Ms. Kadri's Classroom Pensieve
Chapter 7Rejecting Liberalism“A Whole Bunch of Isms.”Modern liberalism and socialism were not the only responses to the practices of classical liberalism in industrializing countries. This chapter will help us to better understand the circumstances under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany chose to reject the values of liberalism between the First and Second World Wars. Communism: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Leninism: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Marxism: __________________________________________________________________Fascism: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nazism: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Social Darwinism: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Important distinctionsPolitical Aspects of Life: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Economic Aspects of Life: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Social Aspects of Life: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________For each of the following below, write down the area(s) of life it pertains to.1. Music______________________________2. Taxes______________________________3. Min. wage______________________________4. Democracy______________________________5. Child Labour laws______________________________6. Travel ______________________________7. The Internet______________________________8. Getting a Job______________________________9. War______________________________10. Getting Arrested______________________________11. Building Codes______________________________12. Voting______________________________ 13. Buying a car______________________________14. Birth Control ______________________________15. Health Care/______________________________ educationDifference between Socialism and Communism522732069913500 People on the far left of the political spectrum believe that the government should play a major role in peoples’ lives. One way the government could do this is by owning and controlling major industries. For example, if you were to take a very profitable business such as Syncrude, and make it publically owned (owned by the government), then all the profits made by this giant oil company would go to the government. This would then give the government significantly more funds that could go to providing services for the public. Take this one stop further. What if the government of Alberta owned and operated all the oil and natural gas companies in the province. This could provide the government with enough working capital to provide a first rate health care and educational system for all Albertans. Dental care, vision care and prescription medicines could be easily accessible to everyone regardless of their annual income. This is what many socialists believe should happen. That government should play a bigger part in the economy and the money generated from this could go back into the community as social programs. This, it is believed, would go a long way to creating a more just and equal society. -43497511620500Communist takes the idea of socialism even further. What if the government owned and operated almost all of the economy? For example, when you go to buy your groceries you would be shopping at a government store. When you go snowboarding in Jasper, you would be snowboarding at a government owned resort and staying at a government owned hotel. This could help the average person in two ways. This first is that the government could maintain current prices and be awash in cash as it would receive all the profits. This cash could go to providing extensive social programs. Or, the government could use profits made in some sectors of the economy to subsidize the cost of items in other sectors of the economy. For example, the government could charge more for luxury items such a big screen televisions and high end automobiles, and use those profits to subsidize necessities such as public transportation and housing. Communists believe that all the resources within a country are owned by its citizens (for example, the oil in the ground belongs to Albertans and not the oil companies) therefore all citizens should share in the wealth generated by those resources. Communists believe that capitalism is a system where the vast majority of society is exploited to benefit a very few. Communism, they believe, is a system that brings about the greatest good for the greatest number of people.Your Thoughts...1. What are some advantages of socialism or communism?2. What are some disadvantages to socialism and communism?Exploring Soviet Communism (page 161)1. Which work of Karl Marx greatly influenced the development of communist ideologies?480060048260002. According to Marx, what is communism?3. What are the means of production?4. How does communism differ from democratic socialism? 5. Why did different forms of communism develop in the 20th century?6. How did 20th century communism differ from Marxism?Understanding Leninism502920078740001. What revolutionary party did Lenin lead and what was their slogan? 