HazMat for 1st Responders (2nd Edition)-All Chapter Numbers



HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 1 - Intro to HazMat

"By the Numbers"

▪ The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act was passed in 1986.

▪ 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER).

▪ The EPA version of HAZWOPER is 40 CFR Part 311.

▪ NFPA 471, Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents.

▪ NFPA 472, Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents.

▪ NFPA 473, Standard for Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 2 - Properties of HazMat

"By the Numbers"

▪ The body can sustain a small fluctuation of 2oF below or 3oF above the normal core temperature of 99.7oF.

▪ Body temperature of 105oF or higher is suggestive of heatstroke.

▪ One way to prevent and/or reduce of the effects of heat exposure is to drink 7 ounces of fluid every 15 to 20 minutes.

▪ A liquified gas, such as propane or carbon dioxide, is one that at the charging pressure is partially liquid at 70oF.

▪ Cryogens turn from gas to a liquid at or below -130oF.

▪ Beta radiation particles are about 1/7000th the size of alpha particles but have more penetrating power.

▪ X-rays and gamma rays move at the speed of light (186,000 miles/second).

▪ Convulsants can cause muscle spasms to occur at varying intervals from 3 to 30 minutes.

▪ Disease and complications from exposure to carcinogens can occurs as long as 20 years after exposure.

▪ TLV-TWA of a material is the maximum airborne concentration to which an average person may be exposed repeatedly for 8 hours each day, 40 hours per week without suffering adverse effects.

▪ TLV-STEL value is the 15 minute, time-weighted average exposure that should not be expected at any time or repeated more than 4 times per day with a 60 minute rest period required between each exposure.

▪ Employees should not be allowed to work in a TLV-STEL area longer than 15 minutes without proper PPE.

▪ PELs are the maximum amount of exposure for an 8 hour work day.

▪ LD50 is the minimum amount of solid or liquid that when ingested, absorbed, or injected through the skin will be fatal to 50% of all subjects exposed to that dosage.

▪ LC50 of a substance is the minimum concentration of an inhaled substance in the gaseous state that will be fatal to 50% of the test group.

▪ Flammable liquids, such as gasoline and acetone, are those which have flash points below 100oF.

▪ Combustible liquids, such as fuel and lubricating oils, are those which have flash point above 100oF.

▪ With the exception of a few solids, such as napthalene (174oF flash point), solids are not considered to have flash points.

▪ The autoignition temperature of gasoline is 536oF, while the temperature at which it can be ignited by an independent ignition source is -45oF.

▪ Any concentration above 10% of the LEL must be considered as a serious ignition potential.

▪ Water has a specific gravity of 1.0 and liquids with less than 1 will float and more than 1 will sink.

▪ Most flammable liquids have a specific gravity less than 1 (float on water).

▪ Air has a vapor density of 1.0, which means gases with a vapor density less than 1 will rise in air and more than 1 will sink and hover around ground level.

▪ At 212oF, water changes from a liquid to a gaseous state.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 3 - Recognizing & Identifying of HazMat

"By the Numbers"

▪ Guide Number 11 of the Emergency Response Guidebook is used when a material cannot be identified.

▪ CHEMTREC and CANUTEC both operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

▪ NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials.

▪ Hazard ratings for 3 of the 4 categories on NFPA 704 placards are listed from 0 to 4.

▪ NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data, describes the properties and hazards of various materials and provide information on personal protection and fire fighting.

▪ The maximum pressure for atmospheric storage tanks is 0.5 psig.

▪ Floating rook tanks range in capacity from 50,000 to over 1,000,000 gallons.

▪ Vapordome roof tanks are as large as 8,500,000 gallons in capacity.

▪ Horizontal atmospheric tanks range from a few thousand to 20,000 gallons in capacity.

▪ Low pressure storage tanks have operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psig.

▪ Spheroid tanks can store 3,000,000 gallons or more.

▪ Pressure vessels have operating pressures above 15 psig.

▪ Horizontal pressure tank capacities range from 500 to 40,000 gallons.

▪ Sphere pressure tanks have capacities up to 600,000 gallons.

▪ Cryogenic liquid storage tanks range from 300 to 400,000 gallons in capacity.

▪ UN Classes are:  Class 1-Explosives, Class 2-Gases, Class 3-Flammable Liquids, Class 4-Flammable Solids, Class 5-Oxidizers, Class 6-Poisons & Infectious Substances, Class 7-Radioactive Materials, Class 8-Corrosives, Class 9-Miscellaneous.

▪ Explosives are further divided into divisions 1.1 to 1.6.

▪ Gases are further divided into divisions 2.1 to 2.3 (2.4 also in Canada Only).

▪ Flammable Solids, Spontaneously Combustible Materials, and Dangerous When Wet Substances are further divided into divisions 4.1 to 4.3.

▪ Oxidizers are further divided into divisions 5.1 and 5.2.

▪ Poisonous and Etiological Agents are further divided into divisions 6.1 and 6.2.

▪ Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials are further divided into divisions 9.1 to 9.3 (Canada Only).

