Mysoundtherapy.com
|[pic] |Articles on Tomatis |Articles on Tomatis.docx |
| |Many different forms of Sound Therapy have been based on the discoveries of| |
| |Dr Tomatis who developed the Electronic Ear to filter sound in such a way | |
| |as to provide a progressive exercise program for the middle ear muscles. | |
| |Numerous branches of Tomatis-based sound therapies exist. The most | |
| |portable, affordable and self-help oriented method, is the Joudry program, | |
| |offered by Sound Therapy International. Follow this link for a selection of| |
| |research articles on Tomatis based therapies. | |
|[pic] |Acoustic Shock Injury |[pic]Accoustic Shock |
| |Acoustic shock injury (ASI), from exposure to a sudden unexpected loud |Injury.pdf |
| |sound, has caused specific and consistent pattern of neurophysiological and| |
| |psychological symptoms. These include aural pain, tinnitus, | |
| |hyperacusis/phonophobia, vertigo and other unusual symptoms such as | |
| |numbness or burning sensations around the ear. A range of | |
| |emotional reactions including trauma, anxiety and depression can develop. | |
| |Call centre staff are vulnerable to ASI because of the increased likelihood| |
| |of exposure, close to their ear(s), of sudden unexpected loud sounds | |
| |randomly transmitted via the telephone line. The prevalent mechanism for | |
| |ASI is Tonic Tensor Tympani Syndrome (TTTS), involving chronic and | |
| |repetitive contractions of the middle ear muscles. Read more… | |
|[pic] |Affective Disorders: Neuroscience |[pic]Affective_style |
| |Left prefrontal activation appears to facilitate the maintenance of |Davidson.pdf |
| |positive affect and the shortening of negative affect. In other words, | |
| |stimulating the left brain leads to more positive emotional states. This | |
| |occurs both through the impact on working memory plus a reduction of | |
| |metabolic activity in the amygdala, the seat of negative emotion. Read | |
| |more… | |
| |Auditory dysfunction: traumatic brain injury |[pic]auditory dysfunction |
| |Hearing loss and tinnitus are highly prevalent in the growing population of|brain injury veterans.pdf |
| |returning soldiers who have Blast Related Traumatic Brain Injury. Thus, we | |
| |need to develop and implement strategies for diagnosis and management of | |
| |auditory dysfunction in this population. Read more… | |
|[pic] |Auditory neuroscience |auditory neuroscience.pdf |
| |How does the complex inner ear develop? How does the cochlea convert sounds| |
| |into electrical signals? How does the brain’s ability to compute the | |
| |location of a sound source develop? How does the forebrain analyze complex | |
| |sounds? Participants in the National Academy of Sciences presented research| |
| |results bearing on four key issues in auditory research. Read more… | |
|[pic] |Auditory selectivity: autism |autism selectivity.pdf |
| |They can perceive but do not attend. The goal of the study was to determine| |
| |whether children with autism have a disadvantage in the sensory | |
| |representation of, and attentive orienting to, speech sounds (vowels) as | |
| |compared with non-speech sounds (tones). | |
|[pic] |Fluid dynamics inner ear |Blood labyrinth barrier and |
| |This article presents a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying |fluid dynamicsof the iner |
| |inner ear fluid homeostasis necessary for normal auditory function and |ear.pdf |
| |factors that can disrupt homeostasis and lead to functional disturbances, | |
| |namely sensori-neural hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. | |
|[pic] |The middle-ear-muscles | |
| |This system of sound mufflers and tuners effectively suppresses loud | |
| |internal and external noise, allowing relevant soft sounds to be separated | |
| |from irrelevant loud ones. Specifically, the muscle's reflexive | |
| |contractions prevent desensitization of the auditory receptors, | |
| |interference between high and low frequencies in the perception of sound, | |
| |and injury to the inner ear. | |
|[pic] |Brain Plasticity and Music |[pic]Brain plasticity and |
| |Brain plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to respond to and be |music.pdf |
| |modified by experience, to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust | |
| |its activities in response to new situations or changes in the environment.| |
| |Studies using MRI have shown that several brain areas differ in their | |
| |structure and size between musicians and control subjects. | |
|[pic] |Brain Structures Musicians |Brain Structures Differ in |
| |The strong association between grey matter differences and musician status |Musicians.pdf |
| |in our study lends support to the proposal that brains of musicians show | |
| |use-dependent structural changes. Additional support for structural | |
| |plasticity comes from animal experiments showing microstructural changed in| |
| |the cerebellum, primary motor cortex and hippocampus related to motor skill| |
| |learning and continuous motor activity. | |
|[pic] |Chemical Exposure and Hearing Loss |Chemical Exposure as a Risk |
| |In 2002 the national Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the |Factor for Hearing Loss.pdf |
| |National Hearing Conservation Association cosponsored the Best Practices | |
| |Workshop: Combines Effects of Chemicals and Noise on Hearing. This article | |
| |summarizes the main results of the Workshop. | |
|[pic] |Chemical sensitivity |[pic]Chemical sensitivity |
| |The hypothesis that chemical sensitivity may be a mechanism for disease |tinnitus.pdf |
| |posits that a broad spectrum of “recognised” chronic illnesses, ranging | |
| |from asthma and migraine to depression and chronic fatigue, may be the | |
| |consequence of environmental chemical exposures. | |
|[pic] |Chorda Tympani Trauma and Taste? |[pic]Chorda tympani trauma |
| |The chorda tympani nerve runs just beneath the tympanic membrane, and is |how much does it affect |
| |often traumatised or sacrificed during middle ear surgery. There is varied |taste.pdf |
| |opinion as to whether surgeons should preserve this nerve. This article | |
| |explores how a change in taste sensations changes and recovers after | |
| |surgery. | |
|[pic] |Chronic Fatigue and EMF |[pic]Chronic Fatigue |
| |Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Is prolonged exposure to environmental level |Syndrome exposure to EMF.pdf|
| |powerline frequency electromagnetic fields a co-factor to consider in | |
| |treatment? The authors conclude that, although the link between ELF EMFs | |
| |and cellular dysfunction are far from proven, sufficient evidence exists to| |
| |suggest a causal link. | |
|[pic] |Clubbing Yourself to Deaf |[pic]Clubbing Yourself to |
| |Research reveals huge risk of hearing loss among young people. Major |Deaf.pdf |