2. Similar to Marx, Lenin believed that revolution – and, if need be, ________________ - was acceptable means to achieve an ideal society.3. Upon taking power, Lenin “cracked down” on those who opposed him. This time period was called the _______________________.4. Who supported the White Army? 5. The Soviet Union came into being in _____________.Understandings of StalinismWhen Joseph Staling took control of the USSR in 1927, it was considered by many to be a backwards nation. Most European countries were significantly more advanced and more industrialized. Stalin said:“We must put an end to this backwardness in the shortest possible time… There is no other way. That is why Lenin said on the eve of the Revolution: “Either perish, or we overtake and outstrip the advance capitalist countries”.We are fifty or hundred years behind the advance countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed.”With this in mind, Stalin set about to industrialized the Soviet Union. There was a problem though. While the Soviet Union had ample resources and workers, it did not have the necessary capital to buy machinery and technology from the West. To get the money needed, Stalin decided to sell massive amounts of grain from the Ukraine.Stalin’s Forced Famine 1932 – 1933: the Death of Seven Million PeopleJoseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, set in motion events designed to cause a famine in the Ukraine to destroy the people there seeking independence from his rule. As a result, an estimated 7,000,000 people perished in this farming area, known as the breadbasket of Europe, with the people deprived of the food they had grown with their own hands.When Lenin died in 1924, he was succeeded by Joseph Stalin, one of the most ruthless humans ever to hold power. Beginning in 1929, over 5,000 Ukrainian scholars, scientists, cultural and religious leaders were arrested after being falsely accused of plotting an armed revolt. Those arrested were either shot without a trial or deported to prison camps in remote areas of Russia. Stalin also imposed the Soviet system of land management known as collectivization. This was the process of taking many small privately owned farms and making them large government owned and controlled farms. This resulted in the seizure of all privately owned farmlands and livestock, in a country where 80 percent of the people were traditional village farmers. Once-proud village farmers were by now reduced to the level of rural factory workers on large collective farms. Anyone refusing to participate in the compulsory collectivization system was simply denounced and deported. Many of the farmers in the Ukraine were opposed to collectivization and initiated countless acts of rebellion. In Moscow, Stalin responded to their unyielding defiance by dictating a policy that would deliberately cause mass starvation and result in the deaths of millions. By mid-1932, nearly 75% of the farms in the Ukraine had been forcibly collectivized. On Stalin's orders, mandatory quotas of foodstuffs to be shipped out to the Soviet Union were drastically increased in August, October and again in January 1933, until there was simply no food remaining to feed the people of the Ukraine. Much of the hugely abundant wheat crop harvested by the Ukrainians that year was dumped on the foreign market to generate cash to aid Stalin's Five Year Plan for the modernization of the Soviet Union and also to help finance his massive military build-up. If the wheat had remained in the Ukraine, it was estimated to have been enough to feed all of the people there for up to two years. 5029200135128000Ukrainian Communists urgently appealed to Moscow for a reduction in the grain quotas and also asked for emergency food aid. Stalin responded by denouncing them and rushed in over 100,000 fiercely loyal Russian soldiers to purge the Ukrainian Communist Party. The Soviets then sealed off the borders of the Ukraine, preventing any food from entering, in effect turning the country into a gigantic concentration camp. Soviet police troops inside the Ukraine also went house to house seizing any stored up food, leaving farm families without a morsel. All food was considered to be the "sacred" property of the State. Anyone caught stealing State property, even an ear of corn or stubble of wheat, could be shot or imprisoned for not less than ten years.Starvation quickly ensued throughout the Ukraine, with the most vulnerable, children and the elderly, first feeling the effects of malnutrition. The once-smiling young faces of children vanished forever amid the constant pain of hunger. It gnawed away at their bellies, which became grossly swollen, while their arms and legs became like sticks as they slowly starved to death. In many villages the schools were closed as there were no children left.Mothers in the countryside sometimes tossed their starving children onto passing railroad cars travelling toward cities such as Kiev in the hope someone there would take pity. But in the cities, children and adults who had already flocked there from the countryside were dropping dead in the streets, with their bodies carted away in horse-drawn wagons to be dumped in mass graves. Occasionally, people lying on the sidewalk who were thought to be dead, but were actually still alive, were also carted away and buried. While police and Communist Party officials remained quite well fed, desperate Ukrainians ate leaves off bushes and trees, killed dogs, cats, mice and birds then cooked them. Others, gone mad with hunger, resorted to cannibalism. Parents were seen killing their own children rather than seeing them suffer so. Meanwhile, nearby Soviet-controlled granaries were said to be bursting at the seams from huge stocks of 'reserve' grain, which had not yet been shipped out of the Ukraine. In some locations, grain and potatoes were piled in the open, protected by barbed wire and armed guards who shot down anyone attempting to take the food. Farm animals, considered necessary for production, were allowed to be fed, while the people living among them had absolutely nothing to eat. By the spring of 1933, the height of the famine, an estimated 25,000 people died every day in the Ukraine. Entire villages were perishing. In Europe, America and Canada, people of Ukrainian descent and others responded to news reports of the famine by sending in food supplies. But Soviet authorities halted all food shipments at the border. It was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of