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1. The medical model of abnormal behavior proposes thata.abnormal behaviors are very similar to physical diseases.b.abnormal behaviors are best treated by medical doctors.c.it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.d.it is useful to think of abnormal behaviors as being caused by infectious agents.2. Prior to the 18th century, people who exhibited abnormal behavior were thought to bea.possessed by evil spirits and were treated through exorcism.b.mentally ill and were treated through exorcism.c.mentally ill and were treated through verbal psychotherapy.d.possessed by evil spirits and were treated through drug therapy.4. A major criticism of the medical model made by Thomas Szasz is thata.no evidence exists to support the efficiency of the medical model's treatment approaches.b.the model is not well understood by its practitioners.c.uniformity of behavior patterns cannot be established from the medical model viewpoint.d.most abnormal behavior reflects a moral judgment about what is socially acceptable or unacceptable behavior.5.When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has, the psychologist is concerned witha.etiology.b.prognosis.c.diagnosis.d.treatment.6. A prognosisa.is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.b.involves distinguishing one illness from another.c.refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.d.is a plan for treating an illness.7. Behavior that interferes with an individual's social or occupational functioning is considered to bea.deviant.b.maladaptive.c.personally distressing.d.insane.8. Behavior that does not coincide with cultural norms may be considered to bea.deviant.b.maladaptive.c.personally distressing.d.insane.9. Tom displays very odd behavior. He wears a heavy parka and mittens during the summer and lectures from the steps of City Hall about upcoming invasions by men from outer-space. Most likely, Tom has a psychological disorder since his behavior meets the criterion ofa.deviance.b.maladaptive behavior.c.personal distress.d.cognitive confusion.10. Which of the following is a common stereotype about psychological disorders?a.Psychological disorders are curable.b.Psychological disorders are a function of biophysiological factors.c.People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous.d.People with psychological disorders are not very different from normal people.11. The DSM classification system is said to be "multiaxial." This means that the systema.permits multiple diagnoses of a single individual.b.asks for judgments about individuals on numerous separate dimensions.c.allows many different potential methods of diagnosing people.d.is characterized by poor reliability.12. The most common psychological disorders in the United States area.schizophrenic disorders.b.personality disorders.c.mood disorders.d.substance use disorders.13. The study of the incidence and distribution of mental or physical disorders within a population defines the discipline known asa.etiology.b.epidemiology.c.psychobiology.d.demography.14. In regard to psychological disorders, prevalence refers toa.the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.b.the absolute number of people who are experiencing any psychological disorder at a given point in time.c.the reliability of the diagnosis of psychological disorders.d.the percentage of a population that has ever been treated for a psychological disorder.15. Using the DSM-IV listings and lifetime prevalence, it is estimated that ____ of the population will experience a psychological disorder at some time in their lives.a.less than 10 percentb.approximately 27 percentc.approximately 44 percentd.close to 60 percent16. Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common types of psychological disorders?a.mood disordersb.schizophreniac.substance (alcohol and drug) use disordersd.anxiety disorders17. All of the following are considered anxiety disorders EXCEPTa.generalized anxiety disorder.b.conversion disorder.c.phobic disorder.d.obsessive-compulsive disorder.18. The cartoon character Charlie Brown, with his extreme dread, pessimism, worrying, and brooding, could be diagnosed as havinga.a generalized anxiety disorder.b.a phobic disorder.c.obsessive-compulsive disorder.d.panic disorder.19. Maria is afraid to leave her home to go shopping or even go to work; she avoids all public places. Maria suffers from a disorder known asa.agoraphobia.b.brontophobia.c.simple phobia.d.claustrophobia.20. The difference between a phobia and a normal fear is that a phobiaa.involves a cognitive component as well as behavioral responses.b.is characterized by an increase in heart rate.c.interferes with everyday behavior.d.only take place when the actual object is present.21. Dave washes his hands at least 50 times per day, even though his hands are rarely dirty. Dave's behavior is an example ofa.an obsession.b.a phobia.c.a compulsion.d.a delusion.22. An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is calleda.a delusion.b.an obsession.c.a compulsion.d.a hallucination.23. A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is pulsive.b.obsessive.c.phobic.d.amnesiac.24. An anxiety disorder that typically follows a very painful event, and is characterized by a reliving of that event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, or numbing of general responsiveness isa.generalized anxiety disorder.b.conversion disorder.c.panic disorder.d.posttraumatic stress disorder.25. The anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals or behaviors isa.posttraumatic stress disorder.b.generalized