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For each bullet point you must be able to demonstrate APPLY it using concepts and theories to any given scenarios and research method designs. Distinction will be made for each bullet point whether you need to describe or evaluate the content. Evaluation requires 3-4 fully developed strengths and weaknesses (PEELs). When we ask you to “Describe” a study you will be required to recall and understand without notes the research aim, sample, method, procedure, results and conclusions. “Outline” of studies requires you to recall and understand without notes the procedure and results of a study. Where a research name is in bold, this is a named research which you must know very well. You need to recognise it by name as you could be asked a specific question within the exam. When we ask you to “describe” a theory, you need to be able to explain the main key terms within the theory, in relation to the topic area. (For example, The Multi Store Model of Memory include the following: Sensory register, STM & LTM. Coding, capacity and duration of each of these features). When we ask you to “Outline” key terms- you need to know what they mean and be able to define them. Social Influence:Describe types of conformity: Internalisation, identification and compliance Describe and Evaluate Informational and Normative Social Influence Outline McGhee & Teevan (1967) to critique ISI & NSIDescribe and Evaluate Asch (1951/55) Study into conformity and the variables affecting it Describe the variables affecting conformity: Group size, unanimity & task difficultyDescribe and Evaluate Zimbardo (1973) to support Conformity to Social RolesDescribe and Evaluate Conformity to Social Roles Outline Obedience & Conformity (the differences between them) Describe and Evaluate Milgram’s (1963) research into obedience, including his variationsOutline the difference between Dispositional and Situational explanations Describe and Evaluate Agentic State Describe and Evaluate Legitimacy of Authority Outline Hofling (1966) to support Milgram/ Legitimacy of Authority and Agentic StateOutline Rank and Jacobson (1977) to critique Milgram, Legitimacy of Authority and Agentic StateOutline the Massacre at My Lai to support Situational Explanations of Obedience Outline how the Holocaust can be used to support situational explanations of obedienceDescribe and Evaluate Authoritarian Personality Outline Milgram and Elms (1966) to support Authoritarian Personality Describe and Evaluate Social Support Describe and Evaluate Locus of Control Outline Oliner and Oliner (1998) to support LOC Describe and Evaluate Minority influence: Consistency, Commitment and Flexibility Outline Hogg & Vaughan (1995) to critique Minority influence Outline Maass and Clark (1984) to critique Minority influenceDescribe and Evaluate Moscovici (1969) (Use to support minority influence too)Describe how NSI/ SIS/ Obedience and Minority influence contribute towards Social Change Describe a historical example of Social Change and how Social Influence processes (above) have contributed towards this change Outline terms: Social Cryptomnesia & Snowball effectMemory:Describe the features of each memory store: coding, capacity and duration.Outline and Evaluate Baddeley (1966) Coding Outline and Evaluate Jacobs (1887) Capacity/Digit span Outline and Evaluate Miller (1956) Capacity & Chunking Outline and Evaluate Peterson & Peterson (1959) Duration of STM Outline and Evaluate Bahrick et al (1975) Duration of LTM Describe and Evaluate Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Multi-store model of memory (MSM): sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory Describe the coding, capacity and duration of each store within the Multi-store model of memoryOutline and Evaluate the case of HM to support the MSMOutline and Evaluate Craik & Watkins research conflicts with MSM – maintenance rehearsal & elaborative rehearsalOutline and Evaluate the case of KF to support and conflict MSM Describe and Evaluate Tulving (1972) Types of Long-term memory – episodic, sematic and procedural Outline and Evaluate the case of HM and Clive wearing to support types of LTM Outline and Evaluate Cohen & Squire (1980) and how they differentiate between procedural memory and declarative memory Describe and Evaluate Baddeley & Hitch (1974) Working memory model (WMM): central executive, phonological loop: phonological store (inner ear), articulatory control (inner voice), visuo-spatial: inner scribe, visual cacheOutline and Evaluate Baddeley & Hitch (1975) Dual task Outline and Evaluate Baddeley & Hitch (1975) Word length effect Outline and Evaluate the case of KF in support of the WMM Describe and Evaluate the explanations for forgetting: interference: proactive interference & retroactive interference Outline and Evaluate McGeoch & McDonald (1931) – retroactive interference Outline and Evaluate Baddeley & Hitch (1977) interference in real life Describe and Evaluate the explanations for forgetting: retrieval failure and the encoding specificity principle Outline and Evaluate Tulving & Pearlstone (1966) categories and meaningful links Describe and Evaluate the explanations for forgetting: context dependent cues Outline and Evaluate Godden & Baddeley (1975) – Divers and context dependent memory and forgettingOutline and Evaluate Grant (1998) – matching and mismatching environments Outline and Evaluate Aggleton & Waskett (1999) OR Baker (2004) context dependent memory and forgetting Outline and Evaluate Carter & Cassidy (1998) state dependent memory and forgetting Describe the features of the WMM: coding and capacityDescribe and Evaluate Eye Witness Testimony (EWT) and the role of leading questionsDescribe and Evaluate Loftus & Palmer (1974) experiment 1 & experiment 2 – leading verbs and speed estimates – response bias & memory distortionDescribe the role of post event discussion in EWT.Outline and Evaluate Gabbert et al (2003) co-witness vs individual Describe and Evaluate The inverted U relationship by Yerkes-Dodson.Describe and Evaluate how anxiety can decrease accuracy of EWT through the research by Johnson & Scott (1976)Outline and Evaluate Deffenbacher et al (2004) application of Yerkes-Dodson law to EWTDescribe and Evaluate Weapon focus effect as outlined by Loftus.Outline and Evaluate Valentine et al (2009) heart rate/anxiety Describe and Evaluate how anxiety can increase accuracy of EWT through the research by Cutshall et al (1986) Outline and Evaluate Bothwell et al (1987) weakness of anxiety theories – consideration of individual differences Describe and Evaluate Cognitive interview (CI), an enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) and a standard interview (SI)Outline and Evaluate Fisher & Gieselman (1992) stages of CI: report everything, context reinstatement, narrative reordering and recall from different perspectivesOutline and Evaluate Fisher (1989) CI more effective than SI Outline and Evaluate Fisher (1990) effectiveness of ECI Outline and Evaluate Milne & Bull (2002) – usefulness of report everything and context reinstatementOutline and Evaluate Kohnken et al (1999) increase in incorrect info in CI Attachment:Define attachmentDescribe the four characteristics of an attachment by Maccoby (1980)Describe caregiver-infant interactions including; Reciprocity, Interactional synchrony and Imitation.Outline and Evaluate Tronick (1975) – still faceOutline and Evaluate Meltzoff & Moore (1977) – imitationOutline and Evaluate Grossman (2002) – role of the mother and father Outline and Evaluate Field (1978) – role of the father Describe and Evaluate key components of Schaffer & Emerson’s study Glasgow baby study Describe the 4 stages of attachment as outlined by Schaffer & Emerson (1964) – asocial, indiscriminate, specific & multiple Describe and Evaluate Lorenz (1935) imprinting and characteristics of imprinting: critical period, irreversible, template and sexual imprinting Describe and Evaluate Harlow (1950-60) study 1 and 2 Rhesus monkeys Describe and Evaluate the use of animal studies to explain human attachmentDescribe and Evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment: operant conditioning - positive reinforcement & negative reinforcement) Describe and Evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment: classical conditioning – UCS, NS, UCR, CS, CR Describe and Evaluate Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: SO MAGIC! Social releasers, monotropy, adaptive advantage, good quality care, IWM, critical periodOutline Fox (1977) – Bowlby’s theory is less ethnocentricOutline Kagan (1984) temperament hypothesis Describe and Evaluate Ainsworth (1970) strange situation study – sensitive responsivenessDescribe Ainsworth’s types of attachment: secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant Outline Main & Soloman (1986) disorganised attachment Describe and Evaluate Van IJsendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) – cultural variations of attachment Outline and Evaluate Simonella et al (2014) attachment in Italy Outline and Evaluate Jin et al (2012) attachment in Korea Describe the difference between collectivist cultures and individualist cultures Describe and Evaluate Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis & affectionless psychopathy Outline and Evaluate Goldfarb (1947) effects of privation on intellectual developmentOutline and Evaluate Spitz & Wolf (1946) effects of deprivation – affectionless psychopathy Describe and Evaluate Bowlby’s 44 thieves study Describe and Evaluate the effects of institutionalised care: The Romanian orphan study Rutter (2007) and Chugani et al (2001)Describe and Evaluate Hodges & Tizard (1989) – Institutionalisation: London Describe effects of institutionalisation including: reactive detachment disorder, disinhibited attachment and mental retardation Describe and Evaluate early attachments and adult relationships: Hazan & Shaver (1987) The Love Quiz – IWM Outline and Evaluate Myron-Wilson & Smith (1998) – Bullying Outline and Evaluate Bailey et al (2007) generational parenting styles & attachment Psychopathology:Describe and Evaluate definitions of abnormality: Statistical infrequencyDescribe and Evaluate definitions of abnormality: Rosenhan & Seligman: Failure to function adequately (MOULD) – GAF Describe and Evaluate definitions of abnormality: Deviance from social normsDescribe and Evaluate definitions of abnormality: Jahoda (1958) Deviation from ideal mental health (PRAISE)Describe the emotional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms of depression – IM A MESS Describe the emotional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms of a phobia – HE PANICSDescribe the difference between a specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia Describe the emotional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms of OCD (CHAOTIC)Describe and Evaluate the Behaviourist explanation for phobias: Mowrer’s two factor approach i.e. the combination of classical conditioning, followed by a reinforcement of the phobia through operant conditioning Describe and Evaluate Behaviourist treatments for phobias: Joseph Wolpe’s systematic desensitisation – relaxation, fear hierarchy & exposure Outline McGrath et al (1990) & Gilroy et al (2002) effectiveness of SDDescribe and Evaluate Flooding AKA exposure therapy Describe and Evaluate the Cognitive explanation of depression: Beck’s cognitive triad, negative schemas, magnification or minimization Describe and Evaluate the Cognitive explanation of depression: Ellis’ ABC model Describe and Evaluate the Cognitive treatments for depression: Becks Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (1989) Identify, educate & homework Describe and Evaluate the Cognitive treatments of depression: Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) – identify, educate through logical, empirical and pragmatic disputing & homeworkOutline David et al (2008) effectiveness of REBT Outline Whitfield & Williams (2003) practical limitations of CBT Describe and Evaluate Biological explanations of OCD: Genetic Outline and Evaluate Lewis (1936) – families with OCDOutline and Evaluate Nestadt et al (2010) twins and OCDDescribe and Evaluate Diathesis stress model Describe and Evaluate Candidate genes: SERT gene & COMT gene, polygenic Describe and Evaluate Neural explanations of OCD Describe how neurons transmit messages to each other Describe and Evaluate the role of serotonin and dopamine in explaining OCD Describe and Evaluate The worry circuit: orbit frontal cortex, thalamus, caudate nucleusDescribe and Evaluate the Impairment of lateral frontal lobes and parahippocampal gyrus and how it explains OCD Biological treatments for OCD: how SSRI’s and SNRI’s reduce symptoms of OCDOutline Maria et al (2001) – symptoms of OCD return when medication stops Outline Cromer et al (2007) behaviourist explanations Outline Soomro et al (2009) effectiveness of drug treatments ................
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