a famine and thus to refuse any outside assistance. The Soviets bolstered their famine denial by duping members of the foreign press and international celebrities through carefully staged photo opportunities in the Soviet Union and the Ukraine. The writer George Bernard Shaw, along with a group of British socialites, visited the Soviet Union and came away with a favourable impression which he disseminated to the world. -34290050990500Stalin's Five Year Plan for the modernization of the Soviet Union depended largely on the purchase of massive amounts of manufactured goods and technology from Western nations. Those nations were unwilling to disrupt lucrative trade agreements with the Soviet Union in order to pursue the matter of the famine. By the end of 1933, nearly 25 percent of the population of the Ukraine, including three million children, had perished. With his immediate objectives now achieved, Stalin allowed food distribution to resume inside the Ukraine and the famine subsided. 1. What happened to Ukrainian intelligentsia? 2. What is collectivization?3. What was the penalty for stealing food? This how harsh this is especially when you consider it was their food to begin with. They were the ones that grew the food.4. What were people willing to eat to alleviate (get rid of) their hunger pains?5. What does this article tell you about Stalin’s personality and his determination to industrialize?6. How does Stalinism differ from Marxism or communism?Germany’s Rejection of LiberalismNazi FascismFascism is an Italian word that describes power and authority. It was a response to liberal democracy and its economic and political ideas, such as capitalism and democracy. In general, fascism rejected liberal political ideas and communist economic ideas while proposing radical social ideas incompatible with both liberalism and communism. Copy the information from page 173 into the graph below.1080135140970Maximum political freedom for individuals00Maximum political freedom for individuals1028700103505001028700272161000-5715008928100046863009213850027432009271000102870013500100013716003213100029718003213100013716001578610002971800157861000-520700262890Maximum economic control by government00Maximum economic control by government4737100262890Maximum economic freedom for individuals00Maximum economic freedom for individuals1028700336550Maximum political control by government00Maximum political control by government___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________After the end of the First World War, fascism grew in popularity, especially in Italy and Germany, where people began rejecting liberal values. Many felt that the values of liberalism had, in part, resulted in the devastating war. From a fascist perspective, democratic governments seemed weak, unstable, and unable to solve the social, economic, and political problems that some countries faced after the First World War.A key principle of fascism is the belief that society as a whole has a shared purpose (for example the rebuilding of a country). Fascists want their particular nation-state to dominate other nations in the world. They are also very aware of ethnic and cultural group distinctions (for example, Aryans or Jews). They believed that their goal of dominating other peoples can be achieved only through discipline, obedience, and the creation of an all-powerful state.Social Darwinism: ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________After being unified as one country in 1871, Germany was well on its way to presenting a formidable challenge to Europe’s other major powers. The First World War did not end the way that Germany had hoped, however. When Germany’s new liberal democratic government was forced to accept the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, a chain of reaction was started in Germany that led to a number of crises.Without question, one goal of the Treaty of Versailles was to punish Germany. The Allies were angry with Germany and fully intended on punishing Germany for her role in the war.1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hitler and the Rise of Nazism (page 176)1. Why was Hitler sent to jail?2. Who did Hitler blame for Germany’s economic woes?3. How did Hitler eventually obtain power?4. Summarize how a fire in the Reichstag eventually gave Hitler more power.5. Who were the people most targeted by the Nazi regime? (page 178)6. What was the Night of Broken Glass?7. Most reasonable and thinking people agree that approximately 6 000 000 Jews were killed in the Holocaust. Who else fell victim to the Nazi death camps?8. Compare Hitler and Stalin; what did these two leaders have in common?9. Both Stalin and Hitler felt it was necessary to build up their counties and armies in order to spread communism and fascism. In other words, their ideologies would not have spread willingly; it had to be forced onto people. Did any leader “spread” liberalism or did it spread on its own? What does this say about the two different ideologies? SummaryFascists proposed that individuals should not be treated as equals, because they believed that some people are weaker than others. They also embraced the idea that humans and nations are in competition with one another for survival. Fascism, which arose in opposition to liberalism and communism, emphasizes the importance of the state and proposes that individuals sacrifice their self-interest for the good of the state. An extreme and militaristic nationalism is key to fascism, sometimes leading the way to genocide. Loss of individual rights is enforced by an authoritarian state led by a dictator exerting total control over people’s economic and political lives._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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