anxiety disorder.c.obsessive-compulsive disorder.d.panic disorder.26. A concordance rate indicatesa.the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.b.agreement rates between physicians in diagnosing psychological disorders.c.the degree to which psychological factors affect physical health.d.the degree to which biological factors affect psychological adjustment.27. "Preparedness" is a term coined by Seligman that refers toa.a biological predisposition to be easily conditioned to fear certain things.b.the physical state or condition associated with a panic attack.c.psychological processes that accompany obsessive-compulsive behavior patterns.d.a particular type of learning situation in which negatively reinforced behaviors reduce the level of one's generalized anxiety disorder.28. The class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity is known as thea.somatoform disorders.b.psychosomatic disorders.c.anxiety disorders.d.dissociative disorders.29. A type of dissociative disorder characterized by sudden loss of memory concerning a limited period of time, usually after a particularly stressful or traumatic event, isa.dissociative amnesia.b.dissociative fugue.c.dissociative identity disorder.d.dissociative depressive disorder.30. Alexia started a new job on Monday morning. For the first three days she showed up in bright colors and was outgoing and extroverted. However, on Thursday she showed up in a dark suit and appeared shy and introverted. She insisted that her name was Clara, and she couldn't understand why her coworkers kept calling her Alexia. In this example, Alexia is showing symptoms that are consistent witha.bipolar disorder.b.dissociative identity disorder.c.disorganized schizophrenia.d.antisocial personality disorder.3 31. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disordera.may differ in age, sex, or race.b.are usually all aware of the existence of the other personalities.c.may have their own name, personality traits, and physical mannerisms.d.may switch from one personality to another suddenly.32. Which of the following is a mood disorder?a.fugueb.bipolar disorderc.panic disorderd.conversion disorder33. Cliff has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Currently, he is very optimistic about his life. Even though he is only sleeping three hours a night, he is very energetic. He has turned his basement into a workshop where he plans to mass produce his new "banana computer" that will revolutionize the computer market. Cliff is experiencinga.an unipolar episode.b.a bipolar episode.c.a manic episode.d.a depressive episode.34. Kim suffers from anhedonia. This means that shea.has difficulty experiencing pleasure.b.has two different psychological disorders.c.experiences mild manic states.d.has trouble getting along with people.35. Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with a depressive disorder?a.impulsive behaviorb.altered appetitec.insomniad.feelings of worthlessness36. Researchers have found that depression occursa.nearly twice as frequently in women as in men.b.nearly four times as frequently in women as in men.c.with equal frequency in women and in men.d.nearly twice as frequently in men as in women.37. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning the onset of bipolar disorder?a.The symptoms tend to be most severe when the disorder has a late onset.b.The peak age of onset is in the late teenage years.c.The onset of bipolar disorder is spread evenly across almost all age groups.d.The peak age of onset is during middle or late adulthood (age 40 and on).38. According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema depressed people who tend to ruminate about their depressiona.remain depressed longer.b.recover from their depression quicker.c.attribute their setbacks to their personal flaws instead of situational factors.d.attribute their setbacks to situational factors and not to their personal flaws.39. The class of disorders marked by extreme and inflexible characteristics that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning are referred to asa.mood disorders.b.affective disorders.c.conduct disorders.d.personality disorders.40. Killian lets her husband keep all the financial records for the family, and she expects him to make all the decisions that affect the family. She refuses to make any decisions on her own, and if anything unexpected occurs, she calls her husband at work to ask for his advice. If Killian has a personality disorder, her symptoms are most consistent with those associated with disorders in thea.anxious/fearful cluster.b.odd/eccentric cluster.c.dramatic/impulsive cluster.d.neurotic/dissociative cluster.41. What do the histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders have in common?a.mistrustfulness and the inability to connect emotionally with othersb.maladaptive efforts to control anxiety and fearc.high levels of communication devianced.impulsivity and overdramatization42. Adam always expects special treatment, and he seems to be preoccupied with his own success. His interpersonal relationships are generally superficial because he seems to lack the ability to understand how others feel. Last week Adam went in for a psychological assessment, and based on that assessment, he was told that he might have a personality disorder. Based on his behavior, it is most likely that Adam hasa.schizotypal personality disorder.b.obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.c.narcissistic personality disorder.d.avoidant personality disorder.43. Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of the antisocial personality?a.manipulative behaviorb.excessive guiltc.social charmd.aggressiveness44. