequencies that span the frequency range of the hearing loss might | |

| |diminish those measures of change. | |

| |Middle ear Muscles |The middle-ear muscles.pdf |

| |The muscles of the middle ear contract not only in response to loud | |

| |external sounds but also immediately before a person vocalizes. This | |

| |prevocalization reflex operates even when one speaks, sings or cries as | |

| |softly as possible. Yet most evidence suggests that it is meant to protect | |

| |the inner ear from the fatigue, interference and potential injury caused by| |

| |one's own louder utterances, which can result in high sound levels in one's| |

| |head. The muscles also muffle a loud sound's lower frequencies, which tend | |

| |to overpower its higher frequencies. The net result of this frequency | |

| |selectivity is to improve hearing-particularly of those sounds that contain| |

| |many high-frequency components, such as human speech…The built-in reflexes | |

| |of the middle ear muscles have both enhanced the hearing of human beings | |

| |and proved to be a reliable tool for determining the integrity of the ear | |

| |and the neuronal circuits of the brain stem. | |

| |Mozart effect |The Mozart effect.pdf |

| |An enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning performance after listening to| |

| |Mozart's music for 10 minutes has been reported. Longer-term studies on | |

| |children have found they performed 30% better in spatio-temporal reasoning | |

| |tests than subjects not exposed to musical training. Particular components | |

| |of musical appreciation involving rhythm, pitch, metre, melody, and timbre | |

| |are processed in many different areas of the brain. It is suggested, | |

| |therefore, that listening to music would prime the activation of those | |

| |areas of the brain that are concerned with spatial reasoning. | |

| |Neurobiology Dyslexia |The Neurobiology of Reading |

| |Dyslexia is a persistent, chronic condition; it does not represent a |and Dyslexia.pdf |

| |transient "developmental lag". For dyslexic readers, these brain activation| |

| |patterns provide evidence of an imperfectly functioning system for | |

| |segmenting words into their phonologic constituents. The pattern of | |

| |relative under-activation in posterior brain regions contrasted with | |

| |relative over-activation in anterior regions may provide a neural signature| |

| |for the phonologic difficulties characterizing dyslexia. | |

| |Tinnitus & Hearing problems |[pic]Things that go bump in |

| |An exploration of some of the common causes of tinnitus and hearing |the night Hazell.pdf |

| |problems. | |

| |Tinnitus Causes Treatments |[pic]Tinnitus Causes and |

| |Researchers now realize that rewiring of an area in the brainstem called |Treatment.pdf |

| |the dorsal cochlear nucleus plays an important role in tinnitus. The | |

| |article canvasses the causes, symptoms and treatments. | |

|[pic] |Tinnitus improvement |Tinnitus Improvement .pdf |

| |This study reports on the long-term benefit of ultra-high-frequency masking| |

| |with the UltraQuiet device. A commercial product, UltraQuiet provides a new| |

| |form of high-frequency bone conduction therapy. The strategy of using high | |

| |frequencies at low levels was designed to potentially provide some partial | |

| |masking but, more important, was designed to aid in tinnitus neurological | |

| |re-programming and habituation. | |

| |The changes in Minimal Masking Levels and auditory thresholds suggest an | |

| |adaptive central nervous system, responsive to high-frequency sound | |

| |therapy. | |

|[pic] |TMJ & Tinnitus |TMJ diagnosis and treatment |

| |The study revealed that individuals who have tinnitus with no apparent |- Copy.pdf |

| |structural basis for this symptom should have a careful evaluation of the | |

| |temporomandibular [TMJ] apparatus. A | |

| |temporomandibular disorder may be one of the primary causes of this | |

| |symptom. | |

| |The article describes the symptomology of TMJ and diagnostic procedures. | |

| | |Trace Mineral |

| |Trace mineral Supplements |Supplementation.pdf |

| |The study found that even though all participants had been taking | |

| |nutrients, the addition of trace mineral supplementation provided a marked | |

| |increase in nutrition retention and availability. | |

| |This was determined by observing a measurable increase in nutrient level in| |

| |the blood for a greater period of time. Overall, an 86% increase in | |

| |nutrient availability was demonstrated with the use of trace mineral | |

| |supplementation as opposed to when the same nutrients were given without | |

| |the trace minerals. There are over 50 trace minerals necessary for human | |

| |health. | |

| | | |

| |Physiological effects observed by a majority of the participants included | |

| |increased energy, lack of fatigue at typical hours during the day, sharper | |

| |cognitive response later in the day than typical, and in some cases, an | |

| |improvement or cessation of some or all of their physical complaints. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |Tonic Tensor Tympani Syndrome |TTS and hyperacusis.pdf |

| |In the middle ear, the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedial muscle | |

| |contract to tighten the middle ear bones (the ossicles) as a reaction to| |

| |loud, potentially damaging sound. This provides protection to the inner | |

| |ear from these loud sounds. | |

| |In many people with hyperacusis, an increased, involuntary activity can | |

| |develop in the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear as part of a | |

| |protective and startle response to some sounds. This lowered reflex | |

| |threshold for tensor tympani contraction is activated by the perception/ | |

| |anticipation of sudden, unexpected, loud sound, and is called tonic tensor | |

| |tympani syndrome (TT TS). In some people with hyperacusis, it appears that| |

| |the tensor tympani muscle can contract just by thinking about a loud sound.| |

| |Our brain is a highly plastic organ, constantly re organising and | |

| |developing new neural connections. This means that we are able to retrain | |

| |our brain to reverse the process which has led to hyperacusis and | |

| |tinnitus distress. | |

| | | |

| |How the Brain Works |[pic]UNDERSTANDING HOW THE |

| |The human brain weighs only three pounds but is estimated to have about 100|BRAIN WORKS.pdf |

| |billion cells. Let's try to get an understanding of this complexity by | |

| |comparing it with something humans have created--the entire phone system | |

| |for the planet. If we took all the phones in the world and all the wires | |

| |(there are over four billion people on the planet), the number of | |

| |connections and the trillions of messages per day would NOT equal the | |

| |complexity or activity of a single human brain. | |

| |The article gives an overview of the basic physiology and functions of the | |

| |brain in easily understood analogies. | |

| |Vertigo |Vertigo its causes and |

| |Vertigo is not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom that can have any |treatment.pdf |

| |number of causes. Vertigo is defined in Webster's dictionary as a feeling | |

| |"in which the external world seems to revolve around the individual or in | |

| |which the individual seems to revolve in space." | |

| |Occurring without warning, it comes and goes unpredictably and is often | |

| |accompanied by nausea, vomiting and problems with equilibrium. The article | |

| |explores causes and treatments. | |

| | | |

| |Gene therapy |With gene therapy, ears grow|

| |But by using a virus to deliver a gene into the inner ear, scientists have |new sensory cells.pdf |

| |now coaxed the ears of adult guinea pigs to sprout new hair | |

| |Cells. These cells, which are instrumental in hearing, don’t regenerate | |

| |when they are damaged in humans. | |

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