Cells
|term |definition or information |diagram or examples |
|Robert Hooke |English scientist |[pic] |
| |looked at a thin slice of cork (oak cork) through a compound |[pic] |
| |microscope | |
| |observed tiny, hollow, roomlike structures | |
| |called these structures 'cells' because they reminded him of | |
| |the rooms that monks lived in | |
| |only saw the outer walls (cell walls) because cork cells are | |
| |not alive | |
|Anton van Leeuwenhoek |Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist |[pic] |
| |looked at blood, rainwater, scrapings from teeth through a | |
| |simple microscope (1 lens) | |
| |observed living cells; called some 'animalcules' | |
| |some of the small 'animalcules' are now called bacteria | |
|prokaryotic |cells that do not have a nucleus |[pic] |
|(prokaryote) |lack membrane-bound organelles | |
| |in most cases unicellular; in rare cases, multicellular | |
| |circular DNA | |
| |bacteria | |
|eukaryotic |cells that have a nucleus |[pic] |
|(eukaryote) |linear DNA | |
| |animals, plants, protista, and some unicellular organisms | |
|autotrophic |producers---an organism that makes or synthesizes its own |[pic] |
|(autotroph) |food using photosynthesis | |
|heterotrophic |consumers---organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich |[pic] |
|(heterotroph) |molecules; they obtain energy by eating other organisms | |
|photosynthesis |Equation for Photosynthesis--- |[pic] |
| |(sunlight) | |
| |6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use light energy to | |
| |produce a carbohydrate (glucose). | |
| |process in which the energy in sunlight is stored in the | |
| |bonds of glucose for later use | |
| |Cellulose is the substance that makes up most of a plant's | |
| |cell walls. An increase in the cellulose is an increase in | |
| |plant size. | |
|cellular respiration |Equation for Cellular Respiration--- |[pic] |
| |(ATP) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O+energy | |
| | | |
| |ATP (adenosine triphosphate) made in the mitochondria. | |
| |Organisms use oxygen to get energy from food, some of which | |
| |is released as heat. | |
| |If cellular respiration stopped, a cell would not have the | |
| |energy it needs to perform its functions. | |
Organization:
organelles ( cells ( tissue ( organ ( organism
Plant and Animal Cells---
|Structures--- |Function-- |picture or diagram |
|cell membrane |thin, flexible outer covering of a cell |[pic] |
| |controls what enters and leaves the cell | |
| |nutrients and water enter and wastes leave the cell through the | |
| |cell membrane | |
|cytoplasm |thick, gel-like fluid |[pic] |
| |“cell-liquid” | |
| |cell organelles float in the cytoplasm | |
|nucleus (nuclei) |control center; “brain” |[pic] |
| |contains the cell’s genetic material; DNA, chromosomes, traits | |
| |chromosomes---genetic information of organisms | |
|nuclear membrane |surrounds the nucleus |[pic] |
| |thin structure that separates the nucleus from the rest of the | |
| |cell | |
|vacuole |used for storage |[pic] |
| |plant cells usually have one large vacuole that stores water and | |
| |other substances | |
| |vacuoles help support the plant | |
| |animal cells have smaller vacuoles that contain either food or | |
| |wastes | |
| |vacuoles in animals cells can be temporary | |
|Mitochondria |small organelles that break down sugar and release energy | |
|(mitochondrion) |“powerhouse” or energy source of the cell | |
| |process by which mitochondria release energy from sugar is called | |
| |cellular respiration | |
| |makes ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)---compound that cells use to | |
| |store and release energy | |
|endoplasmic reticulum |series of rough and smooth membranes that move materials around | |
| |the cell | |
| |proteins enter ER to be transported to other parts of the cell | |
|Golgi body |packages proteins and carbohydrates for export from the cell |[pic] |
|or |“post office” | |
|Golgi apparatus | | |
|ribosomes |synthesizes proteins for cell’s activities | |
| |some float freely while others are attached to ER |[pic] |
|cell wall |ONLY IN PLANTS |[pic] |
| |rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane | |
| |supports plant cells and gives them their shape | |
| |mostly made of cellulose | |
|chloroplast |ONLY IN PLANTS | |
| |plant cell structure in which photosynthesis takes place | |
| |contain chlorophyll---a green pigment that absorbs light | |
| |chlorophyll---captures radiant energy from sunlight | |
|lysosomes |contains digestive enzymes that help break down nutrients for the | [pic][pic] |
| |cell | |
|nucleolus |inside the nucleus and contains RNA (ribonucleic acid) |[pic] |
|centrioles |helps organize cell division |[pic] |
Types of Cells---
|blood |in a liquid called plasma |[pic] [pic] |
| |bone marrow | |
| |RBC---receive oxygen from respiratory systems (lungs) and carries it | |
| |to organs and systems throughout the body | |
| |WBC---increase due to infections | |