▪ 1.1 Explosives have a mass explosion hazard.

▪ 1.2 Explosives have a projection hazard.

▪ 1.3 Explosives have a fire hazard and a minor blast or projection hazard.

▪ 1.4 Explosives have a minor explosion hazard.

▪ 1.5 Explosives have a mass explosion hazard.

▪ 1.6 Explosives do not have a mass explosion hazard.

▪ 2.1 Flammable Gases is any material that is a gas at or has a boiling point of 68oF or less, is ignitable when in a mixture of 13% or less by volume in air, and has a flammable range in air of at least 12%.

▪ 2.2 Nonflammable Compressed Gas is that which exerts an absolute pressure of 41 psia at 68oF when packaged.

▪ 2.3 Poisonous Gas (by inhalation) is any material that is a gas at 68oF, that has a boiling point of 68oF or less, and is toxic.

▪ 4.1 Flammable Solids include wetted explosives, self-reactive materials, and readily combustible solids.

▪ 4.2 Spontaneously Combustible Materials consist of pyrophoric material (liquid or solid) which ignites within 5 minutes of air contact, and self-heating materials.

▪ 4.3 Dangerous When Wet Material is that which may become spontaneously flammable or give off flammable/toxic gas at a rate greater than 1 liter/kg of the material per hour.

▪ 5.1 Oxidizer is material that may yield oxygen and cause or enhance combustion of other materials.

▪ 5.2 Organic Peroxides are organic compounds which contain oxygen.

▪ 6.1 Poisonous Materials are those other than gas known to be toxic.

▪ 6.2 Infectious Substances are agents consisting of viable microorganisms, or its toxin, that may cause disease.

▪ Class 7, Radioactive Material, is any material having a specific activity greater than 0.002 microcuries per gram (0.002 uCi/g).

▪ Class 7 Radioactive I, II, and II labels must always contain text.

▪ POISON GAS-RESIDUE must be present on tank cars with residue from Division 2.3 materials.

▪ POISON-RESIDUE must be present on tank cars with residue from Division 6.1 material.

▪ MC-306/DOT-406, Non-Pressure (Atmospheric Pressure) Carriers, have a vapor pressure of under 3 psi.

▪ MC-307/DOT-407, Low Pressure Carriers, carry chemicals with pressures not to exceed 40 psi at 70oF.

▪ MC-312/DOT-412, Corrosive Liquid Carriers, have pressures ranging up to 75 psi.

▪ Cryogenic Liquid Carriers are classified as MC-338.

▪ Elevated temperature carriers carry materials in a liquid state at temperatures of 212oF or above, or in a liquid state with a flash point of 100oF or above, or in a solid state at 464oF or above.

▪ Pressure tank railcars may have shell capacities in excess of 30,000 gallons.

▪ Pressure tank railcars are classified by DOT as DOT-105, DOT-109, DOT-112, or DOT-114.

▪ Non-pressure tank railcars are classified by DOT as DOT-103, DOT-104, DOT-111, or DOT-115.

▪ Tank railcars that carry sulfuric acid may be limited to 14,000 gallons.

▪ Non-pressure tank railcars may have up to 6 compartments.

▪ Cryogenic Liquid tank railcars have capacities from 15,000 to 30,000 gallons.

▪ Safety vents on cryogenic liquid tank railcars are set at 16 psi.

▪ Hydrogen cyanide railcars are white with a horizontal red stripe around it and 2 vertical red stripes 3 feet from each end, but may be non-color coded.

▪ Refrigerated box cars carry up to 500 gallons of diesel fuel to power the cooling system.

▪ Intermodal containers usually have a capacity not to exceed 6,340 gallons.

▪ IM 101, Intermodal Containers, carry up to 6,300 gallons at a design pressure of 25.4 to 100 psig.

▪ IM 102, Intermodal Containers, carry up to 6,300 gallons at a design pressure of 14.5 to 25.4 psig.

▪ Spec 51, Intermodal Containers, carry up to 5,500 gallons at a design pressure of 100 to 500 psig.

▪ IM 102 containers carry materials with flash points between 32oF and 140oF.

▪ Tube module Intermodal Containers carry high pressure cylinders (3,000 to 5,000 psi).

▪ To be considered bulk packaging, the packaging must have a maximum capacity greater than 119 gallons (liquid), 882 lbs. (solid), or 1,000 lbs. liquid capacity (gas).

▪ EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE is displayed on pesticide labels if the material has a flash point below 80oF.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 4 - Hazard & Risk Assessment

"By the Numbers"

Sorry, no numbers of relevance in this chapter.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 5 - Personal Protective Equipment

"By the Numbers"

▪ NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Suits for Hazardous Chemical Emergencies.

▪ NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash Protective Suits for Hazardous Chemical Emergencies.

▪ NFPA 1993, Standard on Support Function Protective Garments for Hazardous Chemical Operations.

▪ Most SCBA units allow at least 15 to 20 minutes of heavy work with some units up to 45 minutes.

▪ Airline equipment allows the first responder to travel up to 300 feet from the regulated air supply source.