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder exhibit all of the following behaviors EXCEPTa.they rarely experience genuine affection for others.b.they typically avoid social interactions.c.they are irresponsible, impulsive, and can tolerate little frustration.d.they chronically violate the rights of others and rarely feel guilty.45. Insanity is aa.psychological diagnosis that determines that an individual is unable to understand the nature and purpose of legal proceedings.b.psychological diagnosis that confirms that an individual is dangerous to themselves or to others.c.legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.d.recognition that a person has a chronic mental illness that is not responsive to treatment.46. Jeffrey Dahmer was judged to be legally sane, even though he admitted to butchering, cannibalizing, and then having sex with the dead bodies of over a dozen young men. The judgment of legal sanity meant thata.his actions failed to meet the criteria of cultural deviance.b.he was able to appreciate the fact that his actions were legally or morally wrong at the time of the crime.c.he had recovered from his psychological disorder by the time the trial took place.d.his actions failed to meet the criteria of personal distress.47. Valerie has attempted suicide on four separate occasions in the past month. Her family has approached a judge asking for legal intervention to protect Valerie from hurting herself. In this case, it is likely that the judge willa.declare Valerie legally insane and sentence her to time in a psychiatric facility.b.order that Valerie be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric facility.c.find Valerie is not competent, and postpone the civil hearing until she recovers.d.refuse to intervene because Valerie does not pose a risk to others.48. Which of the following disorders is seen ONLY in affluent Western cultures?a.schizophreniab.depressionc.bipolar illnessd.anorexia nervosa49. Which pair of classes of psychological disorders listed below both show a weak influence of genetic factors on the development of the disorder?a.eating disorders and dissociative disordersb.anxiety and dissociative disordersc.schizophrenic and somatoform disordersd.mood and schizophrenic disorders50. Which pair of classes of psychological disorders listed below both show a strong influence of genetic factors on the development of the disorders?a.eating disorders and dissociative disordersb.mood and eating disordersc.schizophrenic and dissociative disordersd.mood and schizophrenic disorders51. Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters are one example ofa.the fundamental attribution error.b.a confirmation bias.c.stereotypes.d.the matching hypothesis52. All of the following statements concerning stereotypes are accurate EXCEPTa.stereotyping is a normal cognitive process.b.all social schemas are stereotypes.mon stereotypes are based on gender, ethnicity, and occupation.d.stereotypes are frequently broad overgeneralizations.=53. When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen they havea.created a stereotype.b.made an illusory correlation.c.made a covariation inference.d.created a social schema.54. You believe that short men have a tendency to be insecure. The concept of illusory correlation implies that you willa.overestimate the frequency of insecure short men.b.underestimate the frequency of insecure short men.c.accurately estimate the frequency of insecure short men.d.falsely assume that tall men are naturally secure.55. Harper is 35 years old, and he has just enrolled in his first university course. On the first day of class he looks over the individuals in the room and sits next to another male student who appears to be in his early 30s. In this case, Harper has likely classified the other studenta.using a self-serving bias.b.as a member of his ingroup.c.as the teaching assistant for the class.d.as someone who has more university experience than Harper.56. Patty is a member of a jury and she has voted "guilty." All the other jury members have voted "not guilty." At this point in time, the other jury members should classify Pattya.as a member of their ingroup.b.using a confirmation bias.c.as a member of their outgroup.d.as outside their latitude of acceptance.57. Eric has joined a new fraternity. Based on the research conducted by Krebs and Denton, if the other fraternity members now consider Eric as part of their ingroup, they are more likely toa.view him in somewhat negative terms.b.pay less attention to his actions and ideas.c.remember things that he does with greater accuracy.d.view him in a generally positive light.58. According to evolutionary psychologists, we tend to view members of outgroupsa.as role models.b.as superior to us.c.as potential mates.d.in terms of various negative stereotypes.59. Evolutionary psychologists ascribe much of the bias in person perception to cognitive mechanisms that have been shaped bya.parental attitudes.b.natural selection.c.childhood experiences.d.relationships with others.60. What is the main reason we tend to make attributions about the causes of events, others' behavior, and our own behavior?a.We have a strong need to understand our experiences.b.Attribution making was selected for at some point in our ancestral past.c.We have an unconscious urge to psychoanalyze the behavior of others.d.Having access to information about others tends to fulfill our need for power.61. Tally just heard that her neighbor, Rupert, was involved in an automobile accident. If Tally concludes