|bone |produce molecules (usually proteins) that communicate with other cells|[pic] [pic] |
| | | |
|nerve |long and thin | |
| |carry and receive messages around the body | |
|muscle |movement |[pic] |
| | | |
| |[pic] | |
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Types of Tissues---
|epithelial |closely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal |[pic] |
| |structures | |
| |makes up the skin and the lining of the stomach | |
| |largest organ of body (skin) | |
|muscle |made up of cells that are able to shorten, or contract, to move | |
| |the body | |
| |cardiac---makes up the heart | |
| |smooth---found in many other parts of the body such as the stomach| |
| |and blood vessels | |
| |skeletal---contract and relax to produce movement of the body | |
|nervous |made of long, thin cells that carry messages around the body |[pic] |
| |makes up the brain and spinal cord | |
| |sends electrical signals through the body | |
|connective |made up of many kind of cells that support the body and hold it |[pic] |
| |together | |
| |bones, fat, cartilage, and blood joins, supports, protects, | |
| |insulates, nourishes, and cushions organs | |
|System |Functions |Organs/Major Structures |
|Skeletal |Supports and protects the body |Bones |
| |Protect organs |Ligaments: connects bones to bones |
| |Makes blood cells |Cartilage: provides cushion between the |
| |Gives the body the shape |bones |
| |Helps body to move |Red Marrow: makes blood |
|Muscular |Help the body move |Heart, diaphragm, biceps/triceps |
| | |Tendon: connects muscle to bones |
| |Two Types of Muscles: |Skeletal Muscles: attached to the bones and helps us move |
| |1. Voluntary Muscles: muscles you can control (Skeletal |Smooth Muscles: make up most of the organs of our body |
| |Muscles) |Cardiac Muscles: make up the heart |
| |2. Involuntary Muscles: muscles you cannot control (smooth | |
| |and cardiac muscles) | |
|Digestive |Breaks down food to make energy for the body |Esophagus: Long tube that connects the |
| | |mouth to the stomach. |
| |*Peristalsis: muscle movement that moves food through the | |
| |D.S |Small Intestine: where most digestion takes place and nutrients |
| | |are absorbed. |
| | | |
| | |Large Intestine: Takes water from the |
| | |undigested materials |
|Circulatory |Carries O2, CO2, food, waste, disease fighting cells, & |Heart: main organ of CS that pumps blood to all parts of the |
| |hormones through the body |body |
| | |Artery: thickest blood vessel that carry blood high in oxygen |
| | |AWAY from the |
| | |heart. |
| | |Capillary: thinnest blood vessel that connects arteries & vein |
| | |and where the actual exchange of materials take place. |
| | |Vein: blood vessel that carry blood high in |
| | |carbon dioxide TOWARD the heart. |
| | |Blood: carries food and oxygen to the body and take away waste |
| | |from cells |
| | |White Blood Cells: fight disease |
|Respiratory |take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide and some water out|Nose |
| |of the body |Trachea: large tube that carries air to the |
| | |bronchi |
| | |Larynx |
| | |Bronchi: tube that connects the trachea and |
| | |lungs |
| | |Lungs: main organ of the RS |
| | |Alveoli: A tiny air sac where air exchange |
| | |takes place |
| | |Diaphragm: strong muscle below the lungs |
| | |that helps in breathing |
|Excretory |take out waste from the body |Kidney: main organ of the ES where urine is made |
| |*Perspiration (sweat): liquid waste that leaves the body |How do your lungs, kidneys, & skin remove (take away) waste from |
| |through the skin and helps control the body temperature |your body??? |
| | |Lungs: breathe out CO2 |
| | |Kidney: make urine |
| | |Skin: perspiration (sweat) |
|Nervous |controls ALL the activities of the body: it’s the “boss” |Brain: control center of our body functions |
| | |Spinal cord: connects brain with the rest of the body |
| |Two parts of nervous system: |Nerves: nerve cells |
| |1. Central Nervous system (CNS): made up of brain and spinal| |
| |cord, controls all activities of the body. | |
| |2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): made up of all the nerves| |
| |outside of CNS, and carries messages between CNS to the all | |
| |parts of the body | |
Cell Division----
| Mitosis |Meiosis |
|Plant and animal cells |Plant and animal cells |
|Body cells |Sex cell (gametes)—eggs and sperm formed in reproductive organs |
|Nucleus divides once |Two divisions of the nucleus |
|Genetically identical cells produced |New chromosome combinations produced with half (haploid) of |
| |chromosome number |
|2 daughter cells produced when completed |4 daughter cells produced when completed |
|46 chromosomes at the beginning of cell division (humans) |46 chromosomes at the beginning of cell division (humans) |
|46 chromosomes at the end of cell division |23 chromosomes at the end of cell division (humans) |
|(humans) | |
[pic]
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