▪ Since 1983, demand-type SCBAs have not been used.

▪ Personnel using airline equipment must have a 5 minute escape bottle.

▪ To perform untethered work from an airline, the responder must have a 30 or 60 minute air bottle that can be augmented by the airline.

▪ Closed-circuit SCBAs are available in durations from 30 minutes to 4 hours.

▪ Protective breathing equipment adds 25 to 35 lbs. to the user.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 6 - Command, Safety, & Scene Control

"By the Numbers"

▪ Levels of hazardous materials personnel are explained in NFPA 472 and OSHA 1910.120.

▪ Level 1 incidents are least serious and easiest to handle.

▪ Level 2 incidents are beyond the capabilities of first responders on scene and may be beyond later responding personnel in the jurisdiction.

▪ Level 3 incidents are most serious and require resources from state agencies, federal agencies, and private industry.

▪ NFPA 471, Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 7 - Tactical Priorities & Defensive Control Strategies

"By the Numbers"

▪ Foam concentrate is usually stored in 5 gallon pails, 55 gallon drums, or in apparatus storage tanks.

▪ Firefighting foam is 94% to 99.9% water.

▪ Foams in use today are designed to be used at 1/2%, 1%, 3%, or 6%.

▪ Class A foams are used at 1/2% or 1%.

▪ Foams for hydrocarbon fires are used at 1% to 6%.

▪ Foams for polar solvent fires are used at 3% to 6%.

▪ Medium and high expansion foams are generally used at 1 1/2%, 2%, or 3%.

▪ AFFF and FFFP have air/solution ratios from 7:1 to 20:1.

▪ Low expansion foams work best when the fuel liquid temperature is less than 212oF.

▪ Medium expansion foams have expansion ratios from 20:1 to 200:1.

▪ High expansion foams have expansion ratios from 200:1 to 1,000:1.

▪ All AFFF and FFFP foams require an application rate of 0.10 gpm foam solution per square foot for ignited hydrocarbon fuels and 0.20 gpm for polar solvents.

▪ Protein and fluoroprotein foams should be applied at a rate of 0.16 gpm per square foot on ignited hydrocarbon fuels.

▪ Hydrocarbon fires involving gasoline or diesel transport vehicles will generally require a minimum flow of 60 gpm of foam solution and twenty 5 gallon pails (100 gallons) of foam concentrate.

▪ Protein and Fluoroprotein foams can be stored at temperatures from 20oF to 120oF.

▪ FFFP foams can be stored at temperatures from 10oF to 120oF.

▪ Alcohol-resistant FFFP and AFFF foams may be stored at temperatures from 25oF to 120oF.

▪ Alcohol-resistant AFFF is used on polar solvent fires at 3% or 6%, but may only be used at 3% on hydrocarbon fires.

▪ Alcohol-resistant AFFF may be adversely affected when stored at temperatures below 50oF.

▪ Medium and high expansion foam concenatrates may be stored at temperatures from 27oF to 110oF.

▪ Air-aspirating nozzles may be either handheld (30 to 250 gpm) or monitor-mounted (250 gpm or more).

▪ Inline eductors should be positioned so that they are no more than 6 feet above the foam concentrate.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 8 - Incident Control Strategies & Tactics

"By the Numbers"

▪ Black powder and smokeless powder for small arms ammunition usually comes in 1 lb. metal cans, shipped in fiberboard cases usually holding 50 cans.

▪ It is recommended that civilians and first responders travel at least 2,500 feet away from incidents involving explosives on fire.

▪ Pressures of compressed gas vessels range from 40 to 4,000 psi.

▪ Cylinders usually have a maximum capacity up to 1,000 pounds.

▪ The petcock on gas meters can be turned 90 degrees to stop the flow of gas.

▪ Large capacity LPG containers may fail violently within 10 to 20 minutes.

▪ BLEVEs of large containers usually create non-survivable conditions within 500 feet of the container and shell fragmentation as far as 2,500 to 4,000 feet.

▪ If visible steam is coming from a tank shell that has fire streams directed at it, the shell temperature is over 212oF and requires additional water.

▪ Class 6, Division 6.1 materials include agricultural pesticides, cyanides, and some exotic rocket fuels.

▪ Class 6, Division 6.2 materials include infectious substances such as fluids or tissues infected with AIDS, rabies, and botulism.

▪ It takes 4 1/2 inches of concrete to reduce gamma radiation by 1/2.

▪ Acids have a pH of 1 to 6, and bases have a pH of 8 to 14.

▪ Maximum capacity for corrosive tank trucks is about 6,000 gallons, while corrosive railcars is about 24,000 gallons.

HazMat for First Responders (2nd Edition)

Chapter 9 - Decontamination Techniques

"By the Numbers"

▪ Threshold Limit Values are the same whether a solution contains 10% or 98% of a material.

▪ The TLV-STEL of hydrogen sulfide is 15 ppm, meaning there is no harmful effect for a short exposure of 30 minutes.

▪ The TLV-C of hydrogen sulfide is 20 ppm.

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