01
REPORTED SPEECH
Ao narrarmos o que outra pessoa disse, pediu, perguntou ou contou, podemos fazê-lo de duas maneiras:
através do discurso direto (direct speech), repetindo a fala da pessoa, isto é, repetindo suas palavras; ou através do discurso indireto (reported speech), relatando com nossas palavras o que a pessoa falou.
Ann said, "I am very tired." (direct speech) Ann disse, "Estou muito cansada."
Ann said (that) she was very tired. (reported speech)
Observe que, quando passamos do discurso direto para o discurso indireto, formulamos um período composto, onde temos uma oração principal (main clause) e uma oração subordinada substantiva (noun clause) introduzida por que (that), por se ou por um pronome interrogativo. O discurso indireto aparece na oração subordinada.
Na oração principal empregamos os verbos say (dizer), tell (dizer, contar) e ask (perguntar, pedir). Tell e ask, geralmente, .são seguidos por um nome ou pronome (objeto indireto), enquanto say pode ser seguido ou não : She said (that) she was afraid.
She said to Peter (that) she was afraid.
Joe told us (that) he was going to New York.
2. O conectivo that pode ser omitido. They say that they study every day.
They say they study every day. (mais comum na linguagem coloquial)
3 Além do conectivo that, usamos também :
▪ if ou whether (se), quando, no discurso direto, temos perguntas que pedem respostas com sim ou não (yes / no question)
The boss asked me, "Have you finished the report?"
The boss asked me if I had finished the report.
▪ .pronome interrogativo (what, when, where, who, which)
My brother asked me, "Where did you buy your shoes?"
My brother asked me where I had bought my shoes.
4. Quando o verbo da oração principal está no presente, ao passarmos do discurso direto para o indireto, o tempo verbal da oração subordinada deve ser mantido.
He says, "I usuaIly get early”
He says (that) he usuaIly gets up early.
5 Quando o verbo da oração principal está no passado, ao passarmos do discurso direto para o indireto o verbo da oração subordinada muda para uma forma de passado.
" She said, "I usually go by plane."
She said (that) she usually went by plane
De maneira geral, diríamos que no discurso indireto usamos um tempo verbal "anterior" ao tempo verbal utilizado no discurso direto. Porém, se você prefere regras, veja como ficam as mudanças dos tempos verbais e compare-as com os exemplos que seguem o quadro.
| | |
|Direct Speech |Reported Speech |
|Simple Present |Simple Past |
|Simple Past |Past Perfect |
|Present Perfect |Past Perfect |
|Simple Future |Conditional |
|Imperative |Infinitive |
She said , “I studied yesterday’.
She said (that) she had studied the day before.
She said to him , “Study hard”
She told him to study hard.
OBSERVAÇÕES:
a) Quando temos um imperativo no discurso direto , é necessário mencionar a quem a ordem (ou pedido) está sendo dada no discurso indireto.
“Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor told me.
The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
b) Também podemos ter um present progressive ou um futuro com be going to no discurso direto. Quando isso ocorre, basta passar o verbo to be para o passado no discurso indireto.
She said "I ‘m studying"
She said (that) she was studying
c) Quando você relata algo que foi dito recentemente sobre uma situação que, no momento da fala, ainda permanece válida ou verdadeira, não é necessário mudar o tempo do verbo ao se passar do discurso direto para o indireto.
She said, “I want to go to the theater tonight.”
She said she wants (wanted) to go to the theater tonight.
6. Quanto aos modals, passam do discurso direto para o indireto conforme o quadro abaixo:
|Direct Speech |Reported Speech |
|Can |Could |
|May |Might |
|Must |Had to |
|Shoiuld |Should |
She said, "I can go." She said (that) she could go.
She said, "I may go” She said (that ) she might go.
7. Os pronomes pessoais e os pronomes possessivos são trocados.
He asked me, “ Where are you going?”
He asked me where I was going.
O mesmo ocorre com demonstrativos e expressões de tempo e lugar. Veja como elas podem ser substituídas:
|Direct Speech |Reported Speech |
|This |that |
|Today |that day |
|Yesterday |the day before |
|Tomorrow |the next day |
|last night |the night before |
|next week |the following week |
|Now |then |
|Here |there |
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of Reported Speech.
1. Mary said: "The train will probably arrive on time".
Mary said __________________________________________________________
2. The teacher said : "Everyone has to write a composition".
The teacher sald _____________________________________________________
3. Helen said: "I have read that book".
Helen said _________________________________________________________
4. Henry said: "I have lost my glasses".
Henry said _______________________________________________________
5. The man said: "I certainly hope it won't rain".
The man said ____________________________________________________
6. Mary said: "Bill speaks English very well".
Mary sald ________________________________________________________
7. Mr. Smith said: "I will refuse their offer".
Mr. Smith said _____________________________________________________
8. Ann said: "I miss my family"..
Ann sald ________________________________________________________________
9. Paul said: "I cannot find my raincoal".
Paul sald _______________________________________________________________
10. The man said: "The telephone is out of order ."
The man said ___________________________________________________________
11. The mother said to her son: "Don't break your toys"
The mother _____________________________________________________________
12. She said to us: "Come a little earlier".
She ___________________________________________________________________
13. John said: "Did you mail the letter for me?"
_______________________________________________________________________
02. Supply the correct form of the verbs.
a) I said, "I don't feel well today."
b) Mother said, "The girls are playing in the park."
c) She said, "I will be your new teacher."
d) George said, "I read the newspaper yesterday."
e) My father said, "I will be working tomorrow."
03. Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech
a) He said, “I have to finish this report."
b) John said ,”I saw that movie on Wednesday."
c) Helen said, "I have read that book."
d) The boy said, "I am only eight years old."
e) Peter said, "I can meet them at 5 o'clock."
f) He said, "I will never speak to her again." .
g) He said, "I am writing my composition."
04. Passe estas frases para o discurso direto:
1. He said that he was ill.
2. She said that she had never been there.
3. They said that they could speak English.
4. Mary told us that she could go to New York in May.
5. Mr Smith told John to write the composition in ink.
6. Miss Taylor told us not to talk in class.
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