| |international research, presented today at the first national Club Health | |
| |conference in 2005 in Australia showed that three out of four young people | |
| |(73%) who go to clubs or concerts regularly are risking permanent hearing | |
| |damage. | |
| |Meniere's and the Menstrual Cycle |Menieres as a function of |
| |Meniere's disease is a complex, progressive disorder of the inner ear |menstrual cycle.pdf |
| |evidenced by vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, aural pressure (feeling of | |
| |pressure in the ear), and tinnitus (ringing in the ear). Several recent | |
| |studies describe women's increasing anecdotal reports of symptom | |
| |exacerbation during the perimenstruum (from ovulation through the menstrual| |
| |bleed). | |
| |Pressure in the Ear |Pressure in the Ear |
| |A simple explanation of the functional anatomy behind chronic ear pressure.|Explained.pdf |
| |Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube causes many common symptoms like blocked| |
| |ear or pressure in the head, clicking, popping or painful ears. | |
|[pic] |Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics |\Probiotics Prebiotics and |
| |Approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Many factors |Synbiotics.pdf |
| |affect the composition of the large-intestinal microbiota in humans. Diet | |
| |may exert a major influence on gut bacterial populations and their | |
| |development. It is possible to manipulate the composition of the gut | |
| |microbiota in infants and adults through dietary supplementation. Some | |
| |interesting data have arisen from the use of probiotics to reduce diarrhea | |
| |and gastroenteritis in infants. | |
| |Cochlear evolution. |“Cochlear mechanisms from a |
| | |phylogenetic viewpoint.” |
| |The hearing organs of modern amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) show a| |
| |bewildering variety of morphologies. The articles assess the functional | |
| |consequences of structural diversity. In sum, it can be said that the most | |
| |important changes in cochlear mechanisms during the evolution of species | |
| |were initiated by changes in the middle ear. This led in most lineages to a| |
| |predominance on micromechanical tuning, a profound elongation of the | |
| |papilla, and the specialization of hair cells that went as far as to | |
| |generate a division of labour in birds and mammals. | |
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| |Complex pitch perception |Correct tonotopic |
| |The ability to extract a pitch from complex harmonic sounds, such as human |representation....pitch |
| |speech, animal vocalizations, and musical instruments, is a fundamental |perception.pdf |
| |attribute of hearing. The article present an interesting dichotomy between | |
| |pitch and spatial perception: transposed tones provide peripheral | |
| |temporal information that is sufficiently accurate for binaural spatial| |
| |processing but produce poor simple, and nonexistent complex, pitch | |
| |perception. This insight should provide a valuable tool in the search for | |
| |the neural code of pitch. This is particularly important to assist hearing | |
| |against more complex background sounds. | |
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| |Electro-pollution medicine |Cross Currents book review |
| |Book review of Cross Currents exploring how EMF causes stress on the body’s|Becker.pdf |
| |immune system [not very informative] | |
| |Dangerous Decibels |Dangerous Decibels types of |
| | |hearing loss stats.pdf |
| |Focuses on noise-induced hearing loss, chiefly the mechanism of hair cell | |
| |damage. Over time the high frequency area of the cochlea becomes damaged. | |
| |Noises over 85 decibels can cause permanent damage to hair cells leading to| |
| |hearing loss. | |
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| |Deep Brain Stimulation: Parkinsons |[pic]Deep Brain Stimulation |
| |Deep brain stimulation has significantly improved the motor symptoms in |how Parkinsons.pdf |
| |patients with Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. Electrical | |
| |stimulation of structures within the brain improves motor symptoms. | |
| |Deep brain stimulation is changing the | |
| |informational content of the neural network, and | |
| |these changes are occurring across populations of neurons through the whole| |
| |basal ganglia circuit. Knowing how these changes result in improvement in | |
| |the neurologic disorder being treated will be critical to the understanding| |
| |of not only how deep brain stimulation works, but how to make it work | |
| |better and how to apply it effectively to other neurologic disorders. | |
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| |Neurotoxicity: Industrial Chemicals |Developmental neurotoxicity |
| |A few industrial chemicals (eg, lead, methyl mercury, polychlorinated |of industrial chemicals.pdf |
| |biphenyls [PCBs], arsenic, and toluene) are recognised causes of | |
| |neurodevelopmental disorders and subclinical brain dysfunction. Exposure to| |
| |these chemicals during early foetal development can cause brain injury at | |
| |doses much lower than those affecting adult brain function. | |
| |[Abstract only] | |
| |Diagnostics Tinnitus |Diagnostic Approach to |
| |The mechanism that produces tinnitus remains poorly understood. Tinnitus |Tinnitus.pdf |
| |may originate at any location along the auditory pathway from the cochlear | |
| |nucleus to the auditory | |
| |cortex. Some leading theories include a) injured cochlear hair cells that | |
| |discharge repetitively and stimulate auditory nerve fibers in a continuous | |
| |cycle, b) spontaneous activity in individual auditory nerve fibers, c) | |
| |hyperactivity of the auditory nuclei in the brain stem, or d) a reduction | |
| |in the usual suppressive activity of the central auditory cortex on | |
| |peripheral auditory nerve activity. | |
| |This article discusses the causes of subjective and objective tinnitus, | |
| |diagnostic tests and techniques used for evaluating tinnitus. | |
| |Downs Syndrome |[pic]Down_syndrome |
| |As we observe new generations of children with Down Syndrome who have had |Madaule.pdf |
| |exposure to infant | |
| |stimulation programs, increasing integration and normalization, new speech | |
| |and language therapies, and tools such as the computer, have many parents | |
| |and professionals questioning what the true potential of these children is.| |
| |Slow auditory processing and auditory control of speech, plus poor muscle | |
| |tone, are typically observed in Downs children with listening related | |
| |speech, language and learning difficulties. | |
| |Poor muscle tone slows down the movements of | |
| |the middle ear muscles affecting auditory processing and the auditory | |