that Rupert's reckless driving habits caused the accident, she hasa.made an internal attribution.b.made a self-serving attribution.c.made an external attribution.d.been influenced by an illusory correlation.62. Inferences that people draw about the causes of events and theirs and others' behaviors are known asa.prejudices.b.attributions.c.self-serving biases.d.stereotypes.63. Attribution refers toa.positive feelings toward another person.b.widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.c.the process of forming impressions of others.d.inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior and the behavior of others.64. In making a causal attribution, we first tend to decide if an event was due toa.subjective or objective causes.b.usual or unusual causes.c.positive or negative causes.d.internal or external causes.65. A father suggests that his son's low marks in school are due to the child's laziness. The father has madea.an external attribution.b.a distinctive attribution.c.an internal attribution.d.a situational attribution.66. Dallas watches as Rhoda missteps in the cafeteria and spills coffee on herself and two other students. If Dallas concludes that Rhoda is an uncoordinated "klutz" who wasn't paying attention to what she was doing, he hasa.been influenced by an illusory correlation.b.made an internal attribution.c.made a self-serving attribution.d.made an external attribution.67. Tina recently lost over half the money she had put away for her retirement. If Webster concludes that Tina lost the money because the stock market took a significant downturn, he hasa.made an internal attribution.b.made the fundamental attribution error.c.been influenced by an illusory correlation.d.made an external attribution.68. Celine just heard that her neighbor, Rodney, was involved in an automobile accident. If Celine concludes that Rodney's children distracted him for a few seconds and that was the reason for the accident, she hasa.made an external attribution.b.made an internal attribution.c.made the fundamental attribution error.d.been influenced by an illusory correlation.69. You've just been awarded a full scholarship for next year, which you perceive as confirmation of your superior intellectual ability. According to Weiner's model, you are making an ____ attribution about your success.a.internal-stableb.internal-unstablec.external-stabled.external-unstable70. Martha wins three games of backgammon in a row, even though she has never played before. If Martha assumes she has "beginner's luck," she is making an ____ attribution about her success; if she decides backgammon is an easy game, she is making an ____ attribution about her success.a.internal-stable; internal-unstableb.internal-unstable; external-unstablec.external-unstable; internal-stabled.external-unstable; external-stable71. Alphonse failed his geology midterm. According to Weiner's attributional model, if Alphonse makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure, he is MOST likely to saya."It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn't study."b."I was really tired during the exam because I had to work the late shift the night before the exam."c."I just can't seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don't think I'll ever learn all those terms."d."That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor I'll probably do much better."72. Skye scored 100% on her statistics midterm. According to Weiner's attributional model, if Skye makes an internal-stable attribution for her success, she is MOST likely to saya."It was just good luck that most of the exam was on the material I had time to study."b."I was calm and relaxed the day of the exam because I was able to get a good night's sleep the night before the exam."c."I have always been good at statistics, I guess I just have a natural ability in that area."d."The professor makes the whole course so easy to understand that it is virtually impossible to do poorly in the class."73. When the causes of a person's behavior are attributed to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings, it isa.an external attribution.b.an internal attribution.c.a stable attribution.d.an unstable attribution.74. When the causes of a person's behavior are attributed to situational demands and environmental constraints, it is referred to asa.a stable attribution.b.an unstable attribution.c.an external attribution.d.an internal attribution.75. Jane's eight-year-old son brought a note home from school stating that he was involved in a fight at recess. Which of the following is an example of an external attribution that Jane might make to explain her son's behavior?a.he's just like his fatherb.he always gets in fightsc.the other child probably started the fight and he was protecting himselfd.he probably couldn't help himself since he doesn't have much self-control76. Weiner suggested that when making attributions for success and failure, people focus on the ____ dimension concerning causes that contribute to the behavior.a.stable-unstableb.internal-externalc.unique-commond.optimistic-pessimistic77. The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency ofa.observers to favor external attributions in explaining the behavior of others.b.observers to favor internal attributions in explaining the behavior of others.c.actors to favor external attributions in explaining the behavior of others.d.actors to favor internal attributions in explaining the behavior of others.78. When an observer is biased in favor of making internal attributions in explaining others' behavior, the observer is makinga.a stereotypical