| |control of speech. The article explores the Tomatis method in relation to | |
| |Down’s syndrome. | |
| |Early intervention: Prematures |Early Childhood intervention|
| |Very preterm children are at high risk for developmental difficulties; |brain images.pdf |
| |almost half of these children will have mild-moderate problems. | |
| |Early intervention has been shown to be efficacious in improving short and | |
| |medium term outcomes for high-risk children and also for those with known | |
| |difficulties. The article describes some early intervention approaches and | |
| |how they impact cognitive development. | |
| |Noise & Jet fuel exposure |Effects of Concurrent Noise |
| |A study examined the effects of occupational exposure to jet fuel on |and Jet Fuel Exposure |
| |hearing in military workers. |o…Hearing Loss.pdf |
| |Subjects with 3 years of jet fuel exposure had a 70% increase in adjusted | |
| |odds of hearing loss and the odds increased to 2. 41 (95%) for 12 years of | |
| |noise and fuel exposure. | |
| |Conclusions: These findings suggest that jet fuel has a toxic affect on the| |
| |auditory system. | |
| |Abstract only. | |
| |Evolutionary Neural Regulation & Emotion |Emotion an evolutionary |
| |Polyvagal Theory of Emotion links the evolution of the autonomic nervous |approach to nerual |
| |system to affective experience, emotional expression, vocal communication |regulation Porges.pdf |
| |and social behaviour. The mammalian vagal system has an inhibitory effect | |
| |on sympathetic pathways to the heart, and thus, promotes calm and | |
| |pro-social behaviour. The paper’s focus on the phylogenetic shift in the | |
| |neural regulation of the vertebrate heart. | |
|image from EMR consulting |Wireless Radiation: Autism |EMR-Autism-ACNEM-final1.pdf |
| |This study assessed the role of wireless device-associated EMR in the | |
| |etiology and treatment of Autism. The relationship between heavy metal | |
| |clearance in children receiving detoxification intervention, which included| |
| |energetic nutrition for Autism, and the length of time the children were | |
| |treated in an electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) free environment was | |
| |evaluated. From a clinical perspective, it is clear that heavy metal | |
| |detoxification was greatly facilitated by the elimination of EMR from the | |
| |treatment environment. | |
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| |Environment and developing brain |Environmental Circumstances |
| |The human brain begins growing in the 4th week of pregnancy at a rate of |that can damage the …eloping|
| |over 4,000 cells per second. Unlike an adult, the foetus does not have a |Brain.pdf |
| |functional blood brain barrier to protect itself from toxic insult. This | |
| |lack of natural defence allows chemicals into the foetal brain with | |
| |potential to cause serious harm and disruption in this delicate brain | |
| |growth process. Children with learning disabilities and attention deficit | |
| |disorder exhibit at least one of several types of damage to the brain | |
| |structure. | |
| |Increasingly research is showing chemical exposure can have adverse effects| |
| |on developing brain structures | |
| |Environment impact on hearing |Environmental Impact on |
| |The article explores a diversity of environmental impacts on hearing loss: |Hearing.pdf |
| |Noise; sound frequency; neurotoxic nature of the neurotransmitter – [If you| |
| |get excessive release of glutamate from presynaptic nerve endings, this can| |
| |greatly elevate the level of calcium in the cells postsynaptic to it and | |
| |produce a cascade of injurious effects]; ototoxic drugs – [alterations in | |
| |sensory function are frequently reported as the first signs of chemical | |
| |exposure in humans]; Organic solvents; Noise and organic solvents – [There | |
| |is the possibility of a synergism, of an interactive-additive type of | |
| |potentiation between noise and solvent exposures]; Heavy Metals. | |
| |It explores mechanisms of Cochlea self-protection, specifically looking at | |
| |heat-shock proteins. | |
| |Eustachian tube treatment |Eustachian Tube Anatomy |
| |The article explores the anatomy of the Eustachian tube, dysfunctions, test|Rehabilitation and |
| |procedures, and treatments. Specialists agree that Eustachian tube |Treatment.pdf |
| |disorders continue to represent some of the most challenging management | |
| |problems faced by otolaryngologists. Many of these conditions, often the | |
| |ones most puzzling to the doctors, could be easily remedied with a course | |
| |of Sound Therapy treatment, and it is hoped in the future that more doctors| |
| |will be referring clients for this therapy | |
| |Eustachian tube dysfunction |Eustachian tube |
| |…the cause of chronic blocked ear. Poor performance of Eustachian tube |dysfunction.pdf |
| |muscles can be the result of muscular tension or poor muscular tone in the | |
| |head, neck and jaw areas. It can also be linked to ear damage from | |
| |infections, viruses, head injury or noise exposure. Hence it is common for | |
| |people with blocked ear problems to also suffer from tinnitus or hearing | |
| |loss. The article explores risk factors; Symptoms, Diagnosis. Surgical | |
| |options and Sound Therapy’s muscular rehabilitation. | |
| |Schizophrenia: left brain failure |Failure of dominant left |
| |Variations in normal brain asymmetries may be associated with a variety of |hemisphere in |
| |neuro-pathologies. It has often been argued that temporal lobe asymmetries |schizophrenia.pdf |
| |may underlie language-related hemispheric specialization. Failure to | |
| |establish this type of hemispheric dominance is associated with psychotic | |
| |symptom development. Lack of contralateral dominance in the auditory | |
| |pathway, as reported here for schizophrenia patients, may reveal a failure | |
| |to develop language-related hemispheric specialization. | |
| |Absence of left-hemispheric contralateral dominance in response to | |
| |right-ear auditory stimuli among schizophrenia patients may index a failure| |
| |to establish normal development of brain asymmetry. | |
| |Managing OCD |Four Steps for Managing |
| |Cognitive-bio-behavioural self-treatment: Re-label; Reattribute; Refocus; |OCD.pdf |
| |Revalue. Deep inside the brain lies a structure called the caudate nucleus.| |
| |Scientists worldwide have studied this structure and believe that, in | |
| |people with OCD, the caudate nucleus may be malfunctioning. Think of the | |
| |caudate nucleus as a processing centre or filtering station for the very | |
| |complicated messages generated by the front part of the brain, which is | |
| |probably the part used in thinking, planning, and understanding. During a | |
| |normal day, we make many rapid shifts of behaviour, smoothly and easily and| |
| |usually without thinking about them. It is the functioning of the caudate | |
| |nucleus and the putamen that makes this possible. In OCD, the problem seems| |
| |to be that the smooth, efficient filtering and the shifting of thoughts and| |
| |behaviour are disrupted by a glitch in the caudate nucleus. | |
| |Autism: Reducing Hypersensitivity |Frontiers Listening Project |
| |Auditory hypersensitivities are a common feature of autism spectrum |Protocol.pdf |
| |disorder. The study explored the effectiveness of a novel intervention, the| |
| |listening project protocol. LPP was developed to reduce auditory | |
| |hypersensitivities. LPP is based on a theoretical “neural exercise” model | |
| |that uses computer altered acoustic stimulation to recruit the neural | |
| |regulation of middle ear muscles. LPP was hypothesized to reduce auditory | |
| |hypersensitivities by increasing the neural tone to the middleear muscles | |
| |to functionally dampen competing sounds in frequencies lower than human | |
| |speech. The trials demonstrated that LPP, when contrasted to control | |
| |conditions, selectively reduced auditory hypersensitivities. These findings| |
| |are consistent with the polyvagal theory, which emphasizes the role of the | |
| |middle ear muscles in social communication. | |
| |Asymmetry Auditory Processing |functional assymetry for |
| |Structural asymmetries in the supratemporal plane of the human brain are |auditory processing.pdf |
| |often cited as the anatomical basis for the lateralization of language | |
| |predominantly to the left hemisphere. However, similar asymmetries are | |
| |found for structures mediating earlier events in the auditory processing | |
| |stream, suggesting that functional lateralization may occur even at the | |
| |level of primary auditory cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was| |
| |used to evaluate human auditory cortex responses to monaurally presented | |
| |tones. Relative to silence, tones presented separately to either ear | |
| |produced greater activation in left than right Heschl’s gyrus, the location| |
| |of primary auditory cortex. This functional lateralization for primary | |
| |auditory cortex is distinct from the contralateral dominance | |
| |reported for other mammals, including nonhuman primates, and may have | |
| |contributed to the evolution of a unique role for the left hemisphere in | |
| |language processing. | |
| |Stutterers: Auditory cortex |[pic]Functional organization|
| |The basic functional organization of the auditory cortices was found to be |of the auditory cortex in |
| |different in stutterers and controls. The altered inter-hemispheric |stutterers.pdf |
| |balance in stutterers was affected by speech production, due to changes | |
| |in the left auditory cortical representation, and more severely by | |
| |self-paced than accompanied speech | |
| |[Abstract only] | |
| |Auditory Ossicles |Gray the Auditory Ossicles |
| |The tympanic cavity contains a chain of three movable ossicles, the |1918.pdf |
| |malleus, incus, and stapes. | |
| |The article explores the functional anatomy of these structures, | |
| |articulations, ligaments, muscles of tympanic cavity, vessels and nerves. | |
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| |Brain & Hearing aids |Hearing aids and the Brain |
| |Even though we are typically born with the capacity to code the acoustic |whats the connection.pdf |
| |information, our brain—specifically the central auditory system—“changes” | |
| |as a function of auditory deprivation and stimulation. It reorganizes | |
| |itself throughout our lifespan according to the auditory input that it | |
| |receives. | |
| |The central auditory system of a person who has been diagnosed with a | |
| |conductive or sensorineural hearing loss has experienced | |
| |deprivation-related plasticity. Hearing aids and cochlear implants, through| |
| |signal processing circuitry, modify the content of the incoming sound and | |
| |deliver a modified signal to the central auditory system. In a sense, these| |
| |modified signals are new signals because they are unfamiliar to the | |
| |listener and so are likely to stimulate the auditory system in a new way. | |
| |It is widely believed that people learn how to relate the modified signal, | |
| |and the altered neural spectral and temporal codes, to an existing memory | |
| |of sound…if a person can learn to differentiate acoustic cues, this ability| |
| |might in turn contribute to improved speech perception. | |
| |Cortical activation |[pic]Hearing cortical |
| |Reversible inactivation of the auditory cortex leads to a transient |activation does matter.pdf |
| |impairment in tone detection and frequency discrimination. | |
| |Assuming that long-term inactivation of the auditory cortex leads to a | |
| |transient loss of auditory function, what neural mechanisms might account | |
| |for the reacquisition of hearing? A rapid reorganization of cortical | |
| |function that occurs without further training is often attributed to | |
| |unmasking of cortical connections. But it is difficult to imagine that | |
| |unmasking, or any other cortical mechanism, can account for the retention | |
| |of auditory function following massive lesions involving over half the | |
| |cerebral cortex. An alternative is that sub-cortical processing, possibly | |
| |responding dynamically to a release from cortical influence, may mediate | |
| |the restored function. | |
| |Hearing Health Care |Hearing Health Care.pdf |
| |The article aims to provide all health care providers with a complete | |
| |overview about hearing loss, treatment for hearing loss, and the role of | |
| |the audiologist, in addition to reviewing other areas within the scope of | |
| |practice of audiology. | |
| |Antioxidants prevent Hearing loss |High Doses of Antioxidants |
| |Recent studies indicate that noise exposure damages sensory cells by the |May help Prevent Hearing |
| |formation of free radicals, damaging molecules known to cause cell death. |Loss.pdf |
| |In the past 10 years, scientists have learned that noise-induced hearing | |
| |loss occurs in part because cell mitochondria in the ear churn out damaging| |
| |free radicals in response to loud sounds. | |
| |Le Prell’s research shows that damage to the sensory cells can be prevented| |
| |by antioxidants that prevent free radical damage by binding to free radical| |
| |molecules and rendering them harmless. A combination of high doses of | |
| |vitamins A, C, and E and magnesium, taken one hour before noise exposure | |
| |and continued as a once-daily treatment for five days, was very effective | |
| |at preventing permanent noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. | |
| |Hypertension & Airport noise |Hypertension and Exposure to|