error.b.the self-serving error.c.the self-effacing error.d.the fundamental attribution error.79. If you tend to overemphasize internal characteristics in explaining the behavior of others, you are evidencing thea.false consensus effect.b.situational attributional tendency.c.self-serving bias.d.fundamental attribution error.80. Ralph watches as a customer with at least 40 items lines up at his express checkout line. He decides the customer must be a real "idiot" to miss the sign that indicates Ralph's checkout line is an express line with a limit of 10 items. Ralph's attribution for the cause of the customer's behavior is consistent witha.the fundamental attribution error.b.drawing an illusory correlation.c.a self-serving bias.d.a defensive attribution.81. Warren tells Cokie that he can't believe it, but he scored 98% on his linear algebra midterm. Cokie decides that Warren must be very bright if he earns such high grades in math courses. Cokie's attribution for the cause of Warren's high grade is consistent witha.drawing an illusory correlation.b.a self-serving bias.c.a defensive attribution.d.the fundamental attribution error.82. Observers tend to attribute actors' behavior to ____ factors and actors tend to attribute their own behavior to ____ factors.a.situational; dispositionalb.dispositional; situationalc.dispositional; dispositionald.situational; situational83. Observers tend to attribute actors' behavior to ____ factors and actors tend to attribute their own behavior to ____ factors.a.external; internalb.internal; externalc.external; externald.internal; internal84. The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal factors and our own behavior to situational influences is known asa.the fundamental attribution error.b.a stereotype.c.the actor-observer bias.d.the foot in the door technique.85. Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the group is calleda.collectivism.b.functionalism.c.individualism.d.attributionism.86. A positive or negative evaluation of an object of thought definesa.an attitude.b.an opinion.c.a schema.d.a preference.87. The beliefs people have concerning the object of an attitude describes the ____ component of an attitude.a.affectiveb.behavioralc.perceptuald.Cognitive88. Research has revealed that attitudes area.very reliable predictors of behavior.b.mediocre predictors of behavior.c.very reliable predictors of behavior in men but not women.d.very reliable predictors of behavior in women but not men.89. LaPiere's study from the 1930s concerning whether restaurants would serve a Chinese couple demonstrated thata.attitudes did not predict behavior very well.b.attitudes did predict behavior very well.c.while attitudes did predict behavior, behavior did not predict attitudes.d.attitudes did predict behavior and behavior did predict attitudes.90. A recent anti-smoking campaign on television showed graphic images of the internal effects of smoking. Twelve-year-old Kandice has seen a number of these ads, and they made her feel nauseated. Now she finds that she has developed an unfavorable attitude toward smoking. In this case, Kandice's attitude appears to have developed as a result ofa.observational learning.b.operant conditioning.c.cognitive dissonance.d.classical conditioning.91. Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance?a.Albert Bandurab.Daryl Bemc.Leon Festingerd.Sigmund Freud92. Cognitive dissonancea.is a state of tension produced when related cognitions are inconsistent.b.is a feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasive communications.c.is a feeling of guilt produced by engaging in counterattitudinal behavior.d.occurs only when cognitions are unrelated to each other.93. Scott spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of a certain club, yet later discovered that the members of the club were boring. According to dissonance theory, Scott would MOST likelya.continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friends.b.now "bad mouth" the club to his friends.c.engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive attribution.d.try to modify the behavior of the current club members.94. Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on conformity and obedience is MOST accurate?a.Conformity and obedience appear to be unique to American culture.b.Replications of Milgram's study in other countries have generally resulted in low levels of obedience.c.Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.d.Studies of conformity and obedience have yielded virtually identical results across a variety of cultures.95. Harboring negative thoughts and feelings about a person simply because of his or her membership in a particular group definesa.discriminationb.social judgmentc.prejudiced.Chauvinism96. People tend to see the diversity among the members of the ____ but overestimate the homogeneity of the ____.a.ingroup; outgroupb.outgroup; ingroupc.majority; minorityd.minority; majority97. Groups seeking donations often ask people to simply sign a petition first. This approach illustrates which of the following social influence techniques?a.lowball techniqueb.highball techniquec.foot-in-the-door techniqued.reciprocity norm98. The rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as thea.display rule.b.reciprocity norm.c.principle of collectivism.d.law of cognitive dissonance.99. Which of the following social influence techniques involves getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed?a.lowball techniqueb.highball techniquec.reciprocity normd.foot-in-the-door technique ................
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