| |Significant exposure-response relationships exist between exposure to |Noise Near Airports…udy 08 |
| |night-time aircraft noise, daily average road traffic noise, and the risk |05 08.pdf |
| |of hypertension | |
| |Music brain regions pleasure |Intensely pleasurable |
| |Cerebral blood flow changes were measured in response to |responses to music brain |
| |subject-selected music that elicited the highly pleasurable experience of |regions.pdf |
| |‘‘shivers-down-the-spine’’ or ‘‘chills.’’ Subjective reports of chills were| |
| |accompanied by changes in heart rate, electromyogram, and respiration. As | |
| |intensity of these chills increased, cerebral blood flow increases and | |
| |decreases were observed in brain regions thought to be involved in | |
| |reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal. These brain structures are known| |
| |to be active in response to other euphoria-inducing stimuli, such as food, | |
| |sex, and drugs of abuse. This finding links music with biologically | |
| |relevant, survival-related stimuli via their common recruitment of brain | |
| |circuitry involved in pleasure and reward. | |
| |Tympanic treatment Meniere’s |Intratympanic Transtympanic |
| |The article explores the efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin treatment for|Gentamicin Treatment |
| |Meniere’s. It involves injection of gentamicin through the eardrum. |Menieres Dissease.pdf |
| | |Labyrinthitis and Vestibular|
| |Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis |Neuritis.pdf |
| | | |
| |Vestibular neuritis means inflammation of the vestibular nerve. | |
| |Labyrinthitis is a condition that is due to inflammation of the labyrinth | |
| |in the inner ear, although sometimes the vestibular nerve is also involved.| |
| |The article explores causes and treatment. | |
| |Cochlea Damage –Personal Stero |[pic]Latent Cochlear Damage |
| |The use of pure tone audiometry to assess the potentially harmful effects |in Personal Stereo Users.pdf|
| |of amplified music in personal stereo use [PS] on young people's hearing | |
| |has failed to show any marked effect. Further research may reveal more | |
| |sensitive measures of cochlear damage than pure tone audiometry. | |
| |Otoacoustic emissions may offer new precision in determining an | |
| |individual's risk of hearing loss; | |
| |•the use of PS headsets, even in typical moderate use, is associated with | |
| |rapid ageing of the cochlea comparable with industrial noise trauma; | |
| |•as personal stereos are here to stay, the essential message for preventing| |
| |premature hearing loss in users is that listening times and volumes should | |
| |be moderate, and that users should be aware of the potentiating effect of | |
| |noisy background conditions which both add directly to the noise dose and | |
| |encourage them raise the PS volume. | |
| |Left Brian Hears through Noise |[pic]Left Brain Helps Hear |
| |In our daily lives, we are exposed to many different sounds from multiple |Through The Noise.pdf |
| |sources at the same time, from traffic noise to background chatter. These | |
| |noisy signals interact and compete with each other when they are being | |
| |processed by the brain: a process called simultaneous masking. The brain’s | |
| |response to masking stimuli brings about the “cocktail-party effect” so | |
| |that we are able to hear a particular sound, even in the presence of a | |
| |competing sound or background noise. The left hemisphere was the site of | |
| |most neural activity associated with processing sounds in a noisy | |
| |environment. | |
| |Abstract only | |
| |Mal de Debarquement |Mal de Debarquement.pdf |
| |Mal de Debarquement or "MDD" is a type of vertigo and imbalance that occurs| |
| |after getting off of a boat. A recent conjecture is that MDD is caused by | |
| |adaptation to roll while rotating. In other words, if one is rocking | |
| |side-side (roll), and also rotating the head, for long periods of time, one| |
| |might develop an inappropriate cross-coupling between roll and rotation | |
| |A plausible mechanism for the development of MDD is that it is due to | |
| |formation of an inappropriate internal predictive model. It is proposed | |
| |that people develop a predictive model of the boat motion, and use their | |
| |prediction to adjust to the boat motion (and avoid falling). Treatment | |
| |approaches should be considered that assist people in changing their mental| |
| |processing of motion, rather than searches for vestibular suppressant | |
| |medication or physical therapy that includes more motion. | |
| |Managing Chronic Tinnitus |Managing Chronic Tinnitus As|
| |It is clear that the perception of chronic tinnitus has many physiological |Phantom Auditory Pain.pdf |
| |characteristics in common with the perception of chronic pain. Briner used | |
| |the phrase phantom auditory pain to describe severe chronic tinnitus. The | |
| |study explores similarities in psychological characteristics, reactions, | |
| |and coincidental disturbances exhibited by patients who experience chronic | |
| |tinnitus or pain. The goal is to contribute to the development of treatment| |
| |strategies that are likely 4qto be effective for patients experiencing | |
| |phantom auditory pain. | |
| |Mediation and the brain |Meditation Builds up the |
| |Meditating does more than just feel good and calm you down, it makes you |Brain.pdf |
| |perform better - and alters the structure of your brain. Meditation was the| |
| |only intervention that immediately led to superior performance on image | |
| |response tests. Meditating increases the thickness of the cortex in areas | |
| |involved in attention and sensory processing, such as the prefrontal cortex| |
| |and the right anterior insula. The growth of the cortex is not due to the | |
| |growth of new neurons but results from wider blood vessels, more supporting| |
| |structures and increased branching and connections. | |
| |Memory and hearing |Memory Impairment Linked to |
| |A new report suggests mild memory impairment may be associated with central|Hearing Disorder.pdf |
| |auditory processing dysfunction, or difficulty hearing in complex | |
| |situations with competing noise, such as hearing a single conversation amid| |
| |several other conversations. Central auditory function was affected by even| |
| |mild memory impairment. | |
| |Music & Dopamine |Music improves dopaminergic |
| |Previous studies indicated that calcium increases brain dopamine (DA) |neurotransmission.pdf |
| |synthesis through a calmodulin (CaM)-dependent system. Increased DA levels | |
| |reduce blood pressure in rats In this study we examined the effects of | |
| |music on this pathway. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by exposure to | |
| |Mozart's music and the effect vanished when this pathway was inhibited. | |
| |Exposure to music also significantly increased serum calcium levels and | |
| |neostriatal DA levels. These results suggest that music leads to increased | |
| |calcium/CaM-dependent DA synthesis in the brain, thus causing a reduction | |
| |in blood pressure. Music might regulate and/or affect various brain | |
| |functions through dopaminergic neurotransmission, and might therefore be | |
| |effective for rectification of symptoms in various diseases that involve DA| |
| |dysfunction. [Abstract only] | |
| |Music and sleep Music resulted in significantly better sleep quality in the|Music improves sleep quality|
| |experimental group, as well as significantly better components of sleep |in older adults.pdf |
| |quality: better perceived sleep quality, longer sleep duration, greater | |
| |sleep efficiency, shorter sleep latency, less sleep disturbance and less | |
| |daytime dysfunction Sleep improved weekly, indicating a cumulative dose | |
| |effect. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence for the use of soothing | |
| |music as an empirically-based intervention for sleep in older people. | |
| |Music & Auditory Skills |Music Training for the |
| |Neuroscience research has shown that music training leads to changes |Development of Auditory |
| |throughout the auditory system. Fifteen months of intense music training |Skills.pdf |
| |has been shown to induce structural changes in the primary auditory and | |
| |primary motor areas of children. These structural changes were associated | |
| |with improved auditory and motor skills, respectively. Taken together, | |
| |these data suggest that music training can cause functional and structural | |
| |changes in the brain throughout our lifetimes. | |
| |Brain development |New Brain Development |
| |In the first 3 years of life brain connection develops quickly in response |Research.pdf |
| |to external stimuli. Links exist between physical or emotional trauma and | |
| |long-term impairments in learning and development. Strong attachment to | |
| |caregivers helps to improve cognitive ability, empathy and affect. In the | |
| |early years the ability of the brain to change is strongest. Positive | |
| |bonding enables synapses to grow and connections to be strengthened. | |
| |Strategies are discussed to improve child development. | |
| |Autism Overview |Overview Of Autism |
| |Autism is a very complex disorder; and the needs of these individuals vary |Edelson.pdf |
| |greatly. The paper presents a survey of our common understandings of | |
| |autism, its characteristics, related disorders, causes, abnormalities, | |
| |impairments, cognition and possible interventions. | |
| |Polyvagal Theory: social behavior |Porges_2003The Polyvagal |
| |The paper focuses on the role that evolution has played in shaping both the|Theory phylogenetic |
| |structure of the nervous system and the adaptive social behaviours. |conditions - Copy.pdf |
| |Polyvagal theory explores the way evolution has influenced the particular | |
| |sequence of behavioural response to stimuli. It focuses particularly on the| |
| |relationship between the brain, gut and heart. The theory has enabled the | |
| |development of integrated neurobiological and neurobehavioral models of | |
| |social behaviour. | |
| |This paper focuses on how a specific component of the autonomic nervous | |
| |system, the vagus, is involved in the expression of several of the | |
| |behavioural, psychological and physiological features associated with | |
| |social behaviour. Polyvagal Theory provides a neurobiological model to | |
| |explain how positive social behaviour, social support and positive | |
| |affective states might support health and growth. | |
| |Acoustic Brain map |Representing the Acoustic |
| |Exploring the way in which acoustical aspects of the outside world are |World Within the Brain.pdf |
| |represented within the brain. The study suggests that chronic conductive | |
| |hearing loss caused by repeated middle ear infection may change the way in | |
| |which the cochlear activates the brain. This could possibly disrupt normal | |
| |central development. Auditory plasticity is greatest in the developing | |
| |individual. The early postnatal period is very important for the | |
| |establishment of auditory pathways that can accurately represent complex | |
| |sounds at the cortical level. | |
| |Tomatis Research |Research on the Tomatis |
| |A summary of 14 research articles |Method 4408CA07d01.pdf |
| |Sensory interactions |Sensory modalities are not |
| |Animal studies and human-deprivation cases provide evidence for a |separate modalities.doc.pdf |
| |surprising degree of cross-modal plasticity in cortical processing. For | |
| |example, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study showed that| |
| |the primary auditory cortex is activated when a talking face is viewed in| |
| |the absence of sound. Psychophysical data indicate that interaction | |
| |between modalities is the rule as opposed to the exception in brain | |
| |functions. | |
| |Salt myth |Shaking up the Salt Myth.pdf|
| |Evidence has been mounting against universal salt restriction guidelines. A| |
| |low-salt diet may cause serious health consequences and higher overall | |
| |mortality, especially in the presence of certain chronic health conditions | |
| |and lifestyle factors. In this article, I will discuss scientific evidence | |
| |that contradicts salt restriction recommendations, as well as potential | |
| |health risks of consuming a diet too low in salt. | |
| |Sleep |Sleep Mechanics Harvard.pdf |
| |During the night, a normal sleeper moves between different sleep stages in | |
| |a fairly predictable pattern, alternating between REM and non-REM sleep. | |
| |When these stages [N1, N2, N3 and REM] are charted on a diagram, called a | |
| |hypnogram the different levels resemble a drawing of a city skyline. Sleep | |
| |experts call this pattern sleep architecture. | |
| |In a young adult, normal sleep architecture usually consists of four or | |
| |five alternating non-REM and REM periods. Most deep sleep occurs in the | |
| |first half of the night. As the night progresses, periods of REM sleep get | |
| |longer and alternate with Stage N2 sleep. Later in life, the sleep skyline | |
| |will change, with less Stage | |
| |N3 sleep, more Stage N1 sleep, and more awakenings. The circadian rhythm | |
| |makes people's desire for sleep strongest between midnight and dawn, and to| |
| |a lesser extent in mid-afternoon. In one study, researchers instructed a | |
| |group of people to try to stay awake for 24 hours. Not surprisingly, many | |
| |slipped into naps despite their best efforts not to. When the | |
| |investigators plotted the times when the unplanned naps occurred, they | |
| |found peaks between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. and between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. | |
| |Sound Therapy |Sound Therapy |
| |The research has demonstrated that music has a profound relaxing effect. It|InducedRelaxation.pdf |
| |is believed that this occurs via Nitrous Oxide [NO], opiate and hormonal | |
| |systems. NO has been shown to be a necessary molecule in the development of| |
| |the auditory system, which is required to enable music to act as a | |
| |relaxant. Taken together we believe that the complex nitric oxide | |
| |signalling system is the primary and fundamental method by which music acts| |
| |as a relaxation device. | |
| |Music and its calming effects have been demonstrated to have a large | |
| |emotional component. When pleasant music is heard the brains motivation and| |
| |reward pathways are reinforced with positive emotion mentally linked to the| |
| |music. This emotionalized memory includes many somatic markers, i.e., | |
| |bodily sensations that accompany emotion and set the feeling tone that | |
| |feels right to the person. | |
| |Speech & auditory cortex |Speech comprehension and the|
| |The research explores the interrelationship between cortical processing and|auditory cortex.pdf |
| |speech comprehension. It suggests that training may enhance processing | |
| |capacities and enable better comprehension of speech in challenging | |
| |listening conditions. | |
| |Sudden Deafness |Sudden Deafness nicd lack of|
| |Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL), or sudden deafness, is a rapid |oxygen.pdf |
| |loss of hearing and constitutes a medical emergency. The article explores | |
| |causes and treatments. | |
| |Two factors that help hearing function properly are good air and blood flow| |
| |inside the ear. Many researchers now think that SSHL happens when important| |
| |parts of the inner ear do not receive enough oxygen. | |
| |Tensor tympani: Chewing. |Tensor tympani strange |
| |This article has concerned itself with the need for understanding the |chewing muscle.pdf |
| |presence of a masticatory muscle in the middle ear, which can complicate | |
| |temporomandibular disorder. It explores the relationships between various | |
| |auditory dysfunctions and the chewing muscle. | |
| |Tensor Tympani syndrome |Tensor Tympani Syndrome.pdf |
| |People with hyperacusis—abnormal intolerance to ordinary, everyday | |
| |sounds—show an increased activity in the tensor tympani muscle in the | |
| |middle ear. Following exposure to intolerable sounds, this contraction of | |
| |the tensor tympani muscle tightens the ear drum, which can lead to | |
| |the symptoms of ear pain/a fluttering sensation/a sensation of | |
| |fullness in the ear (in the absence of any middle or inner ear pathology). | |
| |Once the mechanism of hyperacusis has been understood, practical | |
| |self-management strategies to assist desensitization and reduce auditory | |
| |hypervigilance, personalized to suit each person's individual coping style,| |
| |can be developed. Sound enrichment and low level sound therapy are | |
| |required as part of the desensitization process. | |
| |Tensor Tympani Syndrome |Tensor_tympani_syndrome_Kloc|
| |There is no acoustic tensor reflex — the raised tension of the Tympanic |hoff.pdf |
| |membrane—in humans unless the sound stimulation is strong, sudden and | |
| |threatening enough to produce a "startle reaction". | |
| |The article explores the main symptoms of the condition and in particular | |
| |impedance fluctuation. | |
| |Neuroanatomy of tinnitus |The functional neuroanatomy |
| |Data suggest that the neural systems mediating tinnitus may be linked to |of tinnitus lockwood.pdf |
| |systems controlling emotions and memory systems. Like the severity of | |
| |phantom limb pain, the severity and the psychological impact of tinnitus | |
| |may depend on the nature and extent of plastic transformations within| |
| |the central auditory system. It is hypothesized that persistent or repeated| |
| |high levels of arousal, or the attachment of affective significance to the | |
| |sensation, impedes the development of tolerance to these phantom sounds. | |
| |Prenatal Sound |The Importance of Prenatal |
| |The elements of music, namely tonal pitch, timbre, intensity and rhythm, |Sound and Music.pdf |
| |are elements used in speaking a language. For this reason, music prepares | |
| |the ear, body and brain to listen to, integrate and produce language | |
| |sounds. Music can thus be considered a pre-linguistic language that is | |
| |nourishing and stimulating to the whole human being, affecting body, | |
| |emotions, intellect, and developing an internal sense of beauty, sustaining| |
| |and awakening the qualities in us that are wordless and otherwise | |
| |inexpressible… With foetal sound stimulation the brain functions at a | |
| |higher level of organization. | |
| |Tinnitus mechanisms |[pic]The Mechanisms of |
| |This research increasingly suggests that tinnitus is most commonly a |Tinnitus.pdf |
| |disorder that can originate in the peripheral and/or central nervous system| |
| |and brain, and can undoubtedly be triggered by injury to the ear. The | |
| |article explores symptoms, management and treatment of tinnitus. Effective | |
| |therapies include masking devices, hearing aids (for those with | |
| |higher-level hearing loss), and acoustic (filtered music) therapy. | |
| |Stimulating the auditory system in a way that better restores activity to | |
| |the damaged area may have the effect of reversing the plasticity. Instead | |
| |of neurons remaining hyperactive, over-synchronized, or | |
| |Over-selective to certain frequencies, directly stimulating the ear with | |
| |frequencies that span the frequency range of the hearing loss might | |
| |diminish those measures of change. | |
| |Middle ear Muscles |The middle-ear muscles.pdf |
| |The muscles of the middle ear contract not only in response to loud | |
| |external sounds but also immediately before a person vocalizes. This | |
| |prevocalization reflex operates even when one speaks, sings or cries as | |
| |softly as possible. Yet most evidence suggests that it is meant to protect | |
| |the inner ear from the fatigue, interference and potential injury caused by| |
| |one's own louder utterances, which can result in high sound levels in one's| |
| |head. The muscles also muffle a loud sound's lower frequencies, which tend | |
| |to overpower its higher frequencies. The net result of this frequency | |
| |selectivity is to improve hearing-particularly of those sounds that contain| |
| |many high-frequency components, such as human speech…The built-in reflexes | |
| |of the middle ear muscles have both enhanced the hearing of human beings | |
| |and proved to be a reliable tool for determining the integrity of the ear | |
| |and the neuronal circuits of the brain stem. | |
| |Mozart effect |The Mozart effect.pdf |
| |An enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning performance after listening to| |
| |Mozart's music for 10 minutes has been reported. Longer-term studies on | |
| |children have found they performed 30% better in spatio-temporal reasoning | |
| |tests than subjects not exposed to musical training. Particular components | |
| |of musical appreciation involving rhythm, pitch, metre, melody, and timbre | |
| |are processed in many different areas of the brain. It is suggested, | |
| |therefore, that listening to music would prime the activation of those | |
| |areas of the brain that are concerned with spatial reasoning. | |
| |Neurobiology Dyslexia |The Neurobiology of Reading |
| |Dyslexia is a persistent, chronic condition; it does not represent a |and Dyslexia.pdf |
| |transient "developmental lag". For dyslexic readers, these brain activation| |
| |patterns provide evidence of an imperfectly functioning system for | |
| |segmenting words into their phonologic constituents. The pattern of | |
| |relative under-activation in posterior brain regions contrasted with | |
| |relative over-activation in anterior regions may provide a neural signature| |
| |for the phonologic difficulties characterizing dyslexia. | |
| |Tinnitus & Hearing problems |[pic]Things that go bump in |
| |An exploration of some of the common causes of tinnitus and hearing |the night Hazell.pdf |
| |problems. | |
| |Tinnitus Causes Treatments |[pic]Tinnitus Causes and |
| |Researchers now realize that rewiring of an area in the brainstem called |Treatment.pdf |
| |the dorsal cochlear nucleus plays an important role in tinnitus. The | |
| |article canvasses the causes, symptoms and treatments. | |
|[pic] |Tinnitus improvement |Tinnitus Improvement .pdf |
| |This study reports on the long-term benefit of ultra-high-frequency masking| |
| |with the UltraQuiet device. A commercial product, UltraQuiet provides a new| |
| |form of high-frequency bone conduction therapy. The strategy of using high | |
| |frequencies at low levels was designed to potentially provide some partial | |
| |masking but, more important, was designed to aid in tinnitus neurological | |
| |re-programming and habituation. | |
| |The changes in Minimal Masking Levels and auditory thresholds suggest an | |
| |adaptive central nervous system, responsive to high-frequency sound | |
| |therapy. | |
|[pic] |TMJ & Tinnitus |TMJ diagnosis and treatment |
| |The study revealed that individuals who have tinnitus with no apparent |- Copy.pdf |
| |structural basis for this symptom should have a careful evaluation of the | |
| |temporomandibular [TMJ] apparatus. A | |
| |temporomandibular disorder may be one of the primary causes of this | |
| |symptom. | |
| |The article describes the symptomology of TMJ and diagnostic procedures. | |
| | |Trace Mineral |
| |Trace mineral Supplements |Supplementation.pdf |
| |The study found that even though all participants had been taking | |
| |nutrients, the addition of trace mineral supplementation provided a marked | |
| |increase in nutrition retention and availability. | |
| |This was determined by observing a measurable increase in nutrient level in| |
| |the blood for a greater period of time. Overall, an 86% increase in | |
| |nutrient availability was demonstrated with the use of trace mineral | |
| |supplementation as opposed to when the same nutrients were given without | |
| |the trace minerals. There are over 50 trace minerals necessary for human | |
| |health. | |
| | | |
| |Physiological effects observed by a majority of the participants included | |
| |increased energy, lack of fatigue at typical hours during the day, sharper | |
| |cognitive response later in the day than typical, and in some cases, an | |
| |improvement or cessation of some or all of their physical complaints. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |Tonic Tensor Tympani Syndrome |TTS and hyperacusis.pdf |
| |In the middle ear, the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedial muscle | |
| |contract to tighten the middle ear bones (the ossicles) as a reaction to| |
| |loud, potentially damaging sound. This provides protection to the inner | |
| |ear from these loud sounds. | |
| |In many people with hyperacusis, an increased, involuntary activity can | |
| |develop in the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear as part of a | |
| |protective and startle response to some sounds. This lowered reflex | |
| |threshold for tensor tympani contraction is activated by the perception/ | |
| |anticipation of sudden, unexpected, loud sound, and is called tonic tensor | |
| |tympani syndrome (TT TS). In some people with hyperacusis, it appears that| |
| |the tensor tympani muscle can contract just by thinking about a loud sound.| |
| |Our brain is a highly plastic organ, constantly re organising and | |
| |developing new neural connections. This means that we are able to retrain | |
| |our brain to reverse the process which has led to hyperacusis and | |
| |tinnitus distress. | |
| | | |
| |How the Brain Works |[pic]UNDERSTANDING HOW THE |
| |The human brain weighs only three pounds but is estimated to have about 100|BRAIN WORKS.pdf |
| |billion cells. Let's try to get an understanding of this complexity by | |
| |comparing it with something humans have created--the entire phone system | |
| |for the planet. If we took all the phones in the world and all the wires | |
| |(there are over four billion people on the planet), the number of | |
| |connections and the trillions of messages per day would NOT equal the | |
| |complexity or activity of a single human brain. | |
| |The article gives an overview of the basic physiology and functions of the | |
| |brain in easily understood analogies. | |
| |Vertigo |Vertigo its causes and |
| |Vertigo is not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom that can have any |treatment.pdf |
| |number of causes. Vertigo is defined in Webster's dictionary as a feeling | |
| |"in which the external world seems to revolve around the individual or in | |
| |which the individual seems to revolve in space." | |
| |Occurring without warning, it comes and goes unpredictably and is often | |
| |accompanied by nausea, vomiting and problems with equilibrium. The article | |
| |explores causes and treatments. | |
| | | |
| |Gene therapy |With gene therapy, ears grow|
| |But by using a virus to deliver a gene into the inner ear, scientists have |new sensory cells.pdf |
| |now coaxed the ears of adult guinea pigs to sprout new hair | |
| |Cells. These cells, which are instrumental in hearing, don’t regenerate | |
| |when they are damaged in